prime ministerial debate and, 89–90, 95
WikiLeaks and, 112, 115, 209
Channel Five, 51
Chaos Computer Club (CCC), 107
Chatterton, Johnny, 218, 220–22
China, 106, 215, 250
cinema, 30–31, 46
cinema of the attractions, 46
Clegg, Nick
Bullygate and, 85
newspaper coverage of, 71, 97–100
parliamentary coalition negotiations by, 1
prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 71–72, 91, 94–99
Twitter and, 98–99
Clinton, Bill, 269
Clinton, Hillary
African American voters and, 269–70, 283
automated bot activity opposing, 277–78
Benghazi Committee and, 281
campaign field offices of, 267
campaign fundraising by, 264
CNN-You Tube debate (2008) and, 167
Democratic Party primaries (2008) and, 131–32, 140–41, 145, 153, 155, 160, 162, 168, 174
Democratic Party primaries (2016) and, 280
“earned” media coverage and, 259
e-mail server controversy regarding, 279, 281
embassy cable leaks (2010), 105
Facebook and, 244, 254–55
“fake news” stories slandering, 271, 274
Federal Bureau of Investigation inquiry regarding, 271, 279, 281–82
Instagram and, 254–55
journalistic coverage of, 260
presidential debates (2016) and, 277–80, 284
as secretary of state, 281
Twitter and, 254–55, 257
voter turnout strategies and, 268–70, 283
Wall Street speeches (early 2010s) by, 279
WikiLeaks release of hacked e-mails (2016) and, 128, 269, 279–83
CNN
inauguration crowd stories (2017) and, 243, 246–47
internet and, 62, 65, 274–75
McCain and, 178
Obama and, 165, 169–72, 173, 175
Palin and, 178
presidential elections and, 61–62, 65
televised debates and, 166–67, 182
Twitter and, 176
WikiLeaks and, 108, 115
CNN-YouTube election debates, 166–67
Coates, Sam, 197
Cohen, Scott, 162
Cohn, Marjorie, 114
Colbert, Stephen, 64, 164
The Colbert Report (U.S. satirical television program), 126, 164
Coler, Jestin, 271
Collateral Murder (WikiLeaks film), 108, 112–14, 116, 126, 294n4
comedy shows, 142, 164, 177
Comer, Scott, 280
Comey, James, 271, 279, 281–82, 284
Comment Is Free, 194, 214
Communications Act (Great Britain, 2003), 211
computing, early history of, 46
ComRes, 94
Connect (labor union), 196
Conservative Home (blog)
Bullygate and, 76, 77
general election campaign (2010) and, 226
prime ministerial debate and, 92, 95, 98
Conservative Party
blogs and, 226–27
general election campaign (2010) and, 1, 223, 226–30, 239
hybrid media strategies of, 226–28, 239
internet and, 90, 187, 226–30
prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 97, 99
Twitter and, 187, 229
content farms, 260
convergence, 66–67
Conway, Kellyanne, 248
cookery shows, 16
Cooper, Anderson, 166–67
Cooper, Cary, 85–86
Cooper, Marc, 173
Copenhagen climate talks (2009), 189
Corner, John, 16
Corsi, Jerome R., 175
Couldry, Nick, 21–22, 91–92
Countdown (television quiz show), 234
counterpoint (musical composition), 18
counter-inauguration (2017), 9, 246–249, 284, 288
Couric, Katie, 179–81
CoveritLive, 89–91
Crabtree, James, 204
Crick, Michael, 98
Crowley, Philip J., 120
C-Span, 45
cultural imperialism, 14
cultural studies, 14–15
“Cynthia” (former campaign official for Labour), 231
daguerreotype, 46
Dahlgren, Peter, 23, 26
Daily Caller website, 273
Daily Currant satirical news website, 272
Daily Express (British newspaper), 55, 77, 198, 215
Daily Mail (British newspaper)
Bullygate and, 75, 77
Clegg covered by, 96–97
integration of information and entertainment in, 34
internet and, 53–54
Left Foot Forward and, 198
Press Complaints Commission and, 212–13
prime ministerial debate and, 96–97
Daily Mirror (British newspaper), 77, 86, 89
Dailymotion, 166
The Daily News (U.S. newspaper), 250
The Daily Show (U.S. comedy program), 15
Daily Star (British newspaper)
Bullygate and, 77, 82, 85
internet and, 55–56
Staines and, 56
The Daily Telegraph (British newspaper)
British parliamentary expenses scandal (2009) and, 54
Bullygate and, 79, 82, 85, 89
Clegg covered by, 71, 97–99
internet and, 54–55
Smeargate and, 56
Dale, Iain, 55–56, 80, 95, 226
Dant, Alastair, 120
Darwin, Charles, 11
Davies, Nick, 118, 207
Davis, Evan, 98, 203
Davis, Richard, 63
Davis, Rick, 179
Dean, Howard, 146, 148, 152
DeLanda, Manuel, 74
Deleuze, Gilles, 17, 74
Delli Carpini, Michael, 34, 57–58
Demand Media, 260
democracy, transitions to, 12–13
Democracy UK, 90
Democratic National Committee (DNC) e-mail hacks (2016), 279–80, 282, 284
“Denver Guardian” (fake news source), 271
Depew, Chauncey, 38
Der Spiegel (German newspaper), WikiLeaks and, 104–5, 115, 117, 119–22, 209
Desjardins, Lisa, 247–48
Deuze, Mark, 24
De Vellis, Phil, 168
Diamond, Larry, 12
digital media, 45–48. See also internet
Dignity Works, 83
Disinfomedia (“fake news” company), 271, 274
DiStaso, Marcia, 63
distributed denial of service attacks, 110, 122–25
Divinity Metrics, 168
divisions of labor
campaigns and, 236, 238
mobilization and, 224,
the hybrid media system and, 21–22, 286
documentary films, 15–16
Domscheit-Berg, Daniel, 107–8, 111
DonorsChoose, 65
Dowler, Milly, 207
Draper, Derek, 56, 234
Dreams from My Father (Obama), 159, 250
Drudge Report, 61–62
dual screening
automated bot activities and, 275–279, 284
campaigns and, 236
opportunity structure of, 276
televised debates and, 275–276, 284
Trump and, 258
Duffy, Gillian, 191, 237
Dunn, Anita, 140, 173
Dylan, Jesse, 169
Eastlake, Elizabeth, 30
Easton, David, 20
Eaton, Fran, 169–71
Edison, Thomas, 35–36, 46
Ed’s Pledge, 235
Edwards, John, 132, 145, 160
Eisner, Marc Allen, 13
Elder, Craig, 225–29
electric light, 37, 39–40
>
Ellsberg, Daniel, 114
e-mail
38 Degrees and, 219–21, 223
audience feedback and, 202–3
Labour Party and, 236
Obama for America’s strategies for, 148, 152–54, 156, 160, 176
embassy cables leak. See under WikiLeaks
Ending the Fed website, 273
English, Ron, 159
English Civil War, 32
Enli, Gunn, 257
e-Petitions, 219–22, 234
Eskew, Tucker, 178
Espionage Act (United States, 1917), 117
Ettinger, Amber Lee, 168
Evening Standard (British newspaper), 192–93, 228
EveryDNS, 110, 123
Express Group newspapers, 212
Facebook
38 Degrees and, 220
blogs and, 63
British general election (2010) and, 2
campaign advertising and, 263–270, 272, 274, 282
Clinton (Hillary) and, 244, 254–55
“dark posts” on, 269–70, 283
Express Group newspapers and, 212
“fake news” shared through, 271–74
journalists and, 186
Labour Party and, 236
Liberal Democrats and, 96–97, 99
Lookalike Audiences feature on, 268, 283
myPersonality Project (University of Cambridge study) and, 265–66
as news source, 260, 274
Obama for America and, 147–49, 151, 156
presidential inauguration (2017) and, 243
Press Complaints Commission and, 212
prime ministerial debate and, 91
right-wing media sources and, 260
Support the Monks protest group and, 218
Trump presidential campaign (2016) and, 8, 254–57, 266–72, 282, 287
WikiLeaks and, 124
Women’s March protest (United States, 2017) and, 244
FactCheck (Channel 4 show), 95, 199–202, 204
FactCheck.org, 199
fairness doctrine, 35
Faith of My Fathers (McCain), 159
“fake news”
automated bot activities and, 8, 275–79, 283, 289
Denver Guardian website and, 271
fabricated news and, 272–74, 283, 289
Facebook as means for sharing, 271–74
Google AdSense and, 273
“Macedonian news factory” and, 272–74
polarization and, 274
right-wing news websites and, 273–74
Fancy Bear (hacker in 2016 U.S. presidential election), 280, 282
Farnsworth, Philo, 44
Farrakhan, Louis, 170
Farrell, Henry, 13
Favreau, Jon, 132, 158
Federal Communications Commission (United States, FCC), 31, 35, 41, 43–44
Federal Records Act (United States), 281
Ferrell, Will, 134
Ferrera, America, 244
Fey, Tina, 180
Fidler, Roger, 31
Financial Times, 52–53, 83, 196
Fizzback, 91, 99
Flickr, 55, 60, 191
FM (frequency modulation) radio, 43–44
Forecasting the Telephone (Pool), 38
Fowler, Mayhill, 173–74
Fox News
Trump campaign (2016) and, 257–58
U.S. presidential campaign (2008) and, 61, 165, 170–71, 175
Wright videos and, 170–71
Franko, Elizabeth, 252
Fraser, Ed, 77
free and open source software movement, 107
Freedland, Jonathan, 84
Free the Nipple organization, 244
French Revolution, 33
Friendly, Fred, 42
Friends of the Earth, 218
Funny or Die, 165
Futuresight, 91
Ganz, Marshall, 150
Gateley, Stephen, 212
Gazette (British newspaper), 32
Gellard, Ellie (Bevanite Ellie), 187, 231
genres, ix, x, 4, 6, 14–16, 23, 29–30, 33, 34, 46, 54, 57, 63, 65, 67, 73, 91-92, 100–101, 126, 129, 131, 139–40, 148, 154, 162–63, 172, 177, 181–82, 184, 192, 200, 214, 227, 241–42, 248, 251, 271, 274, 285.
GetUp! (Australian political movement), 2, 217–18
Gibbs, Robert, 146–47
Gibson, Charles, 154, 173, 179–80
Gibson, Janine, 91
Gill, A.A., 95
Gingrich, Newt, 267
Gitelman, Lisa, 29
Gitlin, Todd, 250
Gliem, David, 159
Global Financial Crisis (2008), 136–38, 160
Glorious Revolution (England, 1688), 33
Godec, Robert, 106
Goetz, John, 120
Goldberg Variations (Bach), 18
Goldman, Duff, 240–42
Gonggrijp, Rop, 113
Goodman, Peter S., 179
Good Morning America (ABC program), 142
Google
advertising and, 53
campaign news and, 61,
CNN-YouTube debates and, 166–167
dysfunctional hybridity and, 275, 289
election campaigns and, 142, 228–230
“fake news” and, 271, 273–74, 283
internet search and, 45
news and, 205, 241
Podesta email hack and, 280
search engine optimization in campaigns and, 260-261
television content and, 66
WikiLeaks revelations about China and, 106,
Google AdSense, 138, 271, 273–74
Google AdWords, 138, 228, 230, 239
Gould, Philip, 230
governance and regulation, studies of, 13–14
Graham Act (1921), 41
Graham-Felsen, Sam, 147
gramophone, 36–37
Great Britain, media trends in
internet and, 49–54
mobile devices and, 50
print media and, 52–54
social media and, 50
Sunday news cycle and, 76
television and, 49–51, 76, 189
Green, Joshua, 269
Greenpeace, 244
Greenwald, Robert, 168
Gregson, Kimberly, 224
Grewal, David Singh, 20–21
Grusin, Richard, 28–30, 101, 158–59, 250
The Guardian (British newspaper)
38 Degrees and, 221–22
Ball and, 208, 210
Bienkov and, 193–94
British parliamentary expenses scandal (2009) and, 54
Bullygate and, 84
Comment Is Free and, 194, 214
internet presence and, 54, 206–7, 274–75
Left Foot Forward and, 196
“open journalism” and, 210
prime ministerial debate and, 89, 90–91
Trafigura affair and, 221–22
WikiLeaks and, 104–5, 115–22, 127
Guattari, Félix, 17, 74
Guccifer 2.0 (hacker in 2016 U.S. presidential election), 280, 282
Gudmundsson, Gudmundur, 113
Guggenheim, David, 139
Guido Fawkes blog
Bullygate and, 76
Conservative Home and, 226
FactCheck and, 202
prime ministerial debate and, 95
readership of, 55
traditional media and, 190
Gulati, Jeff, 62
Gunn, Anton, 147
Guru-Murthy, Krishnan
Bullygate and, 77, 80–83
prime ministerial debate and, 89–90, 96
Twitter and, 80–81, 90
Habermas, Jürgen, 32
hacker culture, 107
hacktivism, 124, 126
Hain, Peter, 56
Hancock, Herbie, 169
Hannity, Sean, 170
Hardball (MSNBC program), 141
Harding, Luke, 110, 119–22, 127
Harman, Harriet, 79, 201
Harvard
Crimson (U.S. newspaper), 174
Heimans, Jeremy, 218
Hilton, Paris, 164–65
Hilton, Steve, 226
Hoekstra, Pete, 106
Hollaback! organization, 244
Hollerith, Herman, 46
home computing, 41–42, 57–58
Hoskins, Andrew, 69
Howard, Philip N., 60, 275
Hrafnsson, Kristinn, 113
HR & Diversity Management company, 83
Huffington, Ariana, 64, 131, 173
Huffington Post, 62, 64, 173–74, 188, 212, 274
Hughes, Chris, 149
Hulu, 63, 180–81
Human Rights Campaign, 284
Humphrys, John, 85, 203
Hunt, Jeremy, 92
hybrid computers, 11
hybridity
actor-network theory and, 16–17, 74
analytical challenges of, 17–19
contrapuntal nature of, 18
cultural studies and, 14
definition of, 11
diluted, 18
dysfunctional aspects of, 271–72, 289
genres and, 14–15, 67, 214
governance and, 13
heterogeneity and, 11
media history and, 6
natural sciences and, 11
nonlinearity and, 13
ontology of, 5, 10–17
origins of, 10–11
particulate, 18, 290
political organization and, 13–14, 18
power and, 14, 19–23
reserved domains and, 13
social sciences and, 5, 11–15
transition and, 12
hybrid media strategies
38 Degrees (British advocacy group) and, 217, 220, 224, 238
interaction between old and new media and, 4–6, 8, 18–19, 40, 42–43, 53–54, 56–57, 63, 66–69, 131, 181–83, 190, 199, 202, 214–15, 285–86
Labour Party and, 230–32, 235–38
non-elite actors and, 6, 74–75, 101–2, 287–88
political campaign events and, 254
Women’s March protest (2017) and, 9, 248
hybrid media system
definition, 3–5, 285–87
hybrid mobilization movement, 218
hybrid norms, 8, 217–239, 287
hybrid regimes, 12–13
hypermediacy, 30
Iceland, 95, 113
“I Got A Crush . . . on Obama” (unofficial video), 168
Illinois Review (online citizen journalism outlet), 169
immediacy, 29–30
The Independent (British newspaper)
Bullygate and, 84
internet and, 204–6
Left Foot Forward blog and, 198–99
Independent on Sunday (British newspaper), 78–79
Independent Television Authority, 35
information society, theories of, 45–46
infotainment, 16, 23
Infowars website, 273
Insight (magazine), 174–75
Instagram, 241–42, 254–55, 284
interactivity
concept of, 46–47
hybridity and, 48
television and, 65–66
Obama campaign and, 145-50, 156–57
2016 U.S. campaign and, 257
interdependence, ix–x, 7, 10, 20, 21, 63, 71, 75, 100, 103, 114, 121–22, 129, 131, 166, 172, 181–82, 184, 208, 210, 239, 249, 254, 271, 275, 285–86, 287
The Hybrid Media System Page 56