Robert E. Lee and Me
Page 31
52. Ibid., 3.
53. Crenshaw, General Lee’s College, 285; Adams, “Lee Centennial,” 2–7.
54. Adams, “Lee Centennial,” 33.
55. Ibid., 49–54.
56. Ibid., 51, 63–65.
57. Charles Francis Adams, “The Solid South and the Afro-American Race Problem” (speech at the Academy of Music, Richmond, Oct. 24, 1908) (Boston, 1908), 5, 15–19. Accessed at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nc01.ark:/13960/t9z10h822&view=1up&seq=3
58. Ibid., 17.
59. Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Hart Benton (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1890), 38.
60. Cox, Lee Chapel at 150, 92.
61. Cox, Dixie’s Daughters, 49–72, 93–117.
62. Simpson, “Great Lee Chapel Controversy and the ‘Little Group of Willful Women’ Who Saved the Shrine of the South,” 91–93.
63. Ibid., 92; Cox, Lee Chapel at 150, 151.
64. Simpson, “Great Lee Chapel Controversy and the ‘Little Group of Willful Women’ Who Saved the Shrine of the South,” 90–95.
65. Cox, Lee Chapel at 150, 150–59.
66. Ibid., 189–214.
67. Ibid., 189–99.
68. Ibid.
69. Raymond Arsenault, Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 545–546.
70. Cox, Lee Chapel at 150, 197–99.
71. Brownell, Washington and Lee University, 389–95.
72. “African Americans at Washington and Lee: A Timeline,” www.wlu.edu/presidents-office/issues-and-initiatives/working-group-and-timeline-on-african-american-history/timeline-of-african-americans-at-wandl.
73. Brownell, Washington and Lee University, 389–95.
74. Harwood, “Whiskey, Slaves, and Land Bankrolled the Colonnade,” Advocate, Feb. 2000, 39–41.
75. Ibid.
76. Alfred L. Brophy, University, Court, and Slave: Pro-Slavery Thought in Southern Colleges and Courts and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 48–50; Emma Burris, “An Inheritance of Slavery: The Tale of ‘Jockey’ John Robinson, His Slaves, and Washington College” (honors thesis, Washington and Lee University, 2007), 4–26; Harwood, “Whiskey, Slaves, and Land Bankrolled the Colonnade,” 39–41.
77. Burris, “Inheritance of Slavery,” 38–41.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., 38–45.
80. Harwood, “Whiskey, Slaves, and Land Bankrolled the Colonnade,” 46. Brophy, University, Court, and Slave, 48–50.
81. Susan Kinzie, “Once Excluded from Va. College, Black Professor Takes a Top Post,” Washington Post, March 21, 2005.
82. Ibid.; Abigail Covington, “What to Do with Robert E. Lee?,” Delacorte Review, Nov. 4, 2019.
83. Kinzie, “Once Excluded from Va. College”; Covington, “What to Do with Robert E. Lee?”
84. Susan Svrluga, “These Students Want Their Washington and Lee Diplomas—Without the Portraits of Washington and Lee,” Washington Post, Nov. 26, 2019; “Board of Trustees’ Response to Diploma Petition,” Feb. 18, 2020, www.wlu.edu/the-w-l-story/leadership/office-of-the-president/messages-to-the-community/2019-20-academic-year/response-to-diploma-petition/.
85. Harold Melvin Hyman, The Era of the Oath: Northern Loyalty Tests During the Civil War and Reconstruction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954), 21.
86. Ibid.; William A. Blair, Cities of the Dead: Contesting the Memory of the Civil War in the South, 1865–1914 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 67–68.
87. Hyman, Era of the Oath, 21.
CHAPTER 5: MY MILITARY CAREER: GLORIFYING CONFEDERATES IN THE U.S. ARMY
1. Terry L. Jones, “The South’s Orneriest General,” New York Times, Jan. 7, 2013.
2. Ibid.; T. Harry Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1954), 47–48.
3. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Volume 2 (New York: The Century Co., 1917), 21–22.
4. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Boston: Burnham, 1863), 207.
5. Sam R. Watkins, 1861 vs. 1862: “Co. Aytch,” Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment; or, A Side Show of the Big Show (Nashville: Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882), 40.
6. James C. Cobb, “The Making of a Secessionist: Henry L. Benning and the Coming of the Civil War,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 60, no. 4 (Winter 1976): 313–23.
7. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, “The Course of the South to Secession, VI: The Fire-Eaters,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 22, no. 1 (March 1938): 52.
8. Cobb, “Making of a Secessionist,” 319.
9. Dew, Apostles of Disunion, 65.
10. “Speech of Henry Benning to the Virginia Convention,” Feb. 18, 1861, www.civilwarcauses.org/benningva.htm.
11. Ralph Lowell Eckert, John Brown Gordon: Soldier, Southerner, American (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 13.
12. John Brown Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War (New York: C. Scribner and Sons, 1903), 84.
13. Eckert, John Brown Gordon, 35–37.
14. Ibid., 35–38, 123.
15. Ibid., 131.
16. John Brown Gordon, “To the Colored People” (address in Charleston, S.C., Sept. 11, 1868), in Loewen and Sebesta, Confederate and Neo-Confederate Reader, 257–58.
17. Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 105.
18. Eckert, John Brown Gordon, 146.
19. Ulysses Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965), 633.
20. Office of Economic and Manpower Analysis, West Point, N.Y.
21. Glenn Robins, The Bishop of the Old South: The Ministry and Civil War Legacy of Leonidas Polk (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2006), 120.
22. Steven Woodworth, Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 156.
23. Walt Bachman, “Officer, Gentleman, Slavemaster: How the U.S. Army Spread Slavery and Helped Cause the Civil War,” unpublished MS.
24. Presidential Historians Survey, C-SPAN 2017, www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall.
25. Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 44–47; Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:317.
26. The scholar Walt Bachman has looked at almost every pay voucher for antebellum army officers in the National Archive. The army had a system of paying officers for servants starting in 1816 and continuing through 1865. Of course, enslaved servants were the cheapest. Up to the rank of colonel, officers were paid for one servant. Colonels were paid for two and generals for four. One slave would account for 21 percent extra pay. Bachman, “Officer, Gentleman, Slavemaster.”
27. Ibid.
28. Adrien Katherine Wing, “Brief Reflections Toward a Multiplicative Theory and Praxis of Being,” Berkeley Women’s Law Journal 6, no. 1 (1990–1991).
29. Morris Schaff, The Spirit of Old West Point, 1858–1862 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1907), 196; Post Orders, 5:405, 407, USMA Archives.
30. Williams, P.G.T. Beauregard, 45–47; Bachman, “Officer, Gentleman, Slavemaster.”
31. Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 58–61.
32. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 810–16.
33. Stephen Vincent Benét, John Brown’s Body, 1928, https://archive.org/stream/johnbrownsbody1928bent/johnbrownsbody1928bent_djvu.txt.
34. “U.S. Army Posts Named for Former Confederate Officers,” Information Paper, U.S. Army Center for Military History, Aug. 29, 2017.
35. Joseph E. Kuhn, Brig. Gen., General Staff, Chief of War College Division, Memorandum for the Chief of Staff, “Subject: Names for Cantonments, National Army, and Camps, National Guard,” July 17, 1917, WCD 9699-3, War College Division Correspondence, 1903–1919, Record Group 165, National Archives.
36. Ibid.; “Name Cantonments for War Heroes,” New York Times, July 16, 1917.
37. Ku
hn, “Subject: Names for Cantonments.”
38. “U.S. Army Posts Named for Former Confederate Officers.”
39. Ibid.
40. “National Cemetery Administration,” www.cem.va.gov/cems/listcem.asp; “National Park Service National Parks and Cemeteries,” www.nps.gov/ande/planyourvisit/np-natcems.htm.
41. Pryor, Reading the Man, 46–49.
42. Ibid., 301–8.
43. Ibid., 308–11.
44. Blair, Cities of the Dead, 174–75; John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Civil War Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 132–33.
45. Blair, Cities of the Dead, 178.
46. Blight, Race and Reunion, 351–52.
47. LaRae Umfleet, “1898 Wilmington Race Riot Report,” 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission, May 31, 2006, 79; H. Leon Prather, “The Red Shirt Movement in North Carolina, 1898–1900,” Journal of Negro History 62, no. 2 (April 1977): 174–84.
48. Blight, Race and Reunion, 352; Janney, Remembering the Civil War, 261.
49. David T. Alexander, “The Southern Cross of Honor,” Coin World, Nov. 29, 2012, www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/2012/11/southern-cross-of-honor.html.
50. Baumen L. Belden, “War Medals of the Confederacy,” American Journal of Numismatics 48 (1914): 195–204; “Pre–World War I Era Headstones and Markers,” National Cemetery Administration, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, www.cem.va.gov/cem/hmm/pre_WWI_era.asp; “Administration, Operation, and Maintenance of Army Cemeteries,” Department of the Army, pamphlet 290-5, armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/p290_5.pdf.
51. Blight, Race and Reunion, 352.
52. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead, 234; Janney, Remembering the Civil War, 262–63.
53. Kirk Savage, “Afterword: War/Memory/History: Toward a Remixed Understanding,” in Remixing the Civil War: Meditations on the Sesquicentennial, ed. Thomas J. Brown (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011); Janney, Remembering the Civil War, 264; Catherine Clinton, The Plantation Mistress: Women’s World in the Old South (New York: Pantheon, 1982), 201–202.
54. Savage, “Afterword: War/Memory/History”; Janney, Remembering the Civil War, 264.
55. Steven I. Weiss, “You Won’t Believe What the Government Spends on Confederate Graves,” Atlantic, July 19, 2013, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/07/government-spending-confederate-graves/277931/.
56. Ibid.
57. “Administration, Operation, and Maintenance of Army Cemeteries.”
58. Allan R. Millett, Peter Maslowski, and William B. Feis, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012, 3rd ed. (New York: Free Press, 2012), app. B.
59. J. Watts De Peyster, Andrew Atkinson Humphreys, of Pennsylvania (Lancaster, Pa.: Lancaster Intelligencer Print, 1886), 6–8.
60. Charles A. Dana, “Reminiscences of Men and Events of the Civil War,” McClure’s Magazine 11 (1898): 29.
61. Matthew T. Pearcy, “‘No Heroism Can Avail’: Andrew A. Humphreys and His Pennsylvania Division at Antietam and Fredericksburg,” Army History (Summer 2010): 7–26.
62. Ibid.
63. Matthew T. Pearcy, “‘Nothing but the Spirit of Heroism’: Andrew A. Humphreys at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg,” Army History (Summer 2013): 6–37.
64. Ibid.
65. E. M. Markham, “Past, Present, and Future of Fort Humphreys,” Military Engineer 21, no. 116 (March–April 1929): 153.
66. Stuart E. Brown Jr., Virginia Baron: The Story of Thomas, 6th Lord Fairfax (Berryville, Va.: Chesapeake Book Company, 1965), 177–78.
67. Fort Belvoir: Host to History, 2nd ed., U.S. Army Garrison Fort Belvoir and Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management, 2010.
68. Markham, “Past, Present, and Future of Fort Humphreys,” 153.
69. James F. Duhamel, “Belvoir,” in Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 35/36 (Washington, D.C.: Historical Society of Washington, D.C., 1935), 153.
70. “Bill to Restore Belvoir Offered: Smith Requests $40,000 for Virginia Project,” Washington Post, Feb. 12, 1935, 3.
71. Carl Albert, foreword to Bruce J. Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1987), vii.
72. “Committee on Rules,” rules.house.gov/about.
73. Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules, 85.
74. House Hearings on the President’s Economic Security Bill, Feb. 6, 1935, 927–33.
75. “Ft. Humphreys to Be Renamed: Post Will Be Called Belvoir for Old Plantation at Roosevelt’s Request,” Washington Post, Feb. 10, 1935, 1.
76. Bruce Collins, “Confederate Identity and the Southern Myth Since the Civil War,” in The Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War, ed. Susan-May Grant and Peter J. Parish (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 37.
77. “U.S. Army Posts Named for Former Confederate Officers.”
78. Army Regulation 210-10, July 1, 1937.
79. Camp Gordon was originally named in World War I but closed after the war. The name was recycled for World War II. The World War I camp was north of Atlanta, while the World War II camp was (and is) near Augusta.
80. “U.S. Army Posts Named for Former Confederate Officers.”
81. Ibid.
82. Michael R. Bradley, “Camp Forrest,” Tennessee Encyclopedia, March 1, 2018, tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/camp-forrest/.
83. Charles Royster, “Slaver, General, Klansman,” Atlantic Monthly, May 1993, 126.
84. Robert Ralph Davis Jr., “Buchanan Espionage: A Report on Illegal Slave Trading in the South in 1859,” Journal of Southern History 37, no. 2 (May 1971): 271–78; Dan Chapman, “Slave Ship’s Voyage of Shame Recalled,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Nov. 23, 2008.
85. Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2005), 229; John Cimprich, Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 90–101.
86. Thomas Nast, “This Is a White Man’s Government,” Harper’s Weekly, Sep. 5, 1868.
87. Krewasky Salter, The Story of Black Military Officers, 1861–1948 (London: Routledge, 2014).
88. Nina Silber, This War Ain’t Over: Fighting the Civil War in New Deal America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 137–39.
89. John J. Pershing, communiqué to the French military stationed with the American army, Aug. 7, 1918, World War I Centennial Commission, NEH website, edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/african-american-soldiers-world-war-i-92nd-and-93rd-divisions.
90. Edward M. Coffman, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998), 314.
91. Captain N. M. Walker, “Historical Study of the American Negro,” app. 3, “Negro Manpower in the Military Service,” Army War College, Washington, D.C., Oct. 20, 1932, File No. 391, 1–8, AWC Curricular Archives, Army History and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.
92. “Listing of Campaigns of the U.S. Army Displayed on the Army Flag,” U.S. Army Center of Military History, https://history.army.mil/html/reference/campaigns.html.
93. Merle T. Cole, “Confederate Service Campaign Streamers,” Military Collector & Historian 69 (Winter 2017): 318–26.
94. Ibid.; Morris J. MacGregor Jr., Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965 (Washington, D.C.: Center for Military History, 1981), 318–26.
95. “167th Infantry Regiment,” Department of the Army Lineage and Honors, as of Feb. 15, 2012, history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0167in.htm; Institute of Heraldry, 167th Infantry Regiment, https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=6586&CategoryId=3711&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&from=search.
96. 167th Infantry Regiment, Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States).
97. Michelle Tan, “1-Star: Posts Named
for Soldiers, Not Confederate Cause,” Army Times, June 24, 2015.
CHAPTER 6: MY ACADEMIC CAREER: GLORIFYING ROBERT E. LEE AT WEST POINT
1. Thomas Griess, ed., The West Point Military History Series (New York: Avery, 1986); Robert A. Doughty and Ira Gruber, Warfare in the Western World, 2 vols. (New York: D. C. Heath, 1996).