by Nick Lane
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C H A P T E R 9
Fruit, vegetables and vitamin C
Key, T. J., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N. and Burr, M. L. Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health-conscious people: results of a 17-year follow up. British Medical Journal 313: 775–779; 1996.
Gutteridge, J. M. C. and Halliwell, B. Free radicals and antioxidants in the year 2000: a historical look to the future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 899: 136–147; 2000.
Khaw, K. T., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., Wareham, N., Oakes, S. and Day, N. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. Lancet 357: 657–663; 2001.
Recommended daily allowances
Levine, M., Conry-Cantilena, C. and Wang, Y., et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: Evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93: 3704–3709; 1996.
Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000.
Mechanisms and functions of vitamin C (and see General texts) Levine, M., Dhariwal, K. R., Washko, P. W., Welch, R. W. and Yang, Y. Cellular functions of ascorbic acid: a means to determine vitamin C requirement. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2 (suppl. 1):5–13; 1993.
Padayatty, S. J. and Levine, M. New insights into the physiology and pharma-cology of vitamin C. Canadian Medical Association Journal 164: 353–355; 2001.
Wang, W., Russo, T., Kwon, O., Chanock, S., Rumsey, S. and Levine, M. Ascorbate recycling in human neutrophils: induction by bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94: 13816–13819; 1997.
McLaran, C. J., Bett, J. H., Nye, J. A. and Halliday J. W. Congestive cardiomyopathy and haemochromatosis — rapid progression possibly accelerated by excessive ingestion of ascorbic acid. Australia New Zealand Journal of Medicine 12: 187–188; 1982.
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C H A P T E R 1 0
Avoidance of oxygen (see also General texts)
Bilinski, T. Oxygen toxicity and microbial evolution. Biosystems 24: 305–312; 1991.
Superoxide dismutase
McCord, J. M. and Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). Journal of Biological Chemistry 244: 6049–6055; 1969.
Fridovich, I. Oxygen toxicity: a radical explanation. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 1203–1209; 1998.
Lebovitz, R. M., Zhang, H., Vogel, H., Cartwright, J., Dionne, L., Lu, N., Huang, S.
and Matzuk M. M. Neurodegeneration, myocardial injury and perinatal death in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93: 9782–9787; 1996.
Peroxiredoxins
Chae, H. Z., Robison, K., Poole, L. B., Church, G., Storz, G., Rhee, S. G. Cloning and sequencing of thiol-specific antioxidant from mammalian brain: alkyl hydro-peroxide reductase and thiol-specific antioxidant define a large family of antioxidant enzymes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 7017–7021; 1994.
McGonigle, S., Dalton, J. P. and James, E. R. Peroxidoxins: a new antioxidant family. Parasitology Today 14: 139–145; 1998.
Thiol oxidation, signalling and stress proteins
Arrigo, A. P. Gene expression and the thiol redox state. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 27: 936–944; 1999.
Marshall, H. E., Merchant, K. and Stamler, J. S. Nitrosation and oxidation in the regulation of gene expression. FASEB Journal 14: 1889–1900; 2000.
Groves, J. T. Peroxynitrite: reactive, invasive and enigmatic. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 3: 226–235; 1999.
Yachie, A., Niida, Y., Wada, T., Igarashi, N., Kaneda, H., Toma, T., Ohta, K., Kasa-hara, Y. and Koizumi, S. Oxidative stress causes enhanced endothelial cell injury in human heme oxygenase-1 deficiency. Journal of Clinical Investigation 103: 129–135; 1999.
Cai, L., Satoh, M., Tohyama, C. and Cherian, M. G. Metallothionein in radiation exposure: its induction and protective role. Toxicology 132: 85–98; 1999.
Foresti, R., Clark, J. E., Green, C. J. and Motterlini, R. Thiol compounds interact with nitric oxide in regulating heme-oxygenase-1 induction in endothelial cells. Involvement of superoxide and peroxynitrite anions. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272: 18411–18417; 1997.
Motterlini, R., Foresti, R., Bassi, R., Calabrese, V., Clark, J. E. and Green, C. J.
Endothelial heme oxygenase-1 induction by hypoxia: modulation by inducible nitric oxide synthase and S-nitrosothiols. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275: 13613–13620; 2000.
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C H A P T E R 1 1
Replication (see also General texts)
Orgel, L. E. The origin of life on the earth. Scientific American 271: 76–83; 1994.
Sexual reproduction (see also General texts)
Atmar, W. On the role of males. Animal Behaviour 41: 195–205; 1991.
Clark, W. Sex and the Origins of Death. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
Disposable soma theory
Kirkwood, T. B. L. Evolution of ageing. Nature 270:301–304; 1977.
Kirkwood, T. B. L. and Holliday, R. The evolution of ageing and longevity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205: 531–546; 1979.
Modulating lifespan
Austad, S. N. Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums ( Didelphis virginiana). Journal of Zoology 229: 695–708; 1993.
Rose, M. R. Can human aging be postponed? Scientific American 281: 106–111; 1999.
Westendorp, R. G. and Kirkwood, T. B. L. Human longevity at the cost of reproductive success. Nature 396: 743–746; 1998.
C H A P T E R 1 2
Pacific salmon and senescence (see also General texts) Partridge L. and Barton N. H. Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing.
Nature 362: 305–311; 1993.
Late-acting genes and antagonistic pleiotropy (see also General texts) Haldane, J. B. S. New Paths in Genetics. Harper, London, 1942.
Williams, G. C. Pleiotropy, natural selection and the evolution of senescence.
Evolution 11: 398–411; 1957.
Shokeir, M. H. Investigation on Huntington’s disease in the Canadian Prairies. II.
Fecundity and fitness. Clinical Genetics 7: 349–353; 1975.
Walker, D. A., Harper, P. S., Newcombe, R. G. and Davies, K. Huntington’s chorea in South Wales: mutation, fertility, and genetic fitness. Journal of Medical Genetics 20: 12–17; 1983.
Genes in nematode worms
Friedman, D. B. and Johnson, T. E. A mutation in the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces hermaphrodite fertility. Genetics 118: 75–86; 1988.
Kenyon, C., Chang, J., Gensch, E., Rudner, A. and Tabtiang, R. A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature 366: 404–405; 1993.
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Morris, J. Z., Tissenbaum, H. A. and Ruvkun, G. A phosphotidylinositol-3-OH
kinase family member regulating longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 382: 536–539; 1996.
Kimura, K. D., Tissenbaum, H. A. and Ruvken G. daf-2, an insulin-receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 277: 942–946; 1997.
Ogg, S., Paradis, S., Gottlieb, S., Patterson, G. I., Lee, L., Tissenbaum, H. A. and Ruvkun, G. The fork head transcription factor DAF-16 transduces insulin-like metabolic and longevity signals in C. elegans. Nature 389: 994–999; 1997.
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors
Tissenbaum, H. A. and Ruvkun, G. An insulin-like signalling pathway affects both longevity and reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 148: 703–717; 1998.
Clancy, D., Gems, D., Harshman, L. G., Oldham, S., Stocker, H., Hafen, E., Leeve
rs, S. J. and Partridge, L. Extension of lifespan by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein. Science 292: 104–106; 2001.
Thrifty genes and insulin-resistance
Chukwuma, C. Sr. and Tuomilehto, J. The ‘thrifty’ hypotheses: clinical and epidemiological significance for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 5: 11–23; 1998.
Groop, L. C. Insulin resistance: the fundamental trigger of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 1 (suppl. 1): S1–S7; 1999.
C H A P T E R 1 3
Rate of living, metabolism and free radicals
Pearl, R. The Rate of Living. Knopf, New York, 1928.
Harman, D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. Journal of Gerontology 11: 298–300; 1956.
Birds, metabolic rate and free radical production
Austad, S. N. Birds as models of aging in biomedical research. ILAR Journal 38: 137–141; 1998.
Barja, G. Mitochondrial free radical production and aging in mammals and birds.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 854: 224–238; 1998.
Free radicals, stress resistance and ageing
Honda, Y. and Honda, S. The daf-2 gene network for longevity regulates oxidative stress resistance and Mn-superoxide dismutase gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB Journal 13: 1385–1393; 1999.
Barsyte, D., Lovejoy, D. A. and Lithgow, G. J. Longevity and heavy-metal resistance in daf-2 and age-1 long-lived mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB
Journal 15: 627–634; 2001.
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Orr, W. C. and Sohal, R. S. Extension of life-span by overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 263: 1128–1130; 1994.
Gray, M. D., Shen, J. C., Kamath-Loeb, A. S., Blank, A., Sopher, B. L., Martin, G. M., Oshima, J. and Loeb, L. A. The Werner syndrome protein is a DNA helicase.
Nature Genetics 17: 100–103; 1997.
Kapahi, P., Boulton, M. E. and Kirkwood, T. B. Positive correlation between mammalian lifespan and cellular resistance to stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 26: 495–500; 1999.
Calorie restriction
Sohal, R. S. and Weindruch, R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction and aging.
Science 273: 59–63; 1996.
Kayo, T., Allison, D., Weindruch, R. and Prolla, T. A. Influences of aging and caloric restriction on the transcriptional profile of skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 5093–5098; 2001.
Mitochondrial theory of ageing
Harman, D. The biological clock: the mitochondria? Journal of the American Geriatric Society 20: 145–147; 1972.
Miquel, J. An update on the oxygen stress–mitochondrial mutation theory of aging: genetic and evolutionary implications. Experimental Gerontology 33: 113–126; 1998.
Richter, C., Park, J. W. and Ames, B. N. Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85: 6465–6467; 1988.
Beckman, K. B. and Ames, B. N. Endogenous oxidative damage of mitochondrial DNA. Mutation Research 424: 51–58; 1999.
Kirkwood, T. B. and Kowald, A. A network theory of ageing: the interactions of defective mitochondria, aberrant proteins, free radicals and scavengers in the ageing process. Mutation Research 316: 209–236; 1996.
Hayflick limit and telomerase
Hayflick, L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research 37: 614–636; 1965.
Harley, C. B., Futcher, A. B. and Greider, C. W. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345: 458–460; 1990.
Bodnar, A. G., Ouellette, M., Frolkis, M., Holt, S. H., Chiu, C. P., Morin, G. B., Harley, C. B., Shay, J. W., Lichtsteiner, S. and Wright, W. E. Extension of lifespan by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279: 349–352; 1998.
Goyns, M. H. and Lavery, W. L. Telomerase and mammalian ageing: a critical appraisal. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 114: 69–77; 2000.
Mitochondria and cellular differentiation
von Wangenheim, K. H. and Peterson, H. P. Control of cell proliferation by progress in differentiation: clues to mechanisms of aging, cancer causation and therapy. Journal of Theoretical Biology 193:663–678; 1998.
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Kowald, A. and Kirkwood, T. B. L. Accumulation of defective mitochondria through delayed degradation of damaged organelles and its possible role in the ageing of post-mitotic and dividing cells. Journal of Theoretical Biology 202: 145–160; 2000.
Mitochondria and gender (see also General texts)
Allen, J. F. Separate sexes and the mitochondrial theory of ageing. Journal of Theoretical Biology 180: 135–140; 1996.
Birky, C. W. Jr. Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes: mechanisms and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92: 11331–11338; 1995.
Cummins, J. Mitochondrial DNA in mammalian reproduction. Reviews of Reproduction 3: 172–182; 1998.
Sutovsky, P., Moreno, R. D., Ramalho-Santos, J., Dominko, T., Simerly, C. and Schatten, G. Ubiquitin tag for sperm mitochondria. Nature 402: 371–372; 1999.
C H A P T E R 1 4
Infections and oxidative stress
Pahl, H. and Baeuerle, P. Expression of influenza virus hemagglutinin activates transcription factor NF-kappa B. Journal of Virology 69: 1480–1484; 1995.
Pahl, H. and Baeuerle, P. Activation of NF-kappa B by endoplasmic reticulum stress requires both Ca2+ and reactive oxygen intermediates as messengers. FEBS
Letters 392: 129–136; 1996.
Inflammation in ageing rhesus monkeys
Kayo, T., Allison, D., Weindruch, R. and Prolla, T. A. Influences of aging and caloric restriction on the transcriptional profile of skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 5093–5098; 2001.
Alzheimer’s disease
Selkoe, D. J. The origins of Alzheimer disease: A is for amyloid. Journal of the American Medical Association 283: 1615–1617; 2000.
Geula, C., Wu, C. K., Saroff, D., Lorenzo, A., Yuan, M. and Yankner, B. A. Aging renders the brain vulnerable to amyloid beta-protein neurotoxicity. Nature Medicine 4: 827–831; 1998.
Schweers, O., Mandelkow, E. M., Biernat, J. and Mandelkow, E. Oxidation of cysteine-322 in the repeat domain of microtubule-associated protein tau controls the in vitro assembly of paired helical filaments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92: 8463–8467; 1995.
Sano, M., Ernesto, C., Thomas, R. G., et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. New England Journal of Medicine 336: 1216–1222; 1997.
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Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease
Nunomura, A., Perry, G., Pappolla, M. A., Friedland, R. P., Hirai, K., Chiba, S. and Smith, M. A. Neuronal oxidative stress precedes amyloid-beta deposition in Down syndrome . Journal Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 59: 1011–1017; 2000.
Herpes simplex infection and Alzheimer’s disease
Itzhaki, R. F., Lin, W. R., Shang, D., Wilcock, G. K., Faragher, B. and Jamieson, G. A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 349: 241–244; 1997.
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
McGeer, E. G. and McGeer, P. L. The importance of inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Experimental Gerontology 33: 371–378; 1998.
Smith, M. A., Rottkamp, C. A., Nunomura, A., Raina, A. K. and Perry, G. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1502: 139–144; 2000.
Mattson, M. P. and Camandola, S. NFB in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenera-tive disorders. Journal of Clinical Investigation 107: 247–254; 2001.
&
nbsp; Cigarette smoke
Kodama, M., Kaneko, M., Aida, M., Inoue, F., Nakayama, T. and Akimoto, H. Free radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its implication in human cancer.
Anticancer Research 17: 433–437; 1997.
Lane, J. D., Opara, E. C., Rose, J. E. and Behm F. Quitting smoking raises whole blood glutathione. Physiology and Behaviour 60: 1379–1381; 1996.
Diabetes, glycoxidation and AGEs
Brownlee, M. Negative consequences of glycation. Metabolism 49 (suppl): 9–13; 2000.
Inflammation and atherosclerosis
Becker, A. E., de Boer, O. J. and van Der Wal A. C. The role of inflammation and infection in coronary artery disease. Annual Review of Medicine 52: 289–297; 2001.
Oxidative stress and inflammation in cancer
Kovacic, P. and Jacintho, J. D. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: focus on oxidative stress and electron transfer. Current Medical Chemistry 8: 773–796; 2001.
Mercurio, F. and Manning, A. M. NFB as a primary regulator of the stress response. Oncogene 18: 6163–6171; 1999.
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C H A P T E R 1 5
Malarial tolerance
Greenwood, B. M. Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians.
Lancet ii: 380–382; 1968.
Clark, I. A., Al-Yaman, F. M., Cowden, W. B. and Rockett K. A. Does malarial tolerance, through nitric oxide, explain the low incidence of autoimmune disease in tropical Africa? Lancet 348: 1492–1494; 1996.
Enwere, G. C., Ota M. O. and Obaro S. K. The host response in malaria and depression of defence against tuberculosis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 93: 669–678; 1999.
Alzheimer’s disease in Nigeria
Hendrie, H. C., Ogunniyi, A., Hall, K. S., et al. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in two communities: Yoruba residing in Ibadan, Nigeria, and African Americans residing in Indianapolis, Indiana. Journal of the American Medical Association 285: 739–747; 2001.
Farrer, L. A. Intercontinental epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. A global approach to bad gene hunting. Journal of the American Medical Association 285: 796–798; 2001.
Haem oxygenase and immunosuppression
Taramelli, D., Recalcati, S., Basilico, N., Olliaro, P. and Cairo, G. Macrophage pre-conditioning with synthetic malaria pigment reduces cytokine production via heme iron-dependent oxidative stress. Laboratory Investigation 80: 1781–1788; 2000.