by Gurbir Singh
[272]. Retrieved from http://www.spaceflownartifacts.com/flown_apollo15_covers.html.
[273]. Interview with Al Worden. 22 May 2011. Retrieved from http://astrotalkuk.org/2011/07/04/episode-45-4-july-2011-apollo-15-command-module-pilot-al-worden/
[274]. Retrieved from https://astrotalkuk.org/falling-to-earth-book-review/
[275]. An interesting aside. Max Kronstein had been actively involved in the development of rocket mail and knew of Smith’s work. Smith named his rocket number 135 that fired on 1 February 1937 as ‘Dr M Kronstein’. He named rocket number 169 that fired on 25 June 1938 as ‘Marienne Kronstein’, after Max Kronstein’s daughter. Smith, S. H. and F. Billig. 1955. Billig’s Specialized Catalogues: Rocket Mail Catalogue, Vol. 8. Fritz Billig. PP46, 52.
[276]. Oakland, Rod. 16 August 2012. Propaganda Leaflets of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Psywar.org. Retrieved from http://www.psywar.org/spanishcivilwar.php
[277]. Smith, S. H. and F. Billig. 1955. Billig’s Specialized Catalogues: Rocket Mail Catalogue, Vol. 8. P55.
[278]. Ibid.
[279]. Ibid.
[280]. Ibid. P57.
[281]. Putnam, Christopher S. 10 August 2007. One Small Step for Mail. Damn Interesting. Retrieved from http://www.damninteresting.com/one-small-step-for-mail/
[282]. Jatia, D. N. 1980. From the Diary of Stephen Smith. New Delhi: The Congress. P22.
[283]. Retrieved from http://alphabetilately.org/airgraph.html.
[284]. E-mail correspondence with Smith’s granddaughter who now lives in London. 5 July 2016.
[285]. James, S. Pais 2001. Anglo-Indians: The Dilemma of Identity. Retrieved from http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/projects/counterpoints/PDF/A7.pdf.
[286]. Kitson, S. 1992. Policeman Rocketeer. Indian Stamp Dealers Association.
[287]. Interview with Melvyn Brown. 2 April 2014. Brown is a writer on Anglo-Indian affairs and near neighbour of the Smith family who met Hector in 1970s.
[288]. Correspondence with Smith’s granddaughter who now lives in London. 5 July 2016.
[289]. Smith, S. H. 1931. Bulletin of the Indian Airmail Society V1(1): 369.
[290]. Smith, S. H. 1931. Bulletin of the Indian Airmail Society V5(4): 333.
[291]. Aerophilatelic Hall of Fame. Retrieved from http://www.americanairmailsociety.org/html/aerophilatelic_hall_of_fame.html.
Chapter 6
[292].Despite still being male dominated, the DOS (where ISRO is located within the government) is a more equal employer compared to other parts of the government. Approximately 20% of the 15,656 employees in the 17 ISRO centres are women. Although there are not many women in senior positions within ISRO, their contribution is publicly recognised. For a breakdown of male/female employees, see Government of India, Department of Space. 2016. ISRO Annual Report 2015-2016. Table iv on P121. http://isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/Annual_Report_2016_1/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202016.pdf
[293]. Harvey, Brian, Henk H. F. Smid, and Theo Pirard. 2011. Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America. Springer Science & Business Media.
[294]. ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P58.
[295]. Shah, Amrita. 2007. Vikram Sarabhai: A Life. Illustrated edition. New Delhi: Viking (India). P14.
[296]. The German scientist Alfred Wegener had written about the concept of continental drift in his 1915 book Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, but his ideas were not formally accepted until the 1950s.
[297]. Deshmukh, Chintamani. 2010. Homi Jahangir Bhabha. New Delhi: National Book Trust. P14.
[298]. RT News. First Lady of Space: Tereshkova’s Flight TIMELINE. Retrieved from http://rt.com/news/tereshkova-first-space-timeline-726/
[299]. Osborne, Z. et al. 1975. Apollo Light Flash Investigations. Houston, Texas: NASA Johnson Space Center.
[300]. Harvey, Brian, Henk H. F. Smid and Theo Pirard. 2010. Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America. Berlin, New York: Springer. P143.
[301]. Shah, Amrita. 2007. Vikram Sarabhai: A Life. Illustrated edition. New Delhi: Viking (India). P52.
[302]. Sarabhai, Mrinalini. 2004. The Voice of the Heart: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Harper Collins. P112.
[303]. Ibid.
[304]. Harvey, Brian, Henk H. F. Smid and Theo Pirard. 2010. Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America. Berlin, New York: Springer. P142.
[305]. Gandhi, R. 2006. Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press. P183.
[306]. Harvey, Brian, Henk H. F. Smid and Theo Pirard. 2010. Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America. Berlin, New York: Springer. P142.
[307]. Lennon, Joseph. 2007. Fasting for the Public: Irish and Indian Sources of Marion Wallace Dunlop’s 1909 Hunger Strike. In Eóin Flannery and Angus Mitchell (Eds) Enemies of Empire: New Perspectives on Imperialism, Literature and Historiography. Dublin: Four Courts Press. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/6073253/Fasting_for_the_public_Irish_and_Indian_sources_of_Marion_Wallace_Dunlops_1909_hunger_strike
[308]. Some of Harry Turner’s writings, paintings and photographs are available online at http://www.htspweb.co.uk/fandf/romart/het/history.htm
[309]. Sarabhai, Mrinalini. 2004. The Voice of the Heart: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Harper Collins. P70.
[310]. Ibid. P162.
[311]. Shah, Amrita. 2007. Vikram Sarabhai: A Life. Illustrated edition. New Delhi: Viking (India). P110.
[312]. Ibid. P111.
[313]. Sarabhai, Mrinalini. 2004. The Voice of the Heart: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Harper Collins. P175.
[314]. Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul and A. Tiwari. 1999. Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Hyderabad: Universities Press. P31.
[315]. Officially, Israel’s policy is of nuclear ambiguity, not admitting or denying its position on nuclear weapons. Mordechai Vanunu, an Israeli whistle blower, maintains a website recording his experience of exposing Israel’s nuclear arsenal and his efforts in achieving a nuclear free world. See http://www.vanunu.com/nukes/20011111globe.html
[316]. Sarabhai came from a wealthy family, which had grown through his contribution. When he took on the roles at the DEA and AEC, he took a salary of 1 rupee. This is according to a small piece “Dr. Vikram Sarabhai – Some Reminiscences” written by P. Radhakrishnan. In 1966, he was interviewed by Sarabhai for a post in ISRO. Author’s communication with P. Radhakrishnan. 13 September 2013.
[317]. Peaceful Nuclear Explosions were proposed for building harbours, reservoirs and the Panama Canal. See http://www.chymist.com/The%20Plan%20to%20Nuke%20Panama.pdf.
[318]. Wittner, Lawrence S. 1993. The Struggle Against the Bomb. California: Stanford University Press. P150.
[319]. Shah, Amrita. 2007. Vikram Sarabhai: A Life. Illustrated edition. New Delhi: Viking (India). P159. Also, see http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/proliferation/india/index.htm
[320]. Ibid. P189.
[321]. Anderson, R. S. 2010. Nucleus and Nation: Scientists, International Networks, and Power in India. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. P441.
[322]. ISRO. 2015. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P77.
[323]. Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul and A. Tiwari. 1999. Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Hyderabad: Universities Press. P26.
[324]. Ibid. P45.
[325]. Sarabhai, Mrinalini. 2004. The Voice of the Heart: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Harper Collins. P235.
[326]. Author’s conversation with Jacques Blamont. 18 April 2013.
[327]. Shah, Amrita. 2007. Vikram Sarabhai: A Life. Illustrated edition. New Delhi: Viking (India). P208.
[328]. Sarabhai, Vikram. December 1963. Significance of Sounding Rocket Range in Kerala. In ISRO. 2015. From Fi
shing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. Reproduced from Nuclear India 2 (4), December 1963.
[329]. There are several statues commemorating the work of Sarabhai. ISRO’s headquarters has a bust of Sarabhai in the garden with his words “we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society.”
[330]. Shah, Amrita. 2007. Vikram Sarabhai: A Life. Illustrated edition. New Delhi: Viking (India). P179.
[331]. Rao, U. R. December 2001. Vikram Sarabhai: The Scientist. Resonance. Retrieved from http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/006/12/0010-0018
Chapter 7
[332]. Scott, D.,Leonov, A and C. Toomey. 2011. Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race (Foreword by Neil Armstrong). London: Simon & Schuster.
[333]. Doraisamy, Ashok Maharaj. 2011. Space for Development: US-Indian Space Relations 1955–1976. P30. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/45973/Maharaj_Ashok_201112_Phd.pdf
[334]. Harvey, Brian, Henk H. F. Smid and Theo Pirard. 2011. Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America. Springer Science & Business Media. A detailed piece written by M. Nicolet is available here: https://web.archive.org/web/20130728091015/http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/documents/Int.GeophysicalYear.pdf
[335]. Bronk, Detlev. 1954. Letter from the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences. https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/igy/1954_4_21.pdf
[336]. National Science Foundation Proposal. 1954. http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/IGY/1954_6_2.pdf.
[337]. In 1996, the name of the International Council of Scientific Unions was simplified to International Council for Science (ICS).
[338]. The Sun goes through a period of increased activity every 11 years. The activity is manifested as variations in its magnetic field, increase in sunspots and solar storms that give rise to high energy solar particles arriving at the Earth. In addition to generating a spectacular display of aurora, it can also increase radiation risks for satellites and astronauts in Earth orbit. Occasionally, as in Canada in 1989, solar magnetic storms (Coronal Mass Ejections) can result in large-scale damage to electricity power supplies on Earth.
[339]. Dickson, Paul. 2001. Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. First Printing. New York: Walker Publishing Company. P77.
[340]. Sarabhai, Vikram. Significance of Sounding Rocket Range in Kerala. Reproduction of Nuclear India. Mumbai: Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
[341]. Zhou, Yong. 2013. The Histories of the International Polar Years and the Inception and Development of the International Geophysical Year: Annals of The International Geophysical Year. Elsevier. P403
[342]. Whitehouse Statements. First Announcement of US’s Plans for Satellite Launch. Retrieved from http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/NASA/Binder1.pdf.
[343]. Satellites get their names close to their launch date. Sputnikin the USSR was initially known as PS, Preliminary Satellite and later Artificial Earth Satellite but the name Sputnik stuck, even in the USSR, after it was popularised in the West. The name Explorer for the first US satellite was selected by Eisenhower after launch. Aryabhata in India initially was ‘the Indian science satellite.’ Similarly, the name ‘Explorer-1’ was President Eisenhower’s idea to make it sound scientific and civilian. For greater details on naming satellite conventions used by the USSR Siddiqi, Asif A. 2010. The Red Rockets’ Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857-1957. First edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P334.
[344]. Dickson, Paul. 2001. Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. First Printing. New York: Walker & Company. P11.
[345]. Siddiqi, Asif A. 2010. The Red Rockets’ Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857-1957. First edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P342.
[346]. Ibid. P358.
[347]. Professor Praful Bhavsar. 16 January 2013. Communication with the author.
[348]. Telephone interview with Professor Praful Bhavsar. 18 December 2012.
[349]. Rao, U. R. 2001. Vikram Sarabhai, The Scientist. Resonance—Journal of Science Education 6(12). Retrieved from http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/006/12/0010-0018.
[350]. This figure for 2015–16 is from an official source and refers to the DOS under which ISRO operates. The figures also provide a breakdown (legally required in India) of the number of employees belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Retrieved from http://isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/Annual_Report_2016_1/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202016.pdf P115.
[351]. This high-speed and high-altitude (between 7 and 16 km) ribbon of wind, known as the jet stream, that snakes around the Earth had been speculated since the 1883 volcanic eruption of Krakatoa. It was eventually detected in the middle of the 20th century. The northern and southern hemispheres have polar and subtropical jet streams (commonly referred to in the singular) that vary in precise location and intensity but are typically a narrow (1 km to 5 km wide) band that girdles the Earth at up to 400 km/h from west to east. Flight plans routes used by commercial and military pilots routinely exploited the jet stream as tail wind and avoid it as a head wind.
[352]. Raja, Jay and Manoranjan Rao. 18 November 2002. When Thumba took off. The Hindu. Retrieved from http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/18/stories/2002111801050200.htm.
[353]. Most sources record decisions of the key Indian stakeholders, like Sarabhai and Bhabha, but the following work indicates the influence of the scientists from the US. Doraisamy, Ashok Maharaj. 2011. Space for Development: US-Indian Space Relations 1955 -1976. P63. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/45973/Maharaj_Ashok_201112_Phd.pdf.
[354]. Sarabhai, Vikram. 1963. Significance of Sounding Rocket Range in Kerala. Reproduction of Nuclear India. Mumbai: Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
[355]. Thumba’s precise location is 8°32'28" N and 76°51'38" E, and a magnetic latitude of 0°24'S, that is, not on the equator but half a degree north from it. The Earth’s magnetic field is not fixed. The value of 0°24'S was accurate in 1964.
[356]. Raj, Gopal. 2003. Reach for the Stars: The Evolution of India’s Rocket Programme. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. P11.
[357]. Rao, P. V. Manoranjan and P. Radhakrishnan. 2012. A Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO. Hyderabad: Universities Press (India) Private Limited.
[358]. Vikram Sarabhai’s speech on the dedication of TERLS to the UN on 2 February 1968.
[359]. Raj, Gopal. 2003. Reach for the Stars: The Evolution of India’s Rocket Programme. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. P26.
[360]. Ibid. P15.
[361]. Rao, P. V. Manoranjan and P. Radhakrishnan. 2012. A Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO. Hyderabad: Universities Press (India) Private Limited.
[362]. Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul and Arun Tiwari. 1999. Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Hyderabad: Universities Press. P22.
[363]. ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P83.
[364] Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru told Indian Parliament on 8 Aug 1961 that India had agreed to have a rocket launching station on her territory under TJ.N. auspices for international use. https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1962.pdf
[365]. Massey, Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson and Malcolm Owen Robins. 1986. History of British Space Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P175.
[366]. Treaty Series. 1971. Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations, Volume 778. New York: United Nations. P215.
[367]. From 1977 to 1981, Soviet and Indian specialists made joint experiments in the area of extra-atmospheric astronomy with Soviet Y-telescopes installed on Indian high-altitude balloons. Nikitin, S. A. 1985. The Space Flight of the Soviet-Indian Crew. NASA TM-77615. Retrieved fr
om http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19850012916.pdf.
[368]. These figures come from the presentation made by the ISRO Chairman Kiran Kumar on 18 August 2015 at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gfAnfOsjHI
[369]. Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO). Retrieved from http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp.
[370]. Wallace, Harold D., Jr. 1997. Wallops Station and the Creation of an American Space Program. NASA History Series. P91. Retrieved from http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970037643.pdf
[371]. Interview with Professor U.R. Rao. 16 August 2013.