Jihad or Ijtihad

  39. Cited in Anonymous 2003, p. 5.

  40. Letter of Azad to Sardar Patel, 10 February 1947. Ravindra Kumar, ed, Selected Works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Vol. 3, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1991, p. 28.

  41. Inaugural address at the First All India Conference on Letters, New Delhi, 15 March 1951. Speeches of Maulana Azad, p.143.

  42. Welcome address at the inauguration of the Indian Academy of Dance, Drama and Music, New Delhi, 18 January 1953. Speeches of Maulana Azad, p. 229

  43. Speech delivered at the opening of the Soviet Fine Arts Exhibition, New Delhi, 5 March 1952 (Azad 1959, pp. 199, 197).

  44. Douglas 1988, p. 278.

  6. Conclusion

  1. Ahmad 1990, p. 26.

  2. Gill 2005.

  3. Stenberg 1996.

  4. Goonatilake 1984 and 1998.

  5. Nasr, Hossein, "Islam and Modern Science", in Salem Azzam, ed., Islam and Contemporary Society, London, 1982, p. 179.

  6. Dallal, op.cit. p.174-175.

  7. Cited in Sardar 2004, p. 202.

  8. Adas 1990, pp. 107, 106.

  9. Some of the early works in history of science which used the appellation Hindu in the title of their works were P.C. Ray, A History of Hindu Chemistry (1902); B.N. Seal, Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus (1915); Benoy Sarkar, Hindu Achievements in Exact Sciences (1918) and A Positive Background of Hindu Sociology (1921).

  10. Sarkar 1918, pp. v-vi.

  11. For details on this issue see Nanda 2005.

  12. Saeed Ur-Rehman, Secular Knowledge versus Islamic Knowledge and Uncritical Intellectuality:The Work of Ziauddin Sardar, Cultural Dynamics, 14 (1), March 2002, pp. 65-80.

  13. Sardar, Ziauddin, Explorations in Islamic Science, London, 1989, p. 6.

  14. Cited in Dallal, op.cit. pp. 173-174.

  15. Dallal, op.cit. p.174.

  16. Sardar 1980, p. 212.

  17. Sardar 2004, p. 193.

  18. I have dealt with it in some detail in chapter 3 of this book.

  19. Raina and Habib 2004.

  20. Ahmad 1999.

  21. The restorationists want to go back to the old ways of life and reimpose the laws or customs that were to recapture lost virtues and restore what they believe to be the golden pasts; it is Nizam-i-Mustafa for the Islamists and Ramraj for the Hindutva enthusiasts.

  22. Bakar 1998, p. 210.

  23. Tagore 1975, pp. 53-5.

  24. Sircar 1869, p. 5.

  25. Iqbal 2002, p. 252.

  26. Tinker 1986, p. 358.

  27. Daniel L. Newman, An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826-1831), London, Saqi, 2004, cited in Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History, Penguin, London, 2011, p.105.

  28. Bakar 1998, p. 218.

  29. Ahmad Dallal, Islam, Science and the Challenge of History, Yale University Press, 2010, cited in Steve Paulson, ‘Does Islam Stand Against Science?’ The Chronicle Review of Higher Education, June 19, 2011, p.5.

  30. Bakar 1999, cited in Taner, Edis, 2008, p. 893

  31. Edis 2008.

  32. Dallal, op.cit. p. 176.

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