The Hybrid Media System
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Index
4 Chan, 124
24-hour news cycle, 72, 101
38 Degrees (British advocacy group)
“actions” approach of, 219–22
British general election (2010) and, 1–3, 222
e-mail strategies of, 219–21, 223
emphasis on timeliness by, 220, 222–24, 238
hybrid media approach of, 217, 220, 224, 238, 288
organizational structure of, 218–19
polling by, 222, 224
Sky News and, 1–3, 223
social media and, 219–22
television strategy of, 221
Trafigura affair and, 221–22
website of, 219
YouTube and, 2–3
350.org, 244
ABC (American Broadcasting Company), 59
ABC News
Obama and, 154, 165, 170
Palin and, 124, 179–80
WikiLeaks and, 124
Wright sermon videos and, 170–71
“Yes We Can Video” and, 169
Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia, 105
Abell, Stephen, 211–13
actor-network theory, 16–17, 74
Addison, Chris, 90
affordances
digital recording devices and, 174
evolution of media and, 28, 31, 46, 65–67
internet and, 136, 161–62
internet vs. broadcast media and, 166, 228
WikiLeaks and, 110, 112
Women’s March (2017) and, 248
Afghanistan war, 104, 111, 115–19
AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations), 244
Albright-Hanna, Kate, 147
Alexander, Douglas, 88, 230
Alexander, Jeffrey, 131, 159
Al Jazeera, 66, 112, 115
allopoietic systems, 48
Altenburg, Marcel, 248
Altheide, David, 23–25
Amazon, 123
American Aurora (newspaper), 34
American Bell Telephone, 39
American Management Association, 252
American Stories, American Solutions (Obama campaign documentary-infomercial), 139
Amin, Ash, 13
Amnesty International, 218, 244
&
nbsp; AM (amplitude modulation) radio, 43–44
Analytical Engine, 46
Anderson, C.W., 73–74
Andrew Marr (BBC show), 76, 78–79
Angus Reid Public Opinion, 94
Anonymous (online hacktivist network), 111, 124–26
Anstead, Nick, 67, 144
Anthony, Joe, 148
AOL, 61–62, 64, 174
The Apprentice (television program), 242, 251–53, 257, 283
Arab Spring (2011), 64, 106
Arbouet, Kevin, 168
archives
internet and, 48, 181, 182
political information cycles and, 74–75, 100
Armed Services Ball (United States, 2017), 240
Armstrong, Edwin, 43
ARPANET, 41, 45
The Art of the Deal (Trump autobiography), 250–51
Ash, John, 11
Ashcroft, Michael, 227
Ashdown, Paddy, 92
AsianAvenue, 149
Asman, David, 164
Assange, Julian. See also WikiLeaks
allegations of sexual misconduct and, 106, 108, 121, 128, 208
autobiography of, 108
Ball and, 208
Collateral Murder film and, 113
Davies on, 118
Express Group and, 212
organization of WikiLeaks and, 103–4, 107–12, 209–12
personality cult around, 128
political asylum and, 106, 128, 279
Twitter and, 127–28
U.S. presidential election leaks (2016) and, 281–82
assemblages
actor-network theory and, 17
broadcast radio and, 40
Bullygate and, 73–74, 78–79, 192
cable television and, 42
Camp Obama and, 149-151
Clinton email hacks and, 282
counter-inauguration and, 248–49
definition, 73–74
“electric media” and, 37
McCain campaign and, 142
media logics and, 6–7
news making and, 67, 70–102
political information cycle and, 100–02, 246, 286
symbolic campaign resources and, 168–69
Trump campaign and, 256
WikiLeaks and, 110–11, 282, 286
Women’s March and, 248-49
Associated Press (AP), 177, 187–88
Astley, Rick, 168
As We May Think (V. Bush), 45
Athenian Mercury (British newspaper), 33
Atkinson, Adrian, 96
AT&T, 39, 41
Audacity of Hope (Obama), 159, 250
audiences
activist members of, 26
changing nature of, 6
customization by, 49
feedback from, 202–3
fragmentation of, 49, 58–59, 102, 137, 141
media logic and, 25–26
newer media empowerment of, 66
aural media
commercialism and, 36–37
gramophones and, 36–37
phonographs and, 35–36
“talking machines” and, 36
Auslander, Philip, 48
automated bot activities, 8, 275–79, 283–84
autopoietic systems, 47–48
Avaaz, 2, 218, 223
Axelrod, David, 132, 146–47, 158, 165
Babbage, Charles, 46
Babbs, David, 1–3, 218–24
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 18
Bäckstrand, Karin, 13
Back the Ban, 235
Baird, John, 44
Ball, James, 125, 208–10
Ban Ki-moon, 105
Banksy, 48
Bannon, Steve, 267
Barclays Bank, 116
Barely Political, 168
Barker, Alex, 197
Bartlet, Jed (Twitter persona), 68
Bashir, Omar al-, 106
Baym, Geoffrey, 15
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)
38 Degrees and, 223
Bienkov and, 192
Bullygate and, 78–86, 194–95
cable television and, 42
Chatterton and, 218
digital media and, 49
internet and, 51, 81, 202
Kuenssberg and, 186
MyConservatives.com and, 228
origins of, 35
prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 88–89, 94–99
radio and, 85–86, 95, 189, 202–3
Twitter and, 186
BBC1, 51
BBC Micro computer, 42
Beck, Glenn, 64
Becker, Jo, 179
Beckett, Charlie, 125, 208
Bedier, Osama, 123
Bell's Weekly Messenger (British newspaper), 34
Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 106
Benghazi Committee (U.S. House of Representatives), 281
Beniger, James, 47
Benkler, Yochai, 260
Benn, Hilary, 236
Bennett, Lance, 23–24, 64
Benson, Carole, 81
Bentsen, Lloyd, 88
Bercow, John, 202
Berliner, Emile, 36
Bevanite Ellie (Ellie Gellard), 187, 231
Biden, Joseph, 141–43, 176–77
Bienkov, Adam, 84, 86, 192–96, 198–99
The Big Story (Fox News program), 175
Bird, Jeremy, 147
Bittergate, 172–74, 182
BitTorrent, 110
BlackPlanet, 149
Blair, Tony, 232–34
The Blaze website, 273
blogs. See also specific blogs
agenda setting and, 63
breaking news and, 162, 192–93, 198–99
Bullygate and, 76–77, 79, 83, 100, 192, 194–95
investigative journalism and, 54
prime ministerial debates (2010) and, 89, 95
real-time coverage by, 89, 198
revenue sources for, 55–56, 64, 196
semi-professionalization of, 63–64, 67, 193–95
social media and, 63, 194, 197, 199
traditional news organizations and, 54–56, 188–89, 193–94, 196–98, 213–14
U.S. presidential campaign (2008) and, 62, 169–71, 173–75, 182
Blue State Digital, 151, 221
Bogard, William, 74
Bolter, Jay David, 28–30
Booth, Jenny, 85
bots. See automated bot activities
Boulton, Adam, 76
boundary blurring, 8, 202, 213
boundary crossing, 8, 208, 214
boundary drawing, 8, 37, 68, 197, 204, 213, 214–15
boundary fetishism, 18
boundary spaces, 22, 126, 174,
Bounds, Tucker, 178
Bourdieu, Pierre, 22–23
Brady, Brian, 76, 78
Brandzel, Ben, 218
Breitbart News, 260, 273, 282
Briggs, Asa, 29
“Britain's Next Boss” (Channel 4 News miniseries), 96
British general election (2010). See also Conservative Party; Labour Party; Liberal Democrats
38 Degrees and, 1–3, 222
blogs and, 195–98, 226
Bullygate and, 70–71, 75–87, 100, 192, 194–95
coalition negotiations and, 1, 3
FactCheck (Channel 4 show) and, 199–200
opinion polls and, 96
social media and, 2, 71, 96–97, 227–28
televised debates and, 71, 87–101, 191, 200, 229
British Polling Council, 94
Brockell, Gillian, 248
Brogan, Benedict, 54, 98
Brooke, Heather, 121
Brown, Campbell, 178
Brown, Gordon
Bullygate and, 70–71, 75–87, 100
Countdown video and, 234
Duffy and, 191, 237
Fact Check and, 199–200
Gellard and, 187
press officers and, 232–33
prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 9
4, 99
Bruns, Axel, 65
BSkyB, 3
Bucy, Erik, 46–47, 224
Bullygate
blogs and, 76–77, 79, 83, 100, 192, 194–95
Brown and, 70–71, 75–87, 100
Cameron and, 83, 85
Clegg and, 85
National Bullying Helpline and, 70, 79–87, 194
newspaper coverage of, 70, 75–78, 81–85
opportunity structure of, 75
television coverage of, 76–77, 79, 81–82, 86
Twitter and, 77, 79–86, 100, 195
BullyingUK, 84, 86
Bureau of Investigative Journalism (City University, London), 112, 209
Burke, Peter, 29
Burley, Kay, 1–3, 223
Burma Campaign U.K., 218
Bush, George W., 131, 134, 137, 144, 152
Bush, Jeb, 259
Bush, Vannevear, 45, 48
Buttercream Bakeshop (Washington, DC), 241
Buzzfeed, 245, 260–61, 274
By the People: The Election of Barack Obama (documentary), 158
Caan, James, 96
cable television. See also specific stations
government regulation of, 41, 44
internet and, 50
news coverage and, 137, 141
political advertising and, 137
primary debates and, 141
public access and, 42, 44
technological infrastructure of, 41, 44
“Cakegate” (2017), 240–42, 284
Cambridge Analytica (CA), 265–66, 268, 271
Cameron, David
Back the Ban and, 235
Bullygate and, 83, 85
leadership approach of, 226
Left Foot Forward and, 198
parliamentary coalition negotiations by, 1
prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 88, 91, 94, 95, 99, 200–201
Cameron, Samantha, 187
campaign autobiographies, 158–60
Campbell, Alistair, 90, 230
Camp Obama gatherings, 149–51
Carnell, Liz, 86
“Carol” (an editor at The Guardian), 206–7
Carson, Jon, 149
Carter, Jimmy, 143
Carter, Pat, 196
Castells, Manuel, 16, 20, 125
Catalist, 152
Catholic Church, 32–33
Cawood, Sarah, 86
CBS Broadcasting Inc., 59, 170
CBS News, 109, 179–81, 243, 246
Cell phones. See mobile devices
Cellan-Jones, Rory, 98, 197
Chandler, Daniel, 11
Channel 4 (BBC)
audience of, 51
Bullygate and, 77, 82
FactCheck program and, 95, 199–202, 204