Jihad or Ijtihad

  under Christianity, 94

  contribution of Islam, 14, 18-20

  cross-cultural/multicultural, 16-17, 54

  imperialism and, 57-71

  and Islamic essentialism, 83-105

  legitimacy, 32

  teaching in local language, 37

  and technology, popularization, 23

  a universal science, 71

  modernism, 50, 80, 86

  modernist reformers, 97-100

  modernity, 14, 22, 27, 35, 36, 51, 54, 64, 131, 135, 138, 147

  Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab, 31

  monasticism, 9

  Montessori, Maria, 112, 121

  Montgomery, 40

  morality and ethics beyond religious faith, 96-97

  mother tongue, as medium of instruction, 114-15

  Mu’dlim-i-Shafiq, 36

  Muhammadanism, 83, 85

  Muhammedan Literary Society, 18

  multiculturalism, 31-35, 60

  Museums Association of India, 123

  music, 97

  in Islam, 124-25

  as science, 98

  Muslims, 4-8, 23

  blind prejudice, 32

  backwardness, 57

  of Bengal, 19

  decline, 10, 18

  and Hindus, unity, 20

  optimism, 92

  perception and assimilation of modern science and technology, 14

  religious thought, 29

  revivalism, 49

  rule in Spain, 63, 88

  theology, 22, 29, 36

  Muslim Association for the Advancement of Science (MAAS), Aligarh, 86, 90, 90-92

  Mutassim, Abbasid Caliph, al-, 29

  Mu’tazila (dissenters), 3, 29, 30, 85, 98

  mystical fundamentalism, 96

  Nadwat al-Ulema, Lucknow, 50, 58, 107

  Nadwi, Sulaiman, 120-21

  Nallino, C.A., 26

  Napoleon, 7

  narrow-mindedness, 115

  Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 34, 72, 80, 81, 92-94, 101-02, 131, 134, 146

  National Museum, 123

  nationalism, 20, 33, 36-37, 38, 64, 116, 142

  Nature, 103

  Needham, Joseph, 46, 70, 147;

  ecumenism, 32, 60

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 96-97, 111-12

  neicheri (Urduized form of naturist), 27, 29, 36

  neutrality of Science, 133

  New International Order, 140

  Newton, Isaac, 9, 15, 28, 52, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80

  Nizamiya syllabus, 108

  Numani, Shibli, 58

  numerology, 97

  Nurul Afaq, 27

  Nurul Imdad, 27

  orthodoxy, 20, 24, 29, 30, 72, 103, 116

  Ottomans, 55, 145

  Oxford, 120

  Persians, 7, 43, 44, 45, 75, 83

  philosophical sciences (hikma, or al-ulum al-hikmiyya), 3

  Phoenicians, 68

  Physics, 71

  planetary system, 78

  planning for education, 111

  Plassey, battle, 1757, 19

  Platonism, 74

  plurality of vision, 56

  political consciousness, 50

  political Islam, 1, 51

  pollution, 101

  postcolonial non-Western societies, 14

  pragmatism, 20, 42

  pragmatist approach, 35-49

  printing invention, 78

  Prophet Muhammad, 6, 12, 22, 26, 28, 31, 34, 55, 63, 81, 83, 84-5, 99-100, 104-05, 125-6

  Ptolemy, 74, 77, 79, 80

  Pyrenees, 45-46, 69

  quantum mechanics, 67

  Quran, 6, 11-3, 15, 20, 24-27, 35, 40, 42, 50, 55, 61, 66-68, 70, 72, 79, 81, 84-87, 91, 95-96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 118, 121, 129, 132-34, 140, 143

  Patel, Vallabhbhai, 126

  race, family and traditions, 109

  Al-Radd ala al-Dahriyyin, 36

  Raihan, Abu, 104

  Ramchandra, Master, 60, 113

  Rashed, Roshdi, 46

  rationalism and science, 2, 3, 5, 12-14, 18, 27, 29, 35, 49

  rationality, 99-100

  Ray, P.C., 137

  Razi, Al- 2, 95

  reason (aql), 29, 49, 81-82, 84, 95, 97, 100-1, 103-4, 118, 129, 134

  reconstructionist approach, 20-35

  reform and modernization through British collaboration, 142

  refutation, 28, 36

  Rehman, Kaleemur, 94-95

  relativity, 67, 134

  religions, 3, 9-11, 15, 24, 28-31, 53-54, 60, 63, 76, 81, 85, 97-99, 136

  European perception, 42

  and faith, 35, 48, 96-97

  and blind faith, 116

  interpretation, 30

  intolerance, 47-49

  and language, 37

  music and, 98, 123

  and reason and knowledge, 118-19

  and science, 9, 13, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 40-41, 56, 58, 71-72, 79, 88, 90, 103-04, 129, 146

  Renaissance

  Delhi, 59, 65

  Islamic, 73

  European, 4, 17, 74, 112, 145

  Renan, Ernest, 20, 42-49

  revelation, 99-100

  revivalism, 49-51, 58, 137, 141

  rhetoric war, 102-05

  Right to Education Act, 117

  rijal, 11

  Romans, 8, 45, 83

  Rousseau, 110

  Roy, Rammohan 17, 142;

  Tuhfat-ul-Muvahidin, 29

  rulers and ruled, reconciliation between, 21

  Rushd, Ibn, 2, 25, 73

  Sabra, A.L, 3-4, 6, 7, 46, 55

  Sahitya Akademi, 127

  Said, Edward, 137

  Salam, Abdus, 72, 84, 103-04, 146

  Sangeet Natak Akademi, 127

  sanitation and purification, 34

  Sardar, Ziauddin, 56, 72, 91, 92, 96, 103, 131, 136, 138-40, 146

  Sarhindi, Sheikh Ahmad, 23

  Sarkar, Benoy, 137

  Sarton, George, 4-5

  Sassanid astronomy and pharmacology, 93

  Satan (iblis), 99

  Sayili, Aydin, 6, 8, 40, 48, 80

  science

  and civilization, 20, 51

  in Islamic civilization, decline, 12

  reconciling with Islam in the nineteenth-century, 15-51

  and religion. See religion and technology, 14, 18, 20, 23, 32, 34, 101, 103, 107, 117-22

  Science and Civilization in China, 147

  scientific accomplishments, 5

  creativity in Islamic civilization, 2

  knowledge and institutions, 21

  knowledge, cultural redefinition 16

  observation and theory, 85

  Scientific Miracles in the Quran, a Saudi project, 67, 134

  Scott, 121

  Seal, B.N., 137

  secular

  and religious learning, 80

  and religious sciences, distinction, 70

  secularism, 14, 35, 135

  Sen, Amartya, 82

  sharei and non-sharei sciences, 12-13

  Shariah, 97, 102, 142

  Shaz, Rashid, 11-13

  Sina, Ibn, 2, 35, 41, 73, 95

  Sircar, Mahendra Lai, 142-43

  socio-cultural and material changes, 61

  Spaniards, 69

  stagnation, 7, 72, 107

  Stenberg, Leif, 132

  Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), 91

  Suhrawardy, Shihab ad-Din, 41

  Sunnah, 104

  symbolic interpretation, lack of, 100-02

  Syria/Syrians, 3, 5, 68, 114

  Tagore, Rabindranath, 112

  Al-Tahtawi, 145

  Taliban, 92

  tawheed (unity), 139

  tawhid (divine unity), 80

  technological, technology, 145

  advancements, 14, 62

  applications, 71

  developments, 101

  transfer, 140

  Tehrawin, 28

  Theism or natural religion, 79

  theocracy, 14

  theological delusions, 94
>
  theological issues, 12, 20

  translation movement, 3, 6, 7

  Turks, 7, 44

  Ubaidi, 144

  Ubedi, Maulvi Obaidullah, 52, 56, 59, 73-79, 140

  Ulema, 27, 39-40, 50

  ulum-ul-awail (foreign sciences), 34

  umma, the community of believers, 20

  underdevelopment and backwardness, 10

  United States of America: 9/11, 130

  universal franchise, 116

  Upanishads, 64

  Al-Urdi, Muayyad al Din, 81

  Urdu as a medium of instruction, 37

  Usman, third Caliph, 12

  Vaticanization of Islam, 12

  Vedas and the Shastras, 38, 64, 67

  Vedic civilization, 38

  Wahabis, 19, 22, 124

  wahhabiyat to nechariyat, 108

  Wakil, Mohammad 53

  Waliullah, Shah, 29-31

  Western

  Christendom, 9

  civilization, 39

  cultural and intellectual hegemonization, 58, 90

  education, 17, 32, 88, 114, 119

  experimental philosophy, 79

  imperialism, 16, 35, 45

  knowledge, 23-24

  Western modernity, 51, 54

  pedagogy, 121

  science, 2, 6, 13, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 68, 86, 90, 92, 118, 122, 138

  technology, 101

  Westernization, 19, 120

  White, Lynn (Jr.), 48

  women’s education, 116

  Yar Jung, Nawab Sadr, 123

  Zain, S.B.M., 102

  Zakaullah, Munshi, 20, 32, 53, 59-61, 62-65, 68, 81, 87, 88, 100, 140, 144

  on language question, 113-14

  Zia-ul-Haq, 138

  zulm (tyranny), 139

  Acknowledgements

  I am grateful to the publishers of the three previously published essays for permission to reproduce these in the present volume. Chapter two was published in the Contributions to Indian Sociology, February 2000, Vol. 34, No.1, while chapters three and four appeared in Economic and Political Weekly, June 5-11, 2004, and September 6-12, 2008. However, all three papers have been substantially expanded for this collection. I must also thank all those who commented on the various versions of these papers during seminars and conferences such as the International Congress of History of Science, Liege, Belgium, Recherches en Epistémologie et Histoire des Sciences et des Institutions Scientifiques, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris., International Congress of History of Science, Mexico, University of Urbana-Champaign, USA, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Central University, Hyderabad, State University of New York, Oswego, MIT, Cambridge, Mass, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Binghamton University, Binghamton, Syracuse University, Syracuse, USA and the Institute of Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University, Berlin.

  I have always benefitted from my friend Dhruv Raina’s incisive comments and suggestions. I must acknowledge the comments by Gregory Blue, Helen Longino, Karine Chemla, Michel Paty, Kapil Raj, Ian Inkster, Bob Anderson, Ekmelleddin Ihsanoglu, K.N. Panikkar, Atluri Murali, Dipankar Gupta, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Alok Kumar, Geraldine Forbes, Everett Mendelsohn, Ronald Numbers, Abha Sur, Bruce Mazlish, Benjamin Zachariah, Masud Mirza, Rainer Bromer, Roshdi Rashed, Deepak Kumar, Roy MacLeod and the late Omar Khalidi.

  I am grateful to friends and colleagues at the Institute of Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University, Berlin for their comments and suggestions at the final stages of the book. I particularly thank Michael Mann, my friend and Director of the Institute, for his invitation and support and also ICCR for offering me the opportunity to occupy their rotating chair for a semester.

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  S. IRFAN HABIB is a historian of science and political history. He has edited and authored several books on the history of science. His last book To Make the Deaf Hear: Ideology and Programme of Bhagat Singh and his Comrades has been translated into several Indian languages like Hindi, Tamil and Malayalam. At present he holds the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Chair at the National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi.

  First published in India in 2012 by

  HarperCollins Publishers India

  Copyright © S. Irfan Habib 2012

  ISBN: 978-93-5029-375-1

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