The Last Lion

by William Manchester

  34. Tizard memo, Imperial War Museum archives; WSC 4, 679–80.

  35. John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 35.

  36. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York, 1948), 61; WSC 4, 679.

  37. GILBERT 6, 1205–6; John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 563.

  38. GILBERT 7, 647.

  39. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 48, 49; Browne, Long Sunset, 127.

  40. Acheson, Present, 48, 49, 52.

  41. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 211.

  42. GILBERT 7, 292–93.

  43. TWY, 286, 264–65.

  44. Chambers Biographical Encyclopedia (London, 1984), 135; GILBERT 7, 367; NYT, 1/8/39.

  45. WSC 4, 930; Edward Stettinius Jr., Lend Lease: Weapon for Victory (New York, 1944), 254–55.

  46. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 180; Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (London, 1960), 284–85.

  47. Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston, 1966), 85–86; WSC 4, 674–75.

  48. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 180.

  49. W&C-TPL, 471.

  50. GILBERT 7, 273.

  51. NYT, 1/25/43; Walter H. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill (New York, 1953), 276.

  52. Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (New York, 1965), 398; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 338, 356.

  53. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 671–73; Time, 2/1/42, 11.

  54. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 359; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 688–89.

  55. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 359.

  56. GILBERT 7, 417; WSCHCS, 6785.

  57. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 361; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 689; Bryant, Tide, 454–55.

  58. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 362; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 239; WSC 4, 692.

  59. GILBERT 7, 277; Eden, The Reckoning, 416–17.

  60. Eden, The Reckoning, 420, 421.

  61. Moran, Diaries, 88; W&C-TPL, 475.

  62. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 685.

  63. The American Presidency Project, 17: Excerpts from the Press Conference for the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 2/12/43.

  64. Time, 2/5/45; Rene De Chambrun, I Saw France Fall (New York, 1940), 100.

  65. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 695–97; WSC 4, 687.

  66. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  67. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 695–97; WSC 4, 687–88.

  68. Butcher, Eisenhower, 386; Time, 5/10/43; GILBERT 7, 581; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  69. Moran, Diaries, 89–90, WSC 4, 94–95; GILBERT 7, 31.

  70. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 368–69.

  71. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 368–69; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 508, 510–11.

  72. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 375.

  73. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 375; WSC 4, 710–11.

  74. Time Capsule 1943: A History of the Year Condensed from the Pages of Time, edited by Henry R. Luce (New York, 1968), 121; NYT, 2/9/43; Keegan, Second World War, 236, 237, 458; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 933.

  75. Time, 2/1/43, 33–34.

  76. Dilks, Diaries, 511; GILBERT 7, 318–19.

  77. GILBERT 7, 318–19.

  78. Time Capsule 1943, 121.

  79. Butcher, Eisenhower, 691; Sherwood, 677; Sunday Telegraph, 2/9/64, 4.

  80. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 378–79.

  81. Dilks, Diaries, 513.

  82. Butcher, Eisenhower, 255.

  83. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 380.

  84. Bryant, Tide, 474–75.

  85. W&C-TPL, 477.

  86. NYT, 2/3/43; NYT, 2/9/43.

  87. John Keegan, Winston Churchill (New York, 2002), 161.

  88. C&R-TCC, 2:138; GILBERT 7, 337.

  89. Moran, Diaries, 95–96.

  90. Collier, War in the Desert, 162–63; John Keegan, ed., Churchill’s Generals (New York, 1991), 114; Eisenhower, Crusade, 145; Thomas E. Griess, ed., The West Point Atlas for the Second World War, Europe and the Mediterranean (New York, 2002), 41; Butcher, Eisenhower, 267.

  91. WSC 4, 734; GILBERT 7, 348.

  92. Butcher, Eisenhower, 273.

  93. GILBERT 7, 348, 350; WSC 4, 736–37.

  94. Time, 5/3/43; GILBERT 7, 343; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  95. Collier, War in the Desert, 168; Keegan, Second World War, 342.

  96. Time, 3/22/42, 26; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 262.

  97. GILBERT 7, 338, 379.

  98. GILBERT 7, 352.

  99. C&R-TCC, 2:161.

  100. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 242; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 212.

  101. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 242–44.

  102. C&R-TCC, 2:177.

  103. C&R-TCC, 2:180.

  104. David Miller, U-Boats (New York, 2000), 123–24; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 242.

  105. Time, 3/22/43.

  106. Time, 3/22/43.

  107. Collier, War in the Desert, 171–73; Eisenhower, Crusade, 151.

  108. WM/Sir William Deakin, 1980.

  109. WSCHCS, 6755; Time, 4/16/43, 18–19; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 716.

  110. WSCHCS, 6756.

  111. TWY, 286.

  112. Time, 3/1/43, 30.

  113. Time, 4/16/43; WSCHCS, 6771.

  114. WSC 4, 769; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 274.

  115. Eden, The Reckoning, 440.

  116. Eden, The Reckoning, 438–39; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 714–15; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 227.

  117. Colville, Fringes, 245, 312.

  118. Eden, The Reckoning, 432–33; George F. Kennan, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin (Boston, 1960), 368; John Grigg, 1943: The Victory That Never Was (New York, 1980), 156.

  119. Kennan, Russia and the West, 355.

  120. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 227; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 390.

  121. Time, 3/22/43, 15.

  122. Kennan, Russia and the West, 359–63; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 206–7.

  123. Ziegler, London at War, 237.

  124. Ziegler, London at War, 238; Ernie Pyle, Brave Men (New York, 1944), 324; PFR/Andy Rooney, 5/08.

  125. Time, 3/15/43, 28–29; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 165–66.

  126. NYT, 3/11/25; WSC 4, 749.

  127. WSC 4, 749.

  128. WSC 4, 747, 751.

  129. GILBERT 7, 370; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 279.

  130. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 387–88; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 282.

  131. Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (New York, 1954), 300–301; Time, 5/3/43.

  132. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 393.

  133. GILBERT 7, 383; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 394.

  134. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War: A Complete History (London, 1989), 421.

  135. Time, 3/29/43, 25; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 325.

  136. Time, 3/15/43; GILBERT 7, 676.

  137. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 318, 332.

  138. Dilks, Diaries, 520; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 348; WSC 4, 759.

  139. Dilks, Diaries, 526; C&R-TCC, 2:194, 199; WSC 4, 759–61.

  140. Time, 2/7/44; Time, 7/17/72; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  141. C&R-TCC, 2:389, 398–99; GILBERT 7, 665.

  142. Burns, Roosevelt, 373–74; WSC 6, 141.

  143. Time, 2/5/43.

  144. WSC 4, 783.

  145. Collier, War in the Desert, 173.

  146. TWY, 291.

  147. Keegan, Second World War, 343; Butcher, Eisenhower, 285.

  148. Time, 4/17/42, 31; Time, 5/10/43, 30.

  149. GILBERT 7, 417–18; C&R-TCC,
2:206.

  150. Time, 4/19/43, 32.

  151. Burns, Roosevelt, 367–68.

  152. Time, 5/10/43, 25; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 201; Ismay, Memoirs, 294.

  153. Ismay, Memoirs, 294.

  154. GILBERT 7, 397–98.

  155. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 360.

  156. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 209.

  157. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 206, 209, 211; GILBERT 7, 397–98; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 400–401.

  158. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 205; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  159. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 202.

  160. GILBERT 7, 418; Ismay, Memoirs, 295.

  161. NYT, 5/13/43, 5/14/43.

  162. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 210.

  163. WSCHCS, 6782.

  164. Richard Collier, Duce! (New York, 1971), 195.

  165. W&C-TPL, 479–80.

  166. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 394; GILBERT 7, 399.

  167. WSC 4, 786.

  168. WSC 4, 786–87.

  169. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 405; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 244.

  170. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 405; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 210–11; Bryant, Tide, 540–41.

  171. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 420.

  172. WSC 4, 803; Eden, The Reckoning, 439, 461.

  173. WSC 4, 801; C&R-TCC, 2:210–11.

  174. Eden, The Reckoning, 448–49.

  175. WSC 4, 811.

  176. GILBERT 7, 335.

  177. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 412–13; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.

  178. Bryant, Tide, 528.

  179. WSC 4, 831.

  180. WSCHCS, 6784; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 215.

  181. Butcher, Eisenhower, 318, 322–23.

  182. WSC 4, 816; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 415; Butcher, Eisenhower, 319, 325.

  183. W&C-TPL, 484; C&R-TCC, 2:230–31.

  184. Ismay, Memoirs, 301.

  185. WSC 4, 830.

  186. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 284.

  187. WSC 4, 803; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 212–13.

  188. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 212–13.

  189. Collier, Duce!, 195–96.

  190. Eisenhower, Crusade, 164–65.

  191. Vincent Orange, Tedder: Quietly in Command (London, 2004), 225.

  192. Eisenhower, Crusade, 171–72.

  193. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 284.

  194. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 285.

  195. Eden, The Reckoning, 461.

  196. Eden, The Reckoning, 452–53, 463; Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle (New York, 1965), 130.

  197. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 427; WSC 4, 801; C&R-TCC, 2:208.

  198. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 285.

  199. C&R-TCC, 2:328, 341.

  200. GILBERT 7, 443–44.

  201. Bryant, Tide, 552; Butcher, Eisenhower, 373–74.

  202. GILBERT 7, 444–45.

  203. C&R-TCC, 2:331, 336, 345; GILBERT 7, 443–44.

  204. C&R-TCC, 2:331–32.

  205. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 429.

  206. Collier, Duce!, 226–31.

  207. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 407.

  208. TWY, 308–9.

  209. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 433; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 417.

  210. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 433.

  211. GILBERT 7, 463.

  212. Soames, Clementine, 333, 334, 338, 446; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 831; Moran, Diaries, 112.

  213. WSC 5, 67; Moran, Diaries, 114.

  214. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 436–37.

  215. Keegan, Second World War, 472; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 415.

  216. GILBERT 7, 464–65; C&R-TCC, 2:357; WSCHCS, 6784.

  217. WSCHCS, 6778; GILBERT 7, 437, 468; Dilks, Diaries, 551; Time, 12/13/43, 36.

  218. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 383.

  219. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 407; Bryant, Tide, 555–56; WSC 5, 520–21.

  220. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 419.

  221. Bryant, Tide, 556; GILBERT 6, 468; Daily Mirror, 8/9/43.

  222. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 429, 442; Keegan, Second World War, 429.

  223. Trumbull Higgins, Winston Churchill and the Second Front (New York, 1957), 205.

  224. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 405.

  225. Trumbull Higgins, Winston Churchill and the Second Front (New York, 1957), 203; Eisenhower, Crusade, 160; Robert E. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins (London, 1949), 2:763; WSC 3, 673.

  226. WSC 5, 74–75; Ismay, Memoirs, 309; Basil Collier, The Second World War: A Military History from Munich to Hiroshima (New York, 1967), 387.

  227. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 437, 439; WSC 5, 75–76.

  228. Eisenhower, Crusade, 199.

  229. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 447.

  230. Ismay, Memoirs, 310.

  231. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 431–32.

  232. Time, 8/30/43; Time, 11/8/43, 8.

  233. WSC 5, 82; Kay Halle, ed., Winston Churchill on America and Britain (New York, 1970), 263.

  234. WSCHCS, 6782; Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 280.

  235. GILBERT 7, 397; Ismay, Memoirs, 310–11.

  236. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 758–59; Ismay, Memoirs, 311; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 442; Bryant, Tide, 587.

  237. WSC 5, 85; Ismay, Memoirs, 311.

  238. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 759.

  239. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 441–42.

  240. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (New York, 1971), 489–90; Leonard Mosley, Marshall: Hero for Our Times (New York, 1982), 301; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 445.

  241. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 444–45; Noel Annan, “How Wrong Was Churchill?” New York Review of Books, 4/8/93.

  242. WSC 5, 106–7; Butcher, Eisenhower, 394–95.

  243. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs by Albert Speer (Macmillan, 1970), 368–69; GILBERT 7, 474; David Johnson, V-1, V-2 (London, 1981), 26.

  244. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 444–45.

  245. C&R-TCC, 2:369, 370.

  246. Eden, The Reckoning, 467–68.

  247. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 225–26.

  248. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 234–35; Ismay, Memoirs, 367; Dilks, Diaries, 584–85.

  249. Time, 10/25/43, 21; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 755.

  250. Eden, The Reckoning, 466, 470; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 222; Dilks, Diaries, 560.

  251. Eden, The Reckoning, 468–69.

  252. Dilks, Diaries, 556; Soames, Clementine, 447.

  253. Eden, The Reckoning, 468–69; Moran, Diaries, 122–23.

  254. Eden, The Reckoning, 470; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 451, 452.

  255. B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York, 1971), 456; Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (London, 1958), 190.

  256. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 448.

  257. Butcher, Eisenhower, 386–87; Liddell Hart, History, 446.

  258. WSC 5, 128–29.

  259. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; Richard Langworth, ed., Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations (London, 2008), 553.

  260. WSCHCS, 6824.

  261. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 750; GILBERT 7, 494; NYT, 9/8/43.

  262. Dilks, Diaries, 560; Moran, Diaries, 123, 126.

  263. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 444, 460; Liddell Hart, History, 455, 458; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 224–25.

  264. Keegan, Second World War, 351; WSC 5, 114; Kay Halle, Irrepressible Churchill: Stories, Sayings and Impressions of Sir Winston Churchill (London, 1985), 227; WSC 5, 224–25.

  265. Liddell Hart, History, 467; WSC 5, 662.

  266. WSC 5, 141–42.

  267. Moran, Diaries, 127.

  268. Gardner, Churchill in Powe
r, 225; Dilks, Diaries, 559.

  269. GILBERT 7, 494; Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York, 1992), 753.

  270. Soames, Clementine, 448.

  271. GILBERT 7, 487.

  272. Dilks, Diaries, 554–55; Jones, Wizard War, 474.

  273. WSC 5, 117; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 460.

  274. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 457.

  275. WSC 5, 10, 12, 13; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 376.

  276. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 466; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 244–46.

  277. PFR/Dr. Porter Crowe (private, U.S. Army, 1942–1945), 6/06.

  278. Ismay, Memoirs, 320.

  279. WSCHCS, 6855; Langworth, Churchill by Himself, 427.

  280. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; Dilks, Diaries, 562.

  281. Liddell Hart, History, 455; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 466.

  282. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 458–59.

  283. C&R-TCC, 2:501, 504, 506; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 467.

  284. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 465–66.

  285. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 755; Harold Macmillan, War Diaries: Politics and War in the Mediterranean, January 1943–May 1945 (New York, 1984), 295; WSC 5, 224–25, 326.

  286. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 463, 465.

  287. GILBERT 7, 530–31; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 463, 465–66.

  288. Keegan, Second World War, 319; C&R-TCC, 2:556–57.

  289. Keegan, Second World War, 472–74; Keegan, Atlas, 106–7; Liddell Hart, History, 481, 492.

  290. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 435, 461.

  291. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 464, 468, 477–79, 483.

  292. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 467; C&R-TCC, 2:559–60; Dilks, Diaries, 573.

  293. Time, 3/15/42, 24; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 234–35; Joseph E. Persico, Edward R. Murrow: An American Original (New York, 1988), 217–18.

  294. Eden, The Reckoning, 481; C&R-TCC, 2:545–46.

  295. WSC 5, 270; GILBERT 7, 571.

  296. WSC 5, 242–43, 290.

  297. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 244; Time, 10/25/43, 29.

  298. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 244.

  299. C&R-TCC, 2:562–63; Eisenhower, Crusade, 190, 199, 200, 213.

  300. Time, 2/28/44.

  301. Liddell Hart, History, 602–3; Keegan, Second World War, 426–27.

  302. Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 317.

  303. GILBERT 7, 557.

  304. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 522–23.

  305. Moran, Diaries, 138–39.

  306. Macmillan, War Diaries, 401; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 472; W&C-TPL, 485.

  307. Eisenhower, Crusade, 195, 198–99; Butcher, Eisenhower, 465.