by Nick Lane
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Kirkwood, T. Time of Our Lives. Why Ageing is Neither Inevitable nor Necessary.
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Maynard Smith, J. and Eörs Szathmáry, E. The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
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Ridley, M. Genome. Fourth Estate, London, 1999.
Stearns, S. C. (Ed.). Evolution in Health and Disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
Tudge, C. The Variety of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
Watson, J. The Double Helix. Penguin Books, London, 1999.
Weatherall, D. Science and the Quiet Art. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.
Willcox, B. J., Willcox, C. and Suzuki, M. The Okinawa Way. Mermaid Books, London, 2001.
C H A P T E R 1
Discovery of oxygen
Lavoisier, A. Elements of Chemistry. Dover Publications, New York, 1965 (first published Paris, 1789).
Priestley, J. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air. Birmingham, 1775.
Szydlo, Z. A new light on alchemy. History Today 47: 17–24; 1997.
Szydlo, Z. Water Which Does Not Wet Hands. The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius.
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1994.
Bernard Jaffe. Crucibles. Newton Publishing Co, New York, 1932.
Oxygen therapies
Haldane, J. S. Respiration. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1922.
Greif, R., Akca, O., Horn, E. P., Kurz, A., and Sessler, D. I. Supplemental periopera-tive oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. New England Journal of Medicine 342: 161–167; 2000.
Diving and barometric pressure
Martin, L. Scuba Diving Explained: Questions and Answers on Physiology and Medical Aspects of Scuba Diving. Best Publishing Co, Flagstaff, AZ, 1999.
Ashcroft, F. Life at the Extremes: The Science of Survival. HarperCollins, London, 2000.
Bert, P. La Pression Barometrique. Paris, 1878.
Haldane, J. B. S. Possible Worlds and Other Essays. Chatto and Windus, London, 1930.
C H A P T E R 2
Factors controlling oxygen in the atmosphere
Berner, R. A. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 75: 97–122; 1988.
Oxygen and evolution
Cloud, P. Atmospheric and hydrospheric evolution on the primitive earth. Science 160: 729–736; 1968.
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Knoll, A. H. and Holland, H. D. Oxygen and Proterozoic evolution: an update. In Effects of Past Global Change on Life (Eds.: Panel on Effects of Past Global Change on Life). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1995.
C H A P T E R 3
Spiegelman’s monsters and loss of complexity
Spiegelman, S. An in vitro analysis of a replicating molecule. American Scientist 55: 3–68; 1967.
First signs of life and carbon isotopes
Mojzsis, S. J., Arrhenius, G., McKeegan, K. D., Harrison, T. M., Nutman, A. P. and Friend, C. R. L. Evidence for life on earth before 3,800 million years ago. Nature 384: 55–59; 1996.
Molecular fossils of cyanobacteria and eukaryotes
Brocks, J. J., Logan, G. A., Buick, R. and Summons, R. E. Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 285: 1033–1036; 1999.
Knoll, A. H. A new molecular window on early life. Science 285: 1025–1026; 1999.
Canfield, D. E. A breath of fresh air. Nature 400: 503–504; 1999.
Banded iron formations (see also General texts)
Widdel, F., Schnell, S., Heising, S., Ehrenreich, A., Assmus, B. and Schink, B. Ferrous iron oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Nature 362: 834–836; 1993.
Noah’s Flood and the Black Sea
Ryan, W., Pitman, W. and Haxby, W. (illustrator). Noah’s Flood: the New Scientific Discoveries about the Event that Changed History. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1999.
Sulphur isotopes, iron pyrite and oxygen
Canfield, D. E. A new model of Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature 396: 450–452; 1998.
Canfield, D. E, Habicht, K. S. and Thamdrup, B. The Archean sulfur cycle and the early history of atmospheric oxygen. Science 288: 658–661; 2000.
Natural nuclear reactors in Gabon
Cowan, G. A. A natural fission reactor. Scientific American 235: 36–41; 1976.
Snowball Earth and Kalahari manganese field
Kirschvink, J. L., Gaidos, E. J., Bertani, L. E., Beukes, N. J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L. N.
and Steinberger, R. E. Paleoproterozoic snowball earth: extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:1400–1405; 2000.
346 • FURTHER READING
Oxygen and eukaryotic evolution (see also General texts) Rye, R. and Holland, H. D. Paleosols and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen: a critical review. American Journal of Science 298: 621–672; 1998.
Knoll, A. H. The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622–627; 1992.
Kurland, C. G. and Andersson, S. G. E. Origin and evolution of the mitochondrial proteome. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64: 786–820; 2000.
C H A P T E R 4
Evolution of early animals (see also General texts)
Nash, M. When life exploded. Time Magazine 146: 66–74; 4 December, 1995.
Briggs D. E. G. and Fortey, R. A. The early radiation and relationships of the major arthropod groups. Science 246: 241–243; 1989.
Knoll, A. H and Carroll, S. B. Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284: 2129–2137; 1999.
Valentine, J. W. Late Precambrian bilatarians: grades and clades. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 6751–6757; 1994.
Molecular clocks
Conway Morris, S. Molecular clocks: defusing the Cambrian explosion? Current Biology 7: R71–R74; 1997.
Bromham, L., Rambaut, A., Fortey R., Cooper, A. and Penny, D. Testing the Cambrian explosion hypothesis by using a molecular dating technique. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95: 612386–612389; 1998.
Ayala, J., Rzhetsky, A. and Ayala, F. J. Origin of metazoan phyla: molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95: 606–611; 1998.
Snowball Earth
Hoffman, P. F., Kaufman, A. J., Halverson, G. P. and Schrag, D. P. A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 281: 1342–1346; 1998.
Hoffman, P. F. and Schrag, D. P. Snowball Earth. Scientific American January 2000.
Walker, G. Snowball Earth. New Scientist 6th November 1999.
Isotope ratios and oxygen
Canfield, D. E. and Teske, A. Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies. Nature 382: 127–132;
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Knoll, A. H. Breathing room for early animals. Nature 382: 111–112; 1996.
Kaufman, A. J., Jacobsen, S. B. and Knoll, A. H. The Vendian record of C- and Sr-isotopic variations: Implications for tectonics and paleoclimate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120: 409–430; 1993.
Brasier, M. D., Shields, G. A., Kuleshov, V. N. and Zhegallo, E. A. Integrated chemo-and bio-stratigraphic calibration of early animal evolution: Neoproterozoic —
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C H A P T E R 5
Giant dragonflies
Rutten, M. G. Geologic data on atmospheric history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2: 47–57; 1966.
Wakeling, J. M. and Ellington, C. P. Dragonfly flight. III. Lift and power requirements . Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 583–600; 1997.
Fires and methane generation
Watson, A., Lovelock, J. E. and Margulis L. Methanogenesis, fires and the regulation of atmospheric oxygen. Biosystems 10: 293–298; 1978.
Photorespiration
Beerling, D. J., Woodward, F. I., Lomas, M. R., Wills, M. A., Quick, W. P. and Valdes P. J. The influence of Carboniferous palaeo-atmospheres on plant function: an experimental and modelling assessment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B. 353: 131–140; 1998.
Beerling, D. J. and Berner, R. A. Impact of a Permo-Carboniferous high O2 event on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97: 12428–12432; 2000.
Carbon burial and calculation of atmospheric oxygen
(see also references in Chapter 2)
Berner, R. A. and Canfield D. E. A new model for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science 289: 333–361:1989.
Gas bubbles in amber
Berner, R. A. and Landis, P. Gas bubbles in fossil amber as possible indicators of the major gas composition of ancient air. Science 239: 1406–1409; 1988. Technical comments on Berner and Landis. Science 241: 717–724; 1988.
Carbon isotopes and calculation of atmospheric oxygen Berner, R. A., Petsch, S. T., Lake, J. A., Beerling, D. J., Popp, B. N., Lane, R. S., Laws, E. A., Westley, M. B., Cassar, N., Woodward, F. I. and Quick, W. P. Isotopic fractionation and atmospheric oxygen: implications for Phanerozoic O2 evolution.
Science 287: 1630–1633; 2000.
Plant adaptations to fire and fossil charcoal
Robinson, J. M. Phanerozoic O2 variation, fire and terrestrial ecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 75: 223–240; 1989.
Jones, T. P. and Chaloner, W. G. Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeo-atmospheric significance. In: Kump, L. R., Kasting, J. F. and Robinson, J. M.
348 • FURTHER READING
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K–T boundary and global firestorm and tsunami
Wolbach, W. S., Lewis, R. S., Anders, E., Orth, C. J. and Brooks, R. R. Global fire at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. Nature 334: 665–669; 1988.
Kruger, M. A., Stankiewicz, B. A., Crelling, J. C., Montanari, A. and Bensley, D. F.
Fossil charcoal in Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary strata: evidence for catastrophic firestorm and megawave. Geochimica et Geophysica Acta 58: 1393–1397; 1994.
Flight mechanics of dragonflies in high-oxygen atmospheres Graham, J. B., Dudley, R., Aguilar, N. M. and Gans, C. Implications of the late Palaeozoic oxygen pulse for physiology and evolution. Nature 375: 117–120; 1995.
Dudley, R. Atmospheric oxygen, giant paleozoic insects and the evolution of aerial locomotor performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 1043–1050; 1998.
Harrison, J. F. and Lighton J. R. B. Oxygen-sensitive flight metabolism in the dragonfly Erythemis simplicicollis. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 1739–
1744; 1998.
Polar gigantism and oxygen
Chapelle, G. and Peck, L. S. Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability. Nature 399: 114–115; 1999.
C H A P T E R 6
Life of Marie Curie
Quinn, S. Marie Curie: A Life. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995.
Radiation poisoning, radium girls and Hiroshima
Clark, C . Radium Girls: Women and Industrial Health Reform, 1910–1935. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1997.
Hersey, J. Hiroshima. Penguin Books, London, 1990.
Radiation chemistry
Von Sonntag, C. Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology. Taylor and Francis, London, 1987.
Oxygen free radicals
Fridovich, I. Oxygen is toxic! Bioscience 27: 462–466; 1977.
Gerschman, R., Gilbert, D. L., Nye, S. W., Dwyer, P. and Fenn W. O. Oxygen poisoning and X-irradiation: A mechanism in common. Science 119: 623–626; 1954.
Gilbert, D. L. Fifty years of radical ideas. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 899: 1–14; 2000.
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Liquefaction of oxygen
Wilson, D. Supercold. An Introduction to Low Temperature Technology. Faber and Faber, London, 1979.
Free radical damage from breathing
Shigenaga, M. K., Gimeno, C. J. and Ames B. N. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2⬘-
deoxyguanosine as a biological marker of in vivo oxidative DNA damage.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86: 9697–9701; 1989.
Radiation tolerance in bacteria
Hoyle, F. The Intelligent Universe. Michael Joseph, London, 1983.
White, O., Eisen, J. A. and Heidelberg J. F., et al. Genome sequence of the radiore-sistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans R1. Science 286: 1571–1577; 1999.
Surface of Mars
Oyama, V. I. and Berdahl B. J. The Viking gas exchange experiment results from Chryse and Utopia surface samples. Journal of Geophysical Research 82: 4669–4676; 1977.
C H A P T E R 7
Evolution of photosynthesis
Des Marais, D. When did photosynthesis emerge on Earth? Science 289: 1703–1705; 2000.
Xiong, J., Fischer, W. M., Inoue, K., Nakahara, M. and Bauer, C. E. Molecular evidence for the early evolution of photosynthesis. Science 289: 1724–1730; 2000.
Hartman, H. Photosynthesis and the origin of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 28: 515–521; 1998.
Schiller, H., Senger, H., Miyashita, H., Miyachi, S. and Dau, H. Light-harvesting in Acaryochloris marina — spectroscopic characterization of a chlorophyll d-dominated photosynthetic antenna system. FEBS Letters 410: 433–436; 1997.
Hoganson, C. W., Pressler, M. A., Proshlyakov, D. A. and Babcock, G. T. From water to oxygen and back again: mechanistic similarities in the enzymatic redox conversions between water and dioxygen. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1365: 170–174; 1998.
Catalase and the oxygen-evolving complex
Blankenship, R. E. and Hartman, H. The origin and evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Trends in Biological Sciences 23: 94–97; 1998.
Ioannidis, N., Schansker, G., Barynin, V. V. and Petrouleas, V. Interaction of nitric oxide with the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II and manganese catalase: a comparative study. Journal of Biological and Inorganic Chemistry 5: 354–563; 2000.
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Hydrogen peroxide on the early Earth
Kasting, J., Holland, H. D. and Pinto, J. P. Oxidant abundances in rainwater and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen. Journal of Geophysical Research 90: 10497–10510; 1985.
Kasting, J. F. Earth’s early atmosphere. Science 259:920–926; 1993.
McKay, C. P. and Hartman, H. Hydrogen peroxide and the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 21: 157–163; 1991.
C H A P T E R 8
Chimpanzee and human genomes
Chen, F. C. and Li, W. H. Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 444–456; 2001.
Eukaryotes and mitochondria
Gray, M. W., Burger, G. and Lang, B. F. Mitochondrial evolution. Science 283: 1476–1481; 1999.
Kurland, C. G. and Andersson, S. G. E. Origin and evolution of the mitochondrial proteome. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64: 86–820; 2000.
Last Universal Common Ancestor
Woese, C. Interpreting the universal phylogenetic tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97: 8392–8396; 2000.
Woese, C. The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95: 6854–6859; 1998.
Doolittle, W. F. and Brown, J. R. Tempo, mode, the progenote, and the universal root. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 6721–6728; 1994.
Evolution of cytochrome oxidase and aerobic respiration Castresana, J. and Saraste, M. Evolution of energetic metabolism: the respiration-early hypothesis. Trends in Biological Sciences 20: 443–448; 1995.
Castresana, J. and Moreira, D. Respiratory chains in the last common ancestor of living organisms. Journal of Molecular Evolution 49: 453–460; 1999.
Castresana, J., Lübben, M. and Saraste, M. New Archaebacterial genes coding for redox proteins: implications for the evolution of aerobic metabolism. Journal of Molecular Biology 250: 202–210; 1995.
Castresana, J., Lübben, M., Saraste, M. and Higgins, D. G. Evolution of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme older than atmospheric oxygen. EMBO Journal 13: 2516–2525; 1994.
Hoganson, C. W., Pressler, M. A., Proshlyakov, D. A. and Babcock, G. T. From water to oxygen and back again: mechanistic similarities in the enzymatic redox conversions between water and dioxygen. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1365: 170–174; 1998.
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Haemoglobins and cytochrome oxidase
Preisig, O., Anthamatten, D. and Hennecke H. Genes for a microaerobically induced oxidase complex in Bradyrhizobium japonicum are essential for a nitrogen-fixing endosymbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90: 3309–3313; 1993.
Shaobin, H., Larsen, R. W., Boudko, D., et al. Myoglobin-like aerotaxis transducers in Archaea and Bacteria. Nature 403: 540–544; 2000.