The Hybrid Media System

by Andrew Chadwick

  Amazon Web Services. (December 3, 2010). Message. Amazon Web Services Website. Retrieved July 22, 2011, from http://aws.amazon.com/message/65348/

  Amin, A. (2004). Regulating Economic Globalization. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29 (2), 217–233.

  An Obama Minute. (October 6, 2008). An Obama Minute. An Obama Minute Website. Retrieved December 19, 2011, from http://anobamaminute.com

  Anderson, B. (February 22, 2010). Bullying, Tantrums and Brown. Independent Website. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/bruce-anderson/bruce-anderson-bullying-tantrums-and-brown-1906506.html

  Anderson, C. W. (2013). Rebuilding the News: Metropolitan Journalism in the Digital Age. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

  Anderson, K. (July 1, 2009). Arianna Huffington: Obsessiveness Is the Greatest Strength of Online News. The Guardian Website. Retrieved May 9, 2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2009/jul/01/arianna-huffington-activate-conference

  Angus Reid Public Opinion. (April 15, 2010). Angus Reid Real Time Reporting: First Debate. Angus Reid Public Opinion Website. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from http://www.angusreidelections.co.uk/2010/04/debate/

  Anon Ops. (2010). Anon Ops: A Press Release. Dump.no Website. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from https://web.archive.org/web/20101216105141/http://dump.no/files/467072ba2a42/ANONOPS_The_Press_Release.pdf

  Anonymous. (February 21, 2010). The Bullying Helpline Blog. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://thebullyinghelpline.blogspot.com/

  Anstead, N. (2008). The Internet and Campaign Finance in the U.S. and the U.K.: An Institutional Comparison. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 5 (3), 285–302.

  Anstead, N., & Chadwick, A. (2009). Parties, Election Campaigning and the Internet: Toward a Comparative Institutional Approach. In A. Chadwick & P. N. Howard (Eds.), The Handbook of Internet Politics (pp. 56–71). New York: Routledge.

  Anstead, N., & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). The Emerging Viewertariat and BBC Question Time: Television Debate and Real-Time Commenting Online. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16 (4), 440–462.

  Arnold, A.-K., & Schneider, B. (2007). Communicating Separation? Ethnic Media and Ethnic Journalists as Institutions of Integration in Germany. Journalism, 8 (2), 115–136.

  Arthur, C. (January 8, 2010). WikiLeaks under Attack: The Definitive Timeline. Guardian Website. Retrieved January 8, 2011, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/07/wikileaks-under-attack-definitive-timeline

  Ashcraft, K. L. (2001). Organized Dissonance: Feminist Bureaucracy as Hybrid Form. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (6), 1301–1322.

  Ashcraft, K. L. (2006). Feminist-Bureaucratic Control and Other Adversarial Allies: Extending Organized Dissonance to the Practice of “New” Forms. Communication Monographs, 73 (1), 55–86.

  Ashley, J. (February 22, 2010). A Month Ago, This Might Just Have Buried Brown. Not Now. Guardian Website. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/feb/21/brown-temper-elections-labour-tories

  Assange, J. (2011). The Unauthorized Biography. London: Canongate.

  Associated Press. (October 15, 2008). “Joe the Plumber” Becomes Focus of Debate. YouTube. Retrieved August 10, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUvwKVvp3-o

  Associated Press. (February 28, 2012). Number of iPads Sold by Apple by Quarter. ABC News Website. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/number-ipads-sold-apple-quarter-15810416#.T05kCKA9Ww4

  Aun, F. (November 7, 2008). Over Long Campaign, Obama Videos Drew Nearly a Billion Views. Clickz Website. Retrieved December 16, 2011, from http://www.clickz.com/clickz/news/1711540/over-long-campaign-obama-videos-drew-nearly-billion-views

  Auslander, P. (2008). Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture (2nd ed.). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

  Axelrod, D. (2009). Comments on Campaign Organization and Strategy. In K. H. Jamieson (Ed.), Electing the President 2008: The Insiders’ View (pp. 55–83). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

  Bäckstrand, K. (2006). Democratizing Global Environmental Governance? Stakeholder Democracy after the World Summit on Sustainable Development. European Journal of International Relations, 12 (4), 467–498.

  Ball, J. (September 2, 2011). WikiLeaks Publishes Full Cache of Unredacted Cables. Guardian Website. Retrieved June 8, 2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-publishes-cache-unredacted-cables

  BarackObamadotcom. (October 16, 2008a). 90 Per Cent. YouTube. Retrieved December 5, 2011, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PluoMotgl2w

  BarackObamadotcom. (October 29, 2008b). American Stories, American Solutions: 30 Minute Special. YouTube. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtREqAmLsoA&noredirect=1

  BarackObamadotcom. (July 24, 2008c). Barack Obama in Berlin. YouTube. Retrieved February 9, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAhb06Z8N1c

  BarackObamadotcom. (September 10, 2008d). MyBO: Neighbor to Neighbor Canvassing. YouTube. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tt9JKIIs9Sw&noredirect=1

  Barker, A. (February 21, 2010). Ministers Rally to Brown over “Bullying” Claims. Financial Times Website. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/df7300b8-1eef-11df-9584-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss

  Barko Germany, J. (2009). The Online Revolution. In D. W. Johnson (Ed.), Campaigning for President 2008: Strategy and Tactics, New Voices and New Techniques (pp. 147–159). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

  Barnett, S., & Gaber, I. (2001). Westminster Tales: The 21st Century Crisis in British Political Journalism. London: Continuum.

  Barr, K. (2009). A Perfect Storm: the 2008 Youth Vote. In D. W. Johnson (Ed.), Campaigning for President 2008: Strategy and Tactics, New Voices and New Techniques (pp. 105–125). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

  Bartlet, J. (2011). Josiah Bartlet (@Pres_Bartlet) on Twitter. http://twitter.com/Pres_Bartlet. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://twitter.com/Pres_Bartlet

  Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2010). Who Wants to Be My Friend? Obama, Youth, and Social Networks in the 2008 Campaign. In J. A. Hendricks & R. E. Denton, Jr. (Eds.), Communicator-in-Chief: How Barack Obama Used New Media Technology to Win the White House (pp. 51–65). Plymouth, UK: Lexington.

  Baym, G. (2005). The Daily Show: Discursive Integration and the Reinvention of Political Journalism. Political Communication, 22 (3), 259–276.

  BBC2. (2010a). Newsnight, April 15.

  BBC2. (2010b). Newsnight, April 21.

  BBC. (February 21, 2010a). Andrew Marr Show: Lord Mandelson Transcript. Retrieved June 18, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8526896.stm

  BBC. (2010b). Several people working in Gordon Brown’s office contacted an anti-bullying helpline, its boss tells the BBC. http://bit.ly/c7srZ4. Twitter.com/bbcpolitics. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://twitter.com/bbcpolitics/status/9437632216

  BBC. (2010c). The Politics Show, February 21.

  BBC News. (2010a). BBC News Special: BAFTA, February 21.

  BBC News. (2010b). BBC News, February 21.

  BBC News. (2010c). BBC Ten O’Clock News, February 22.

  BBC News Online. (April 30, 2010a). 8.4 Million Watch Final Prime Ministerial Debate. BBC News Website. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8653551.stm

  BBC News Online. (February 21, 2010b). Helpline Enters Brown “Bully” Row. BBC News Website. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8527193.stm

  BBC News Online. (January 10, 2012). Leveson Inquiry: Telegraph Expenses Scoop Explained. BBC News Website. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16494872

  BBC Radio 4. (April 16, 2010a). Today. Today Programme Archive Website. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8624000/8624275.stm

  BBC Radio 4. (April 19, 2010b). Today. Today Programme Archive Website
. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8628000/8628896.stm

  BBC Radio 4. (2010c). Today, February 22.

  BBC Radio 4. (2010d). The World at One, February 22.

  Becker, J., Goodman, P. S., & Powell, M. (September 13, 2008). Once Elected, Palin Hired Friends and Lashed Foes. New York Times Website. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/14/us/politics/14palin.html?pagewanted=all

  Beckett, C., & Ball, J. (2012). WikiLeaks: News in the Networked Era. Cambridge: Polity.

  Beech, E. (2016). Democratic National Committee Apologizes to Sanders over Emails. Reuters Website. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-dnc-statement-idUSKCN1052BN

  Belam, M. (April 15, 2010). General Election Debate: The Digital Experience. Martin Belam’s Website. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from http://www.currybet.net/cbet_blog/2010/04/general_election_debate_digital_experience.php

  Bell, A. (1995). News Time. Time & Society, 4 (3), 305–328.

  Bell, M. (September 27, 2009). Meet the New Media Mogul: Why Tories Fear Lord Ashcroft. The Independent Website. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/online/meet-the-new-media-mogul-why-tories-fear-lord-ashcroft-1793737.html

  Beniger, J. R. (1986). The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society. London and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Benkler, Y. (February 8, 2011). A Free, Irresponsible Press: WikiLeaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate. Yochai Benkler’s Website. Retrieved July 15, 2011, from http://benkler.org/Benkler_Wikileaks_current.pdf

  Benkler, Y., Faris, R., Roberts, H., & Zuckerman, E. (March 3, 2017). Study: Breitbart-Led Right-Wing Media Ecosystem Altered Broader Media Agenda. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from http://www.cjr.org/analysis/breitbart-media-trump-harvard-study.php

  Bennett, W. L. (1994). Constructing Publics and Their Opinions. Political Communication, 10 (2), 101–120.

  Bennett, W. L. (2003). Communicating Global Activism: Strengths and Vulnerabilities of Networked Politics. Information, Communication and Society, 6 (2), 143–168.

  Bennett, W. L. (2003a). New Media Power: The Internet and Global Activism. In N. Couldry & J. Curran (Eds.), Contesting Media Power: Alternative Media in a Networked World (pp. 17–37). Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.

  Bennett, W. L. (2005). News as Reality TV: Election Coverage and the Democratization of Truth. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 22 (2), 171–177.

  Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action. Information, Communication and Society, 15 (5), 739–768.

  Benoit, W. L., Hansen, G. J., & Verser, R. M. (2003). A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Viewing U.S. Presidential Debates. Communication Monographs, 70 (4), 335–350.

  Ben-Shahar, O. (November 17, 2016). The Non-Voters Who Decided the Election: Trump Won Because of Lower Democratic Turnout. Forbes.com. Retrieved February 24, 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/omribenshahar/2016/11/17/the-non-voters-who-decided-the-election-trump-won-because-of-lower-democratic-turnout/#3c11d40b53ab

  Berman, A. (2010). Herding Donkeys: The Fight to Rebuild the Democratic Party and Reshape American Politics. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux.

  Berman, P. S. (2007). Global Legal Pluralism. Southern California Law Review, 80 (6), 1155–1237.

  Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.

  Bialik, C. (August 9, 2016). Clinton Has Nearly Caught Up to Trump in Media Coverage. FiveThirtyEight Website. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/clinton-has-nearly-caught-up-to-trump-in-media-coverage

  Bienkov, A. (February 21, 2010). Who Are the National Bullying Helpline? Adam Bienkov’s Website. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://torytroll.blogspot.com/2010/02/who-are-national-bullying-helpline.html

  Bimber, B. (2003). Information and American Democracy: Technology in the Evolution of Political Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Bimber, B., Stohl, C., & Flanagin, A. J. (2009). Technological Change and the Shifting Nature of Political Organization. In A. Chadwick & P. N. Howard (Eds.), The Handbook of Internet Politics (pp. 72–85). London: Routledge.

  Bjørkan, M., & Qvenild, M. (2010). The Biodiversity Discourse: Categorisation of Indigenous People in a Mexican Bio-Prospecting Case. Human Ecology, 38 (2), 193–204.

  Blake, A. (January 22, 2017). Kellyanne Conway Says Donald Trump’s Team Has “Alternative Facts.” Which Pretty Much Says It All. Washington Post. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/22/kellyanne-conway-says-donald-trumps-team-has-alternate-facts-which-pretty-much-says-it-all

  Bloomfield, B. P., & Hayes, N. (2009). Power and Organizational Transformation Through Technology: Hybrids of Electronic Government. Organization Studies, 30 (5), 461–487.

  Bloxham, A. (December 9, 2010). WikiLeaks Cyberwar: Hackers Bring Down Swedish Government Site. Daily Telegraph Website. Retrieved December 9, 2010, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8190871/WikiLeaks-cyberwar-hackers-bring-down-Swedish-government-site.html

  Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (2005). Rethinking the Study of Political Communication. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass Media and Society (pp. 104–121). London: Hodder Arnold.

  Boczkowski, P. J., & De Santos, M. (2007). When More Media Equals Less News: Patterns of Content Homogenization in Argentina’s Leading Print and Online Newspapers. Political Communication, 24 (2), 167–180.

  Bogard, W. (2009). Deleuze and Machines: A Politics of Technology. In M. Poster & D. Savat (Eds.), Deleuze and New Technology (pp. 15–31). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

  Bolter, J. D., & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

  Boorstin, D. (1964). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo Events in America. New York: Harper & Row.

  Booth, J. (February 22, 2010). Gordon Brown Faces Calls for Inquiry over Bullying Claims. Times Website. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article7036094.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=797084

  Booth, R., & Borger, J. (November 28, 2010). U.S. Diplomats Spied on U.N. Leadership. Guardian Website. Retrieved June 20, 2011, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un

  Born, G. (2003). Strategy, Positioning and Projection in Digital Television: Channel Four and the Commercialization of Public Service Broadcasting in the UK. Media, Culture and Society, 25 (6), 773–799.

  Bosker, B. (December 8, 2010). Operation Payback: Facebook BANNED Our Page. Huffington Post Website. Retrieved December 8, 2010, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/08/operation-payback-faceboo_n_794076.html

  Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Bradley, B. (April 15, 2008). Deep Inside “Bittergate.” RealClearPolitics Website. Retrieved November 25, 2011, from http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/04/deep_inside_bittergate.html

  Brave New Films. (2008). John McCain’s Chart-Topping Single “Bomb Iran.” YouTube. Retrieved February 28, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2kyXN4ZVQg&feature=player_embedded

  Breslau, K. (January 6, 2008). Hillary Tears Up. The Daily Beast Website. Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/01/06/hillary-tears-up.html

  Brian, M. (December 13, 2010). Wikileaks.org Domain Comes Back Online, Helped by New DNS Providers. The Next Web Media Website. Retrieved December 13, 2010, from http://thenextweb.com/media/2010/12/13/wikileaks-org-domain-comes-back-online-with-the-help-of-new-dns-providers/

  Briggs, A., & Burke, P. (2009). A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Polity.

  Brogan, B. (February 21, 2010). Gordon Brown: “Psychological Flaws” Is Starting to Look Like an Understatement. Sunday Te
legraph Website. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/election-2010/7286123/Gordon-Brown-psychological-flaws-is-starting-to-look-like-an-understatment.html

  Brown, J. A. (February 21, 2010). Try thebullyinghelpline.blogspot.com @jonswaine—Nat Bullying Helpline just a cheapy front for this commercial litigation “consultancy.” Twitter.com/DignityWorks. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://twitter.com/DignityWorks/status/9438118357

  Brownlee, J. (2009). Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions. American Journal of Political Science, 53 (3), 515–532.

  Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York: Peter Lang.

  Bucher, T. (2012). Want to Be on Top? Algorithmic Power and the Threat of Invisibility on Facebook. New Media and Society, 14 (7), 1164–1180.

  Bucher, T. (2018). IF . . . THEN: Algorithmic Power and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Bucy, E. P. (2004). Interactivity in Society: Locating an Elusive Concept. The Information Society, 20 (5), 373–383.

  Bucy, E. P., & Gregson, K. S. (2001). Media Participation: A Legitimizing Mechanism of Mass Democracy. New Media and Society, 3 (3), 357–380.

  Bulkeley, H. (2005). Reconfiguring Environmental Governance: Towards a Politics of Scales and Networks. Political Geography, 24 (8), 875–902.

  Bullying UK. (February 21, 2010a). @bbcnickrobinson Our Statement regarding todays Gordon Brown and The National Bullying Helpline story http://buk.cc/9ehHVRTwitter.com/bullyinguk. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://twitter.com/bullyinguk/status/9447128169

  Bullying UK. (February 21, 2010b). National Bullying Helpline Breach of Confidentiality over Gordon Brown Complaints. Bullying UK Website. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from http://www.bullying.co.uk/index.php/201002221235/blog/uk-news/national-bullying-helpline-breach-of-confidentiality-over-gordon-brown-complaints.html

  BusinessWire. (November 3, 2016). Trump Versus Clinton: Research from Return Path Shows How the Candidates Stack Up on the Battleground of Email. BusinessWire Website. Retrieved February 17, 2017, from http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161103005815/en/Trump-Clinton-Research-Return-Path-Shows-Candidates