The Hybrid Media System

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by Andrew Chadwick


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  Index

  4 Chan, 124

  24-hour news cycle, 72, 101

  38 Degrees (British advocacy group)

  “actions” approach of, 219–22

  British general election (2010) and, 1–3, 222

  e-mail strategies of, 219–21, 223

  emphasis on timeliness by, 220, 222–24, 238

  hybrid media approach of, 217, 220, 224, 238, 288

  organizational structure of, 218–19

  polling by, 222, 224

  Sky News and, 1–3, 223

  social media and, 219–22

  television strategy of, 221

  Trafigura affair and, 221–22

  website of, 219

  YouTube and, 2–3

  350.org, 244

  ABC (American Broadcasting Company), 59

  ABC News

  Obama and, 154, 165, 170

  Palin and, 124, 179–80

  WikiLeaks and, 124

  Wright sermon videos and, 170–71

  “Yes We Can Video” and, 169

  Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia, 105

  Abell, Stephen, 211–13

  actor-network theory, 16–17, 74

  Addison, Chris, 90

  affordances

  digital recording devices and, 174

  evolution of media and, 28, 31, 46, 65–67

  internet and, 136, 161–62

  internet vs. broadcast media and, 166, 228

  WikiLeaks and, 110, 112

  Women’s March (2017) and, 248

  Afghanistan war, 104, 111, 115–19

  AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations), 244

  Albright-Hanna, Kate, 147

  Alexander, Douglas, 88, 230

  Alexander, Jeffrey, 131, 159

  Al Jazeera, 66, 112, 115

  allopoietic systems, 48

  Altenburg, Marcel, 248

  Altheide, David, 23–25

  Amazon, 123

  American Aurora (newspaper), 34

  American Bell Telephone, 39

  American Management Association, 252

  American Stories, American Solutions (Obama campaign documentary-infomercial), 139

  Amin, Ash, 13

  Amnesty International, 218, 244

&
nbsp; AM (amplitude modulation) radio, 43–44

  Analytical Engine, 46

  Anderson, C.W., 73–74

  Andrew Marr (BBC show), 76, 78–79

  Angus Reid Public Opinion, 94

  Anonymous (online hacktivist network), 111, 124–26

  Anstead, Nick, 67, 144

  Anthony, Joe, 148

  AOL, 61–62, 64, 174

  The Apprentice (television program), 242, 251–53, 257, 283

  Arab Spring (2011), 64, 106

  Arbouet, Kevin, 168

  archives

  internet and, 48, 181, 182

  political information cycles and, 74–75, 100

  Armed Services Ball (United States, 2017), 240

  Armstrong, Edwin, 43

  ARPANET, 41, 45

  The Art of the Deal (Trump autobiography), 250–51

  Ash, John, 11

  Ashcroft, Michael, 227

  Ashdown, Paddy, 92

  AsianAvenue, 149

  Asman, David, 164

  Assange, Julian. See also WikiLeaks

  allegations of sexual misconduct and, 106, 108, 121, 128, 208

  autobiography of, 108

  Ball and, 208

  Collateral Murder film and, 113

  Davies on, 118

  Express Group and, 212

  organization of WikiLeaks and, 103–4, 107–12, 209–12

  personality cult around, 128

  political asylum and, 106, 128, 279

  Twitter and, 127–28

  U.S. presidential election leaks (2016) and, 281–82

  assemblages

  actor-network theory and, 17

  broadcast radio and, 40

  Bullygate and, 73–74, 78–79, 192

  cable television and, 42

  Camp Obama and, 149-151

  Clinton email hacks and, 282

  counter-inauguration and, 248–49

  definition, 73–74

  “electric media” and, 37

  McCain campaign and, 142

  media logics and, 6–7

  news making and, 67, 70–102

  political information cycle and, 100–02, 246, 286

  symbolic campaign resources and, 168–69

  Trump campaign and, 256

  WikiLeaks and, 110–11, 282, 286

  Women’s March and, 248-49

  Associated Press (AP), 177, 187–88

  Astley, Rick, 168

  As We May Think (V. Bush), 45

  Athenian Mercury (British newspaper), 33

  Atkinson, Adrian, 96

  AT&T, 39, 41

  Audacity of Hope (Obama), 159, 250

  audiences

  activist members of, 26

  changing nature of, 6

  customization by, 49

  feedback from, 202–3

  fragmentation of, 49, 58–59, 102, 137, 141

  media logic and, 25–26

  newer media empowerment of, 66

  aural media

  commercialism and, 36–37

  gramophones and, 36–37

  phonographs and, 35–36

  “talking machines” and, 36

  Auslander, Philip, 48

  automated bot activities, 8, 275–79, 283–84

  autopoietic systems, 47–48

  Avaaz, 2, 218, 223

  Axelrod, David, 132, 146–47, 158, 165

  Babbage, Charles, 46

  Babbs, David, 1–3, 218–24

  Bach, Johann Sebastian, 18

  Bäckstrand, Karin, 13

  Back the Ban, 235

  Baird, John, 44

  Ball, James, 125, 208–10

  Ban Ki-moon, 105

  Banksy, 48

  Bannon, Steve, 267

  Barclays Bank, 116

  Barely Political, 168

  Barker, Alex, 197

  Bartlet, Jed (Twitter persona), 68

  Bashir, Omar al-, 106

  Baym, Geoffrey, 15

  BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)

  38 Degrees and, 223

  Bienkov and, 192

  Bullygate and, 78–86, 194–95

  cable television and, 42

  Chatterton and, 218

  digital media and, 49

  internet and, 51, 81, 202

  Kuenssberg and, 186

  MyConservatives.com and, 228

  origins of, 35

  prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 88–89, 94–99

  radio and, 85–86, 95, 189, 202–3

  Twitter and, 186

  BBC1, 51

  BBC Micro computer, 42

  Beck, Glenn, 64

  Becker, Jo, 179

  Beckett, Charlie, 125, 208

  Bedier, Osama, 123

  Bell's Weekly Messenger (British newspaper), 34

  Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 106

  Benghazi Committee (U.S. House of Representatives), 281

  Beniger, James, 47

  Benkler, Yochai, 260

  Benn, Hilary, 236

  Bennett, Lance, 23–24, 64

  Benson, Carole, 81

  Bentsen, Lloyd, 88

  Bercow, John, 202

  Berliner, Emile, 36

  Bevanite Ellie (Ellie Gellard), 187, 231

  Biden, Joseph, 141–43, 176–77

  Bienkov, Adam, 84, 86, 192–96, 198–99

  The Big Story (Fox News program), 175

  Bird, Jeremy, 147

  Bittergate, 172–74, 182

  BitTorrent, 110

  BlackPlanet, 149

  Blair, Tony, 232–34

  The Blaze website, 273

  blogs. See also specific blogs

  agenda setting and, 63

  breaking news and, 162, 192–93, 198–99

  Bullygate and, 76–77, 79, 83, 100, 192, 194–95

  investigative journalism and, 54

  prime ministerial debates (2010) and, 89, 95

  real-time coverage by, 89, 198

  revenue sources for, 55–56, 64, 196

  semi-professionalization of, 63–64, 67, 193–95

  social media and, 63, 194, 197, 199

  traditional news organizations and, 54–56, 188–89, 193–94, 196–98, 213–14

  U.S. presidential campaign (2008) and, 62, 169–71, 173–75, 182

  Blue State Digital, 151, 221

  Bogard, William, 74

  Bolter, Jay David, 28–30

  Booth, Jenny, 85

  bots. See automated bot activities

  Boulton, Adam, 76

  boundary blurring, 8, 202, 213

  boundary crossing, 8, 208, 214

  boundary drawing, 8, 37, 68, 197, 204, 213, 214–15

  boundary fetishism, 18

  boundary spaces, 22, 126, 174,

  Bounds, Tucker, 178

  Bourdieu, Pierre, 22–23

  Brady, Brian, 76, 78

  Brandzel, Ben, 218

  Breitbart News, 260, 273, 282

  Briggs, Asa, 29

  “Britain's Next Boss” (Channel 4 News miniseries), 96

  British general election (2010). See also Conservative Party; Labour Party; Liberal Democrats

  38 Degrees and, 1–3, 222

  blogs and, 195–98, 226

  Bullygate and, 70–71, 75–87, 100, 192, 194–95

  coalition negotiations and, 1, 3

  FactCheck (Channel 4 show) and, 199–200

  opinion polls and, 96

  social media and, 2, 71, 96–97, 227–28

  televised debates and, 71, 87–101, 191, 200, 229

  British Polling Council, 94

  Brockell, Gillian, 248

  Brogan, Benedict, 54, 98

  Brooke, Heather, 121

  Brown, Campbell, 178

  Brown, Gordon

  Bullygate and, 70–71, 75–87, 100

  Countdown video and, 234

  Duffy and, 191, 237

  Fact Check and, 199–200

  Gellard and, 187

  press officers and, 232–33

  prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 9
4, 99

  Bruns, Axel, 65

  BSkyB, 3

  Bucy, Erik, 46–47, 224

  Bullygate

  blogs and, 76–77, 79, 83, 100, 192, 194–95

  Brown and, 70–71, 75–87, 100

  Cameron and, 83, 85

  Clegg and, 85

  National Bullying Helpline and, 70, 79–87, 194

  newspaper coverage of, 70, 75–78, 81–85

  opportunity structure of, 75

  television coverage of, 76–77, 79, 81–82, 86

  Twitter and, 77, 79–86, 100, 195

  BullyingUK, 84, 86

  Bureau of Investigative Journalism (City University, London), 112, 209

  Burke, Peter, 29

  Burley, Kay, 1–3, 223

  Burma Campaign U.K., 218

  Bush, George W., 131, 134, 137, 144, 152

  Bush, Jeb, 259

  Bush, Vannevear, 45, 48

  Buttercream Bakeshop (Washington, DC), 241

  Buzzfeed, 245, 260–61, 274

  By the People: The Election of Barack Obama (documentary), 158

  Caan, James, 96

  cable television. See also specific stations

  government regulation of, 41, 44

  internet and, 50

  news coverage and, 137, 141

  political advertising and, 137

  primary debates and, 141

  public access and, 42, 44

  technological infrastructure of, 41, 44

  “Cakegate” (2017), 240–42, 284

  Cambridge Analytica (CA), 265–66, 268, 271

  Cameron, David

  Back the Ban and, 235

  Bullygate and, 83, 85

  leadership approach of, 226

  Left Foot Forward and, 198

  parliamentary coalition negotiations by, 1

  prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 88, 91, 94, 95, 99, 200–201

  Cameron, Samantha, 187

  campaign autobiographies, 158–60

  Campbell, Alistair, 90, 230

  Camp Obama gatherings, 149–51

  Carnell, Liz, 86

  “Carol” (an editor at The Guardian), 206–7

  Carson, Jon, 149

  Carter, Jimmy, 143

  Carter, Pat, 196

  Castells, Manuel, 16, 20, 125

  Catalist, 152

  Catholic Church, 32–33

  Cawood, Sarah, 86

  CBS Broadcasting Inc., 59, 170

  CBS News, 109, 179–81, 243, 246

  Cell phones. See mobile devices

  Cellan-Jones, Rory, 98, 197

  Chandler, Daniel, 11

  Channel 4 (BBC)

  audience of, 51

  Bullygate and, 77, 82

  FactCheck program and, 95, 199–202, 204

 

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