The Last Lion
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114. Spears, Assignment, 2:292–93; WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80; Colville, Fringes, 161.
115. Spears, Assignment, 2:292–93; WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80; Colville, Fringes, 161.
116. L. B. Namier, Europe in Decay (London, 1950), 93; Spears, Assignment, 2:304, 310–11.
117. Spears, Assignment, 2:319–23; WSC 2, 218.
118. J. A. Cross, Sir Samuel Hoare: A Political Biography (London, 1977), 339–40.
119. Michael Bloch, The Duke of Windsor’s War: From Europe to the Bahamas, 1939–1945 (New York, 1983).
120. Colville, Fringes, 184.
121. ChP 20/9; C&R-TCC, 1:53.
122. ChP 20/49; WSC 1, 1091.
123. Colville, Fringes, 166.
124. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 72.
125. De Gaulle, War Memoirs, 76.
126. WSC 2, 230; Eden, Reckoning, 155.
127. William Bullitt, Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. 2: The Intelligence Community 1950–1955 (Washington, DC, n.d.), 465–66.
128. WSCHCS, 6241.
129. WSC 2, 231.
130. Colville, Fringes, 171–72; WSC 2, 233; Warren Tute, The Deadly Stroke, introduction by John Colville (New York, 1973), 21–28.
131. Tute, Deadly Stroke, 73–87.
132. Tute, Deadly Stroke, 112–14; WSC 2, 234.
133. For a thorough discussion of the British attack on the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir, see chap. 5 of Arthur Marder’s From the Dardanelles to Oran (London, 1974).
134. Tute, Deadly Stroke, 148.
135. Tute, Deadly Stroke, 152–62.
136. Thompson, 1940; WSCHCS, 6246.
137. Tute, Deadly Stroke, 17; Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London, 1985), 348; TWY, 100.
138. Tute, Deadly Stroke, 17.
139. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 813.
140. CAB 65/9.
141. Cv/2, 259; WSCHCS, 6287.
142. GILBERT 6, 372, 392; Macleod, Time Unguarded, 369; Hermann Löns, Ein Soldatisches Vermächtnis (1939), 85; Richard Gerlach, Das Beste von Hermann Löns (Hanover, 1980), 16.
143. WSCHCS, 6230.
144. Cv/2, 429.
145. Hansard 6/18/40; WSCHCS, 6238.
146. Deighton, Fighter, 8.
147. C&R-TCC, 1:40, 49; Cv/2, 261; Bryant, Tide, 151.
148. Thompson, 1940, 149; WSC 1, 598–99, 695; Premier (Prime Minister) Papers, Public Record Office, Kew, 4/100/3; Birkenhead, Halifax, 458, and Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (London, 1962), 53; Williamson Murray, Luftwaffe (Baltimore, 1985), 43.
149. Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 267; Jones, Diary, 465; Lloyd George, Sunday Pictorial, 7/28/40; Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, 456.
150. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 83–86; Jones, Diary, 465–66.
151. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, 456.
152. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, 456.
153. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 65–66.
154. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 71, 91, 97, 110–11.
155. Colville, Fringes, 195.
156. Cv/2, 417–18.
157. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 798.
158. WSC 2, 286.
159. WSCHCS, 6495.
160. WSCHCS, 6234.
161. WSC 2, 282–84.
162. Colville, Fringes, 178–81, 182.
163. TWY, 97; Ismay, Memoirs, 153; Jones, Diary, 467–68.
164. WSCHCS, 6775.
165. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 408; TWY, 100.
166. TWY, 90.
167. TWY, 89, 90, 93; WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80.
168. Macleod, Time Unguarded, 369.
169. GILBERT 6, 478; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 68; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 66; Hansard 6/4/40; A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–45 (Oxford, 1978).
170. Colville, Fringes, 182; Cv/3, 445 (mustard gas).
171. Thompson, 1940,145.
172. TWY, 101, 103.
173. WSC 2, 298; Macleod, Time Unguarded, 383; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 94.
174. Colville, Fringes, 102–3.
175. WSCHCS, 6248.
176. WSCHCS, 6250.
177. Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, vol. 10: The War Years, June 23–August 23, 1940 (Washington, DC, 1957), 81; Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds., The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942 (New York, 1988), 7/22/40; Führer’s Conferences on Naval Affairs, 71–73; Die Weiterführung des Krieges gegen England, IMT, TWMC, vol. 28, 301–3.
178. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 754.
179. Colville, Fringes, 200; Leonard Mosley, Battle of Britain (New York, 1980), 26; WSC 2, 260.
180. Hugh Gibson, ed., The Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943 (New York, 1946), 277–78.
181. Deighton, Fighter, 272; Liddell Hart, History, 87.
182. Klaus A. Maier et al., Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1988), 2:3, 78–79.
183. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 752.
184. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 752.
185. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 762–63.
186. William L. Shirer, Aufstieg und Fall des Dritten Reiches (Cologne, 2000), 815.
187. Deighton, Fighter, xiv–xv; Hansard 11/10/32; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.
188. Deighton, Fighter, xviii, 57.
189. Mosley, Battle of Britain, 50.
190. Mosley, Battle of Britain, 54; Telford Taylor, The Breaking Wave: The Second World War in the Summer of 1940 (New York, 1967), 87; John Keegan, ed., Collins Atlas of World War II (New York, 2006), 38–39.
191. BA/MA RL 211/27, Allgemeine Weisung für den Kampf der Luftwaffe gegen England, OBDL, Führungsstab, Ia Nr 5835/40, 30.6.40; Murray Williamson, “The Battle of Britain: How Did ‘The Few’ Win?” Military History Quarterly 2, no. 2 (summer 1990).
192. WSC 2, 323.
193. Colville, Fringes, 213.
194. Liddell Hart, History, 93.
195. Liddell Hart, History, 93.
196. Colville, Fringes, 194.
197. Hansard 11/11/42; WSCHCS, 6707; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 467–68.
198. Deighton, Fighter, xvii, 218; Mosley, Battle of Britain, 91; A. J. P. Taylor, Beaverbrook (London, 1972), 422–30.
199. Colville, Fringes, 217; Taylor, Beaverbrook, 430.
200. Murray, Luftwaffe.
201. Deighton, Fighter, 217.
202. Deighton, Fighter, 187.
203. Len Deighton, Unternehmen Adler. Die Luftschlacht um England, 264–65.
204. R. V. Jones, The Wizard War (New York, 1978); F. H. Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, 5 vols. (London, 1979), 1:176–77; Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War (New York, 1978); Brian Johnson, The Secret War (London, 1978); Harold Deutsch, “Ultra and the Air War in Europe and Africa,” in Air Power and Warfare, Proceedings of the Eighth Military History Symposium, USAF Academy, edited by Colonel Alfred F. Hurley and Major Robert C. Ehrhart (Washington, DC, 1979), 165–66; Maier, Das Deutsche Reich, 2:384; Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (New York, 1978).
205. Sheean, Thunder, 201.
206. Sheean, Thunder, 199.
207. Sheean, Thunder, 201–2.
208. Colville, Fringes, 236.
209. Collier, Defence of the United Kingdom (London, 2009), 189–90, 450; Helmuth Greiner, Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht (the OKW war diary) 8/15/40; Denis Richards, Royal Air Force, 1939–1945, vol. 1: The Fight at Odds (London, 1953), chaps. 6 and 7.
210. Helmuth Greiner, Die Oberste Wehrmacht/Weltkrieg 1939–1945 (Stuttgart, 1954); Ismay, Memoirs, 188.
211. WSCHCS, 6265–66.
212. Edward Bishop, The Battle of Britain (London, 1960), 142, 149; Helmuth Greiner, OKW, 8/19/40.
213. Richards, Royal Air Force, 1:178.
214. Deighton, Fighter, 219.
215. Colville, Fringes, 234–36.
216. Collier, Defence, 206–7, 210; Bishop, Battle of Britain, 166–69; Alexander McKee, Strike from the Sky: The Battle of Brit
ain Story (Boston, 1960), 197–209; Derek Wood and Derek Dempster, The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930–1949 (London, 1961), 316–25.
217. Colville, Fringes, 236–37.
218. Deighton, Fighter, 248; Collier, Defence, 205; Wood and Dempster, Narrow Margin, 332–33; WSC 2, 331–32.
219. Wood and Dempster, Narrow Margin, 304.
220. Taylor, Breaking Wave, 151; H. R. Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945 (London, 1964), 38.
221. Helmuth Greiner, Die Oberste Wehrmachtführung, 1939–1943 (Wiesbaden, 1951), 8/29/40, 8/31/40; Cv/2, 555.
222. Colville, Fringes, 230.
223. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 8/26/40.
224. Frankfurter Zeitung, 8/29/40 and 8/30/40.
225. OKW, 8/24/40; Facts in Review 2, no. 22 (5/27/40): 217.
226. Adolph Galland, The First and the Last (New York, 1954), 40–41.
227. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 777.
228. Frankfurter Zeitung, 9/5/40.
229. Gibson, Ciano Diaries, 290.
230. WSC 2, 229.
231. CAB, 79/6. The chiefs signing the order were Ismay, Pound, Dill, and Peirse, vice chief of the Air Staff.
232. McKee, Strike, 125.
233. Collier, Defence, 135–40; Wood and Dempster, Narrow Margin, 334–39; Mosley, Battle of Britain, 120.
234. GILBERT 6, 773–74; WSC 2, 312.
235. GILBERT 6, 774.
236. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 105.
237. Cv/2, 703.
238. C&R-TCC, 1:56–67; GILBERT 6, 25.
239. C&R-TCC, 1:56–67.
240. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), 1980; Cv/2, 255; Dilks, Diaries, 322–23.
241. Cv/2, 255 (letter to Mackenzie King); C&R-TCC, 1:69.
242. WSCHCS, 6266.
243. GILBERT 6, 756; WSC 2, 297.
244. WM/Sir Robert Boothby, 10/16/80.
245. Cv/2, 655; Cv/2, 748; Collier, War in the Desert, 18–19.
246. GILBERT 6, 756.
247. Greiner, OKW, 9/13/40.
248. Greiner, OKW, 8/30/40.
249. WSC 2, 337; Deighton, Fighter, 262.
250. Taylor, Breaking Wave, 165; Seekriegsleitung Kriegstagebuch, War Diary of the German Naval War Staff, Part D, Lufttage, for September 16 and 18, 1940.
251. WSC 2, 240.
252. F. H. W. Sheppard, London: A History (Oxford, 1998); David Johnson, The London Blitz (New York, 1981), 33; WSC 2, 342.
253. Cv/2, 788–89 (Ismay recollection); Thompson, 1940, 211; Cv/2, 789.
254. Colville, Fringes, 192.
255. WSC 2, 343; Mosley, Battle of Britain, 143.
256. TWY, 111; Mosley, Battle of Britain, 145.
257. William K. Klingaman, 1941: Our Lives in a World on the Edge (New York, 1989), 3, 7, 12.
258. Klingaman, 1941, 6–7; WSC 2, 360.
259. Bertrand Russell, Which Way to Peace? (London, 1936), quoted in Sheppard, London, 262; Colville, Fringes, 263.
260. WSCHCS, 6277.
261. WSCHCS, 6276.
262. BBC address, 9/11/40.
263. Johnson, London Blitz, 39.
264. Jones, Wizard War, 96–97.
265. WSC 2, 384–85; Jones, Wizard War, 101–2.
266. Jones, Wizard War, 102.
267. WSC 2, 385; Tom Shachtman, Terrors and Marvels: How Science and Technology Changed the Character and Outcome of World War II (New York, 2002); see chap. 5 (“Battles Above Britain”) for overview.
268. WSC 2, 383–84; Jones, Wizard War, 102.
269. Sheppard, London, 333.
270. Philip Ziegler, London at War (New York, 1995), 175.
271. WSC 2, 343.
272. WSC 2, 343.
273. Mosley, Battle of Britain, 138.
274. Kay Halle, Irrepressible Churchill: Stories, Sayings and Impressions of Sir Winston Churchill (London, 1985), 168.
275. Klingaman, 1941, 16.
276. TWY, 115–16.
277. WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80; Soames, Clementine, 379.
278. Colville, Fringes, 240–41; Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 206.
279. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.
280. WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80; Soames, Clementine, 384–86.
281. WSC 2, 375.
282. Thompson, 1940, 213.
283. Thompson, 1940, 222.
284. Mosley, Battle of Britain, 36–37.
285. WM/Viscount Antony Head, 8/6/80.
286. Time, 10/3/43; Time, 2/1/43; Mark Mayo Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II (New York, 1999), 8. See also Modern Law Review 5, no. 3/4 (July 1942):162–73; Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA (London, 1971), 58.
287. Time, 9/23/40; Cv/2, 440, 446, 764; Colville, Fringes, 173; WSC 5, 680.
288. TWY, 114.
289. Mosley, Battle of Britain, 139.
290. TWY, 115–16.
291. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; Colville, Fringes, 245.
292. Colville, Fringes, 249.
293. Oxford Companion to World War II, edited by I. C. B. Dear (Oxford, 1995), 179, 331.
294. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War: A Complete History (London, 1989), 132.
295. TWY, 121.
296. CAB 120/300.
297. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 778; Gilbert, Second World War, 128.
298. WSC 2, 584, 586.
299. WSC 2, 581.
300. Colville, Fringes, 214.
301. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 110; Klingaman, 1941, 9.
302. Thompson, 1940, 220; Sheean, Thunder, 224–25.
303. Sheean, Thunder, 224–25; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 137.
304. WSCHCS, 6287.
305. Winston Churchill, My Early Life: 1874–1904 (New York, 1996), 62.
306. GILBERT 6, 808–10.
307. Joseph P. Kennedy, Boston Globe interview, 11/10/40; Victor Lasky, JFK: The Man and the Myth (New York, 1963), 58.
308. Colville, Fringes, 262, 275.
309. GILBERT 6, 816; C&R-TCC, 1:74.
310. WSCHCS, 6297.
311. WSCHCS, 6297.
312. WSCHCS, 6298; Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (Washington, DC, 2003), 595.
313. Cv/2, 979, 985; Colville, Fringes, 272.
314. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80.
315. PFR/Lady Mary Soames, 6/07; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80.
316. Colville, Fringes, 216, 219, 248; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.
317. Colville, Fringes, 265; Thompson, 1940; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80.
318. Soames, Clementine, 387.
319. Soames, Clementine, 387; GILBERT 6, 793; Sarah Churchill, A Thread in the Tapestry (London, 1967), 56–57; Time, 9/30/40.
320. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 129; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.
321. WM/Lord Geoffrey Lloyd, 11/27/80.
322. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.
323. Mosley, Battle of Britain, 121.
324. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; Wheeler-Bennett, Action, 118.
325. Churchill, Early Life (“being shot at without result”).
326. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 211.
327. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 210–11.
328. Colville, Fringes, 278; Dean Acheson, Sketches from Life of Men I Have Known (New York, 1959), 3, 17.
329. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 211.
330. Cv/2, 907–8.
331. Cv/2, 907–8.
332. Moran, Diaries, 9.
333. TWY, 127.
334. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill: Youth, 1874–1900 (Boston, 1996), 400, 410; Colville, Fringes, 273.
335. Colville, Fringes, 291; Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 170–75.
336. WM/John Colville, 10/14/80; Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 174.
337. Soames, Clementine, 386; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 123; Cv/2, 1069.
338. Colville, Fringes, 319; Moran, Diaries, 336; WM/Lord Soames (Pol Roger), 1980.
&nbs
p; 339. Colville, Fringes, 319; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 468.
340. PFR/Winston S. Churchill, 3/04.
341. Colville, Fringes, 267; Sheppard, London, 336; WSC 2, 370–72; Gilbert, Second World War, 132.
342. Ziegler, London at War, 119–20.
343. WSC 2, 360–61.
344. WSC 2, 360–61.
345. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80; Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 183; Colville, Fringes, 243; WM/John Colville, 10/14/80.
346. Ismay, Memoirs, 188–89.
347. Colville, Fringes, 262, 275; GILBERT 6, 862; ChP 20/13.
348. Colville, Fringes, 264, 280–81.
349. GILBERT 6, 835.
350. Soames, Clementine, 394; Colville, Fringes, 259; GILBERT 6, 837.
351. WCS 2, 299, 355; GILBERT 6, 886.
352. Thompson, 1940, 221–24; Ziegler, London at War, 240.
353. C&R-TCC, 1:81.
354. John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989), 144–46.
355. GILBERT 6, 874–75, 877; Keegan, Second World War, 144–46; Cv/2, 1016.
356. Richard Collier, Duce! (New York, 1971), 179–80.
357. Colville, Fringes, 276; Keegan, Second World War, 145.
358. Collier, War in the Desert; GILBERT 6, 883–85.
359. Colville, Fringes, 283–84.
360. ChP 20/13.
361. Colville, Fringes, 224.
362. Cv/2, 1001.
363. GILBERT 6, 885, 905; WSC 2, 536–43; Eden, Reckoning, 195.
364. Collier, War in the Desert, 21–22; WSC 2, 543.
365. Gilbert, Second World War, 137.
366. Cv/2, 1022–23.
367. C&R-TCC, 1:81.
368. Cv/2, 1147.
369. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 116 (“Eyetalian fleet…”).
370. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 114; Cv/2, 1089 (“sugar for the birds”); WSCHCC, 6309.
371. Ronald Kessler, The Sins of the Father (New York, 1996), 230.
372. WSCHCS, 6307.
373. Colville, Fringes, 294–95.
374. Colville, Fringes, 292.
375. WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.
376. Cv/2, 1096; WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.
377. WSC 2, 383–85.
378. TWY, 139; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 117.
379. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 117.
380. WSC 2, 384–85; Winston Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures (New York, 1991), 198–99.
381. WM/John Martin, 10/23/80; Colville, Fringes, 295; John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 635.
382. Thompson, 1940, 227.
383. Public Record Office documents AIR2/5238 and AIR20/2419 indicate that Churchill and the War Cabinet did not know which city would be the target on November 15.