Operation Avenge Assange, 123
Operation Leakspin, 124
Operation: Payback, 123–24
opinion polls, 42, 71, 88, 89, 92, 94–96, 101, 131, 133, 153, 154, 162, 165, 221, 238, 256, 259, 265, 268, 276, 283
Oprah.com, 133
oral culture, 32–33, 40
organizational forms. See also hybridity
38 Degrees and, 217–224
bloggers and, 192–199
in campaigns, 146–147, 148, 150, 161–2, 263–272
digital media and, 55
hybrid, 18, 22, 217-224
news and, 51, 54–57, 63, 174, 189
news cycles and, 71
studies of, 13
virality and, 182
WikiLeaks and, 110–113, 115–116, 119–120, 121, 124, 126
Orwell, George, 113
Ostrom, Elinor, 13–14
Palin, Sarah
national television interviews with, 179–81
newspapers’ investigative coverage of, 179, 182–83
satiric portrayals of, 180–81
vice presidential campaign (2008) and, 7, 141, 143, 177–83
WikiLeaks and, 106, 124
Pantsuit Nation, 244
Parrish, Daniel, 280
Parry, Katy, 16
Parscale, Brad, 257, 267
Parsons, Talcott, 20
Patterson, Thomas, 259
Paxman, Jeremy, 203
PayPal, 107–8, 123–25, 128
PBS (Public Broadcasting System), 35, 171
Pence, Mike, 240
Perot, Ross, 139
phonographs, 35–36
photography, 30, 46, 159
Pickard, Jim, 197
Pickles, Eric, 80
Piers Morgan's Life Stories (ITV chat show), 76
Pinterest, 242
Pirate Bay, 109, 124
PiratePad, 124
Planned Parenthood, 244
Pliny the Elder, 10
Plouffe, David
advertising and, 135
campaign war room and, 130, 146–49, 154
New York Times and, 154
By the People and, 158
speeches and, 132
television and, 142
YouTube and, 160
PM (BBC radio program), 203, 221
Podesta, John, 279–82, 284
political activism
e-mail, 219–23
emphasis on timeliness and, 220, 222–24, 238
hybrid media strategies and, 217–18, 220, 223, 237–38
traditional news organizations and, 223
WikiLeaks and, 112–14, 125–27, 210
political advertising, 136–40
political information cycles, 6, 72–75, 101–2, 200, 246, 260, 274, 286
“political opportunity structure”, 69
politically motivated hacking, 279–84, 289
Politico, 61, 204
Politics and the English Language (Orwell), 113
Politics Home, 204
Politics Show (BBC show), 76, 79
Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 38, 67
Popkin, Sam, 25
Populus, 94
postcolonial studies, 14–15
PostFinance, 123–24
Post Office (Great Britain), 40–42
Post Office (United States), 41
Powell, Michael, 179
power
actor-network theory and, 17
adaptation and, 20–21, 24, 181
bloggers and, 63, 197, 233
boundaries and, 19, 213–216
concept of, 15, 17, 19–22,
email and, 148–149
hybrid media system defined and, ix–x, 4, 9, 285–88
hybridity and, 15, 16, 17–18, 207–208, 231, 285–90
incentive structures and, 14
interdependence and, 4–5, 7, 75, 114–129
internet and, 6–7, 52–53, 62, 64, 65, 167–69, 226, 231, 239
networks and, 20–21
newspapers and, 54–55
new technologies and, 29, 32–33
Obama for America and, 148–149, 181–183
Occupy movement and, 64
press officers and, 231–235, 239
professional media and, 177–81, 188, 191, 197–199, 203, 210
as relational, x, 7, 17, 21, 73, 285, 286, 290
real-time news and, 74, 181, 190
reserved domains and, 13, 42–45
television and, 3, 62, 140, 162, 165, 166, 200, 239
timeliness and, 100–101, 189, 223
WikiLeaks and, 126
Power2010, 1, 223
power relations, hybridity and, 14, 19–23, 285–88
Pratt, Christine, 81–86
premediation, 158–160, 250–253
Press Association (Great Britain, PA), 188, 205
Press Complaints Commission (Great Britain, PCC), 185, 211–14
Prestel, 42
print media
advertising and, 51–53
aural media and, 35–37
declining audiences for, 52–53, 62
earliest forms of, 29–30
French Revolution and, 33
oral culture and, 32–33
pamphlets and, 32–33
Protestant Reformation and, 33
“produsers,” 65
Progressive Era, 34–35
Prospect (British magazine), 197, 204
Protestant Reformation, 33
PRQ, 109
psychometric data, 265, 266, 270
“pussy hats” (Women’s March, 2017), 244
Putin, Vladimir, 106
Qaddafi, Muammar, 106
Quayle, Dan, 88
QUBE local cable system, 42
Question Time (BBC show), 67, 88
radar, 47
radio
adaptation by, 31
AM/FM competition and, 43–44
BBC and, 85–86, 95, 189, 202–3
early history of, 30, 41, 43–44
government regulation and, 43
Obama for America’s strategies of, 134, 136
reserved domains and, 43–44
as source of information, 51
technology of, 43
television and, 31, 44
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 43–44
Radio Trust (industry organization), 43
Ragna Ingason, Ingi, 113
railroad companies, 40–41
“Rally to Restore Sanity and/ or Fear” (2010), 64–65
Rawnsley, Andrew, 70, 75–76, 79–80, 82, 84, 86
Reading the Riots project, 210
Reagan, Ronald, 143, 258
real space
in campaigns, 2, 7, 39, 147, 151, 231
integration with internet, 160–63, 219, 223, 254
integration with television, 8, 160–163, 254
Occupy movement and, 64
spectacle and, 7, 8, 160, 181
Women’s March (2017) and, 242–49
real time
authentic activism and, 222–24
campaigns and, 137, 227, 236–37
databases and, 48, 101
flows of information and, 47
internet and, 48, 66,
light projections and, 40
news and, 6–7, 71, 74, 89–94, 99, 101, 136, 215, 286
online fundraising and, 142–144
opinion polling and, 92, 94
phone banks and, 181
radar and, 47
radio and, 31
searching the internet and, 215
television and, 65, 141, 188–90
television versus newspapers and, 207
Twitter and, 67–68, 176, 206
Women’s March (2017) and, 242–49
reality shows, 16, 59
Reddit, 64–65, 124, 205, 259, 261–62
Red Rag, 56, 234
Reformation, 33
regimes, 12–13, 20
Reith, Lord John, 35
re
lationality, x, 7, 17, 18, 21, 73, 285, 286, 290
Relles, Ben, 168
Republican National Committee, 135, 266–67
Republican National Committee (RNC), 266
reserved domains, 13, 26, 42–44, 52, 56, 68, 286
“Restoring Honor” Rally (2010), 64
Reuters, 114, 188, 243–44, 249, 284
Reynolds, G.W.M., 34
Reynolds's News (British newspaper), 34
Rezko, Tony, 142
Rice, Amy, 158
Richards, Ed, 211
Richardson, Kay, 16
Riyait, Vijay Singh, 83
Robinson, Nick
Bullygate and, 78–79, 82–84, 86–87
internet and, 51
prime ministerial debate and, 89
Roddick, Anita, 218
Rogers, Mike, 106
Rogers, Simon, 120
Rolling Stone (magazine), 170
Romney, Mitt, 264
Rosenbach, Marcel, 120
Rospars, Joe, 147–48, 152
Ross, Brian, 170
Rove, Karl, 152
Rubio, Marco, 259
Rusbridger, Alan, 103, 120, 122, 206
Rush, Erik, 170
Russert, Tim, 159
Russia
early print culture in, 34
Palin on, 179–80
U.S. presidential election (2016) interventions by, 280–82
WikiLeaks revelations (2010) about U.S. relations with, 105–6
Russia Today (television news channel), 128
Saha, Rishi, 226
Said, Edward, 18
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 105
Sams, Alicia, 158
Sanders, Bernie, 259, 279–80
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 233
Sarnoff, David, 43–44
Saturday Night Live (NBC show), 134, 180, 183
Savage, Michael, 197–99
Sawyer, Diane, 142
Schlesinger, Philip, 72
Schmidt, Steve, 135, 178
Schmitt, Eric, 120
Schwartz, Tony, 250
Scientology movement, 124
Scott, John, 11–12
Scott, Mike, 285
Scottish Sunday Express (British newspaper), 212
search engine optimization, 228–29, 260
Segerberg, Alexandra, 64
sentiment trackers, 89, 91, 93
Sharpton, Al, 133
Shell Oil, 106
Shepard Fairey, 48, 159, 168
Shook, Theresa, 244
Showbiz Tonight (CNN program), 165
Sixty Minutes (CBS program), 142
Sklar, Richard, 12
Sky News
38 degrees and, 1–3, 223
Brown and, 236–37
Bullygate and, 76, 86
prime ministerial debate and, 89–91, 99
“slower” media,
smartphones. See mobile devices
Smeargate, 56, 234
Smith, Ralph Lee, 42
SMS text messages, 176–77, 191
Snelgrove, Anne, 83, 85
Snow, Jon, 201
Snow, Robert, 23–25
social fields, 19–20
social media. See also Facebook; Twitter; YouTube
activism and, 64–65
advertising on, 255
blogs and, 63, 194, 197, 199
breaking news and, 79–80, 187, 191
British general election (2010) and, 2, 71, 96–97, 227–28
Bullygate and, 77, 79–86, 100, 195
Conservative Party and, 187, 227, 230
horizontal nature of, 51, 64
ideological mobilization and, 64
informal nature of conversation in, 257
Labour Party and, 90, 186, 231–32, 235–36
Liberal Democrats and, 71, 96–97, 99
metrics of engagement for, 255–56
newsgathering functions of, 55, 188–89, 202
newspapers and, 55
non-elite actors and, 6, 74–75, 100–102
Obama for America and, 147–48, 155, 176, 256
political campaigns and, 67, 147–48, 155, 173, 175–76, 191
politicians and, 191
presidential inauguration (2017) and, 241–43, 246
professional journalists and, 74, 102
real-time emphasis of, 92, 101
social sharing optimization and, 260–61
televised debates and, 65–66, 88–92, 95, 98–100, 191, 275–79
television and, 65–67
Trump presidential campaign (2016) and, 8, 254–63, 266–72, 282–83, 287
Women’s March (2017) and, 9, 244, 246, 248–49, 284
social responsibility theory of media, 35
social sharing optimization (SSO), 260–61
social systems. See systems
Soros, George, 107
Sorta, Stephen, 167
Sparrow, Andrew, 197
Spears, Britney, 164–65
speed. See also temporality; timeliness, 48, 64, 101, 222, 224
The Spectator (British magazine), 198, 212
The Spectator (British newspaper), 33
Spicer, Sean
fact-checking of claims by, 247–48
inauguration crowd controversy (2017) and, 242–49
Spinuzzi, Clay, 16
Sri Lanka, 209
Staines, Paul, 55–56. See also Guido Fawkes blog
Steele, Jonathan, 120
Steep, Meryl, 258
Stephanopoulos, George, 173
Stephenson, Paul, 99
Stern (German magazine), 115
Stewart, Alistair, 92
Stewart, John, 64–65
Still, Keith, 248
Stockman, Ben, 97
Strategic Telemetry, 152
Stratfor, 128
Stratton, Allegra, 197
Straw, Will, 195–99
The Stream (Al Jazeera news show), 66
street art, 48, 168
Stringer, David, 186–91
Strong, Larry, 168
Sudan, 106
Sun (American newspaper), 34
Sun (British newspaper), 79, 83, 94–96
Sunday Live with Adam Boulton (Sky News show), 79
Sunday Mirror (British newspaper), 79
Sunday Telegraph (British newspaper), 78–79, 82
Sunday Times (British newspaper)
Bullygate and, 78–79
internet and, 53, 55
Smeargate and, 56
WikiLeaks and, 114
Susman, Louis, 120
Svartholm, Gottfrid, 109
Swain, Jon, 114
Sweden, 106, 109, 121, 128
systems, 13, 19–23. See also media systems
tablet computing, 31, 50, 52, 65
tabloid news, 56, 187, 192, 211–213, 250, 272, 273
Take Back Parliament, 1, 223
talk shows, 15
Tarleton, Alice, 200–202
Task Force 373 (Afghanistan war), 104
Teachout, Zephyr, 149
Tea Party movement, 64, 267
Telefon Hírmondó, 40
the telegraph
government regulation of, 40–41
railroad companies and, 40–41
telephone’s replacement of, 39
Telegraph Act (Great Britain, 1868), 40
the telephone
cultural anxiety regarding, 38
cultural aspirations regarding, 39
early demonstration of, 36
government regulation and, 41
law enforcement and, 38
political campaigns and, 39
scheduled programming and, 40
theaterphone and, 39
Telephone Herald (telephone newspaper), 40
teletext, 42
televised debates
automated bot activities during, 8, 275–79, 283–84
behind-the-scenes material and, 92–93
blogs and, 89, 95
British general election c
ampaign (2010) and, 71, 87–101, 191, 200, 229
immediate post-debate coverage and, 92–94
internet and, 65, 88–92, 96
media preview coverage of, 87–88
newspaper coverage of, 71, 88, 91, 93–100
Republican primary (2016) and, 262
scheduling of, 88
social media and, 65–66, 88–92, 95, 98–100, 191, 275–79, 283–84
“spin alley” and, 92–93, 275
television news coverage of, 87–96, 99–100
terms of engagement and, 87
U.S. Democratic primary (2008) and, 132, 141
U.S. presidential election (2016) and, 8, 277–80, 284
U.S. presidential elections (2008) and, 139, 144, 166–67
U.S. presidential elections (2012) and, 65
worm charts and, 88, 93, 95, 99
YouTube and, 166–67, 182
television. See also cable television; televised debates; specific stations
advertising, 53
cinema and, 31
early history of, 30, 44
government regulation and, 44
home computing and, 41–42
hybridity and, 16
interactivity and, 42, 66–68
versus internet, 51–52, 58–60
internet’s influence on, 64–66
Obama for America’s strategies of, 130–50, 155–56, 160–69, 181–82
penetration rates for, 49
photography and, 47
radio and, 31, 44
reserved domains and, 44
social media and, 65–67
as source of information, 31, 51, 58, 60–62, 68
technology and, 44
telephone infrastructure and, 41
transmediality and, 66–68
U.S. presidential campaigns and, 60–62
temporality, 22, 29, 48, 73, 74, 88, 188, 190, 207, 224, 228, 248, 261
TextWrangler, 119
theater, 30, 32–33, 39
theaterphone, 39
The Thick of It (BBC show), 16
The Times (British newspaper)
Bullygate and, 83, 85
internet and, 53, 55
prime ministerial debate and, 89, 92, 94–96
Time to Get Tough (Trump), 250
Tindall, Andrew, 198–99
Tinsley, Henry, 196
Today (BBC radio program), 85, 95, 189, 203–4
Today Show (MSNBC program), 165
Todd, Chuck, 248
Tomlinson, Ian, 206
“Tony” (former senior executive at ITN), 200
Tory Troll (blog), 84, 192–93
Trafigura affair, 116, 221–22
Trans-Pacific Partnership, 269
Tribune (British news magazine), 196
Trump, Donald
The Apprentice (television program) and, 242, 251–53, 257, 283
approval ratings of, 247
autobiographies by, 250–51
automated bot activity supporting, 277–78
campaign field offices of, 267
campaign fundraising by, 259, 263–65, 267–68, 282
campaign rallies and, 260–62, 266, 283
campaign spending by, 259, 266–67
celebrity capital of, 255–56, 258–59, 283
CIA speech (2017) by, 245
The Hybrid Media System Page 58