The Last Lion

by William Manchester

  31. De Gaulle, War Memoirs, 574–76; Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle (New York, 1965), 136.

  32. Lacouture, de Gaulle, 144; de Gaulle, War Memoirs, 579.

  33. Eisenhower, Crusade, 267; Butcher, Eisenhower, 620–21.

  34. Butcher, Eisenhower, 634–35, 638; C&R-TCC, 3:267.

  35. WSCHCS, 6980; Cooper, Old Men, 335–36.

  36. WM/Graham Norton, 10/8/80; TWY, 397; W&C-TPL, 498, 501.

  37. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 520–21; Harold Macmillan, War Diaries: Politics and War in the Mediterranean, January 1943–May 1945 (New York, 1984), 474.

  38. W&C-TPL, 501; C&R-TCC, 3:274, 279; GILBERT 7, 910.

  39. GILBERT 7, 908–9; Macmillan, War Diaries, 507–9.

  40. GILBERT 7, 910; WSC 6, 94, 122.

  41. WM/Malcolm Muggeridge, 11/25/80.

  42. WSC 6, 101.

  43. De Gaulle, War Memoirs, 648.

  44. B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York, 1971), 558; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 585; Charles B. MacDonald, The Siegfried Line Campaign (Washington, DC, 1990), chaps. 36–42.

  45. WSCHCS, 7001.

  46. C&R-TCC, 3:310–11; Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston, 1966), 185; John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 507.

  47. Johnson, V-1, V-2, 115.

  48. Colville, Fringes, 509–11.

  49. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 589; Colville, Fringes, 509–11.

  50. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 589.

  51. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 593; Colville, Fringes, 511.

  52. Colville, Fringes, 513.

  53. Time, 9/11/44.

  54. Moran, Diaries, 190–91, 193, 208.

  55. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), 818.

  56. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 475.

  57. Time, 9/25/44, 19; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 818; Colville, Fringes, 517–18.

  58. Colville, Fringes, 517.

  59. Colville, Fringes, 520; C&R-TCC, 3:341.

  60. WSCHCS, 6991, 6996.

  61. C&R-TCC, 3:341, 345; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin: 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 354–55; Colville, Fringes, 523.

  62. David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 682.

  63. C&R-TCC, 3:345; WSC 6, 227–28; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 356–58.

  64. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 360.

  65. WSC 6, 239.

  66. Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (New York, 1965), 563.

  67. Eden, The Reckoning, 564; W&C-TPL, 506.

  68. WSCHCS, 7015–17.

  69. WSCHCS, 7067.

  70. Eden, The Reckoning, 562.

  71. Dilks, Diaries, 679; de Gaulle, War Memoirs, 723.

  72. De Gaulle, War Memoirs, 723–24; C&R-TCC, 3:391, 395; Eden, The Reckoning, 574.

  73. CAD 689; Eden, The Reckoning, 577–78.

  74. WSC 6, 289; C&R-TCC, 3:458; Colville, Fringes, 529; Eden, The Reckoning, 577–78.

  75. Dilks, Diaries, 686; Colville, Fringes, 533, 535.

  76. WSCHCS, 7052.

  77. C&R-TCC, 3:451, 456.

  78. Mollie Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 1939–1945 (London, 1972), 353, 354; Dilks, Diaries, 689.

  79. PFR/Lady Mary Soames, letter of 9/3/07; PFR/Winston S. Churchill, 5/04; Eden, The Reckoning, 580.

  80. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 638.

  81. Colville, Fringes, 540, 545; Eden, The Reckoning, 580–81.

  82. Colville, Fringes, 540.

  83. Colville, Fringes, 541; WSC 5, 315.

  84. Macmillan, War Diaries, 620; Eden, The Reckoning, 582.

  85. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 390; C&R-TCC, 3:476–77.

  86. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 847.

  87. TWY, 428; Colville, Fringes, 547.

  88. Colville, Fringes, 548–50.

  89. Collier, Second World War, 454; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 641; Colville, Fringes, 548–50; C&R-TCC, 3:486, 488.

  90. Colville, Fringes, 549; C&R-TCC, 3:488.

  91. Colville, Fringes, 555; C&R-TCC, 3:492; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 390.

  92. Eden, The Reckoning, 554; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 349; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 390; C&R-TCC, 3:593; Colville, Fringes, 551.

  93. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 644.

  94. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 644; Collier, Second World War, 457; Liddell Hart, History, 663.

  95. Collier, Second World War, 457–58; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1091.

  96. Collier, Second World War, 457–58.

  97. Keegan, Second World War, 511; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1097.

  98. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War: A Complete History (London, 1989), 634.

  99. Keegan, Second World War, 510–12; Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (Orlando, FL, 1962), 95, 110.

  100. Keegan, Second World War, 510–12; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1098.

  101. Moran, Diaries, 216; Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (London, 1960), 385.

  102. Ismay, Memoirs, 384–85.

  103. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 390; Eden, The Reckoning, 592.

  104. Ismay, Memoirs, 383; Collier, Second World War, 454; Soames, Clementine, 480.

  105. TWY, 433.

  106. Eden, The Reckoning, 592.

  107. Djilas, Conversations, 106.

  108. Dilks, Diaries, 702; Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing (London, 1981), 128; Jim Bishop, FDR’S Last Year (New York, 1974), 364.

  109. Bishop, FDR’S Last Year, 320; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 104.

  110. WSC 6, 366.

  111. WSC 6, 369, 372; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 405.

  112. WSC 6, 372; Bishop, FDR’S Last Year, 346; Eden, The Reckoning, 593.

  113. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 406; WSC 6, 385.

  114. WSC 6, 390; Bishop, FDR’S Last Year, 364; Eden, The Reckoning, 594.

  115. WSC 6, 354; Eden, The Reckoning, 390.

  116. Bishop, FDR’S Last Year, 384, 412; Dilks, Diaries, 707–9; Moran, Diaries, 247.

  117. WSCHCS, 7116–18.

  118. WSC 6, 353, 397; Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 134.

  119. John Rupert Colville, Footprints in Time (London, 1979), 179.

  120. GILBERT 6, 1161, 1165.

  121. Colville, Fringes, 562–63.

  122. GILBERT 7, 1257.

  123. Colville, Fringes, 570.

  124. Colville, Fringes, 576.

  125. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 677, 679; WSC 6, 416.

  126. Collier, Second World War, 465–66; Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (London, 1958), 330.

  127. C&R-TCC, 3:572, 600.

  128. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 679; Montgomery, Memoirs, 331.

  129. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1105–6.

  130. C&R-TCC, 3:603, 605, 608.

  131. Keegan, Second World War, 166–67; Collier, Second World War, 469.

  132. Colville, Fringes, 564.

  133. C&R-TCC, 3:588.

  134. C&R-TCC, 3:596.

  135. C&R-TCC, 3:610, 613.

  136. C&R-TCC, 3:614.

  137. GILBERT 7, 1291–1293; W&C-TPL, 526.

  138. TWY, 449; WSCHCS, 7140.

  139. Colville, Fringes, 591; Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill: Youth, 1874–1900 (Boston, 1996), 411.

  140. Colville, Fringes, 591.

  141. Gilbert, Second World War, 669; WSC 6, 516.

  142. Keegan, Second World War, 521–22.

  143. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1112, 1117; Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs by Albert Speer (Macmillan, 1970), 480.

  144. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1114; Speer, Memoirs, 473.

  145. Speer, Memoirs, 480, 485.


  146. David Rising, “Hitler’s Final Days Described by Bodyguard,” AP, 4/24/05.

  147. WSC 6, 502–3; Harry S. Truman, Year of Decisions (Garden City, NY, 1955), 106–7.

  148. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1131, 1138; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 686.

  149. GILBERT 7, 1318–22; Eden, The Reckoning, 615–16; Colville, Fringes, 592.

  150. Djilas, Conversations, 114.

  151. WSC 6, 506–7; Eden, The Reckoning, 616.

  152. Colville, Fringes, 596–97.

  153. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1133.

  154. Louis P. Lochner, The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943 (New York, 1948), 254.

  155. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1136–37; Keegan, Second World War, 528.

  156. Colville, Fringes, 588, 590; TWY, 453.

  157. TWY, 453; Time, 5/14/45, 70.

  158. Colville, Fringes, 596.

  159. Rising, “Hitler’s Final Days”; Keegan, Second World War, 532; Mary Shelley, the final line of Frankenstein; Time, 5/7/45, 45.

  160. WSCHCS, 7150.

  161. Times, 5/3/45.

  162. Montgomery, Memoirs, 335–36.

  163. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 687.

  164. Dilks, Diaries, 736, 738.

  165. Ismay, Memoirs, 394.

  166. Time, 5/7/45, 37; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 373.

  167. Ismay, Memoirs, 395; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 687–88.

  168. The Daily Telegraph, 5/8/45; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 376.

  169. Cooper, Old Men, 325.

  170. TWY, 457.

  171. Moran, Diaries, 269.

  172. WSCHCS, 7154; TWY, 457.

  173. WSCHCS, 7155; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 377–78.

  174. WSCHCS, 7161; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 689.

  175. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 378; TWY, 459.

  176. WSCHCS, 7155.

  177. Soames, Clementine, 375; GILBERT 7, 1351.

  178. My wording recalls the translation by Emily Wilson (Six Tragedies, Oxford, 2010).

  Ebb Tide

  1. WSCHCS, 7214.

  2. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke: War Diaries 1939–1945 (Berkeley, 2003), 691; John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989), 590–91.

  3. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 691.

  4. WSC 6, 571, 573.

  5. WSC 6, 575.

  6. WSC 6, 578.

  7. Keegan, Second World War, 592–93; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York, 1948), 439.

  8. Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (London, 1958), 356; WSCHCS, 7214.

  9. WSCHCS, 7163.

  10. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 598, 690, 693, 695; Montgomery, Memoirs, 214–15.

  11. Montgomery, Memoirs, 336; WSC 6, 570; GILBERT 8, 1070.

  12. WSCHCS, 8612.

  13. WSCHCS, 5694.

  14. Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (New York, 1965), 637.

  15. GILBERT 7, 972.

  16. WSCHCS, 7130–33.

  17. J. B. Priestley, Letter to a Returning Serviceman (London, 1945); Time, 12/31/45, 92.

  18. WSCHCS, 6764.

  19. WSCHCS, 7133.

  20. John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 606; WSCHCS, 7170.

  21. WSCHCS, 7172–73.

  22. Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (London, 2011), 793; Colville, Fringes, 606–7.

  23. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 299; TWY, 472, 475.

  24. Henry Pelling, Winston Churchill (Conshohocken, PA, 1999), 560; Eden, The Reckoning, 638.

  25. Colville, Fringes, 611; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 301.

  26. WSCHCS, 7201–3.

  27. John Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day: Working with Churchill (London, 1968), 72–73.

  28. Colville, Fringes, 610; Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston, 1966), 276, 279; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin: 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 397 (Leahy offers odds).

  29. Hansard 6/14/45; Colville, Fringes, 611.

  30. WSC 6, 637–38; Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset (London, 1996), 127.

  31. Eden, The Reckoning, 632, 634; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 765.

  32. Eden, The Reckoning, 634.

  33. Moran, Diaries, 291.

  34. WSC 6, 642.

  35. Harry S. Truman, Year of Decisions (Garden City, NY, 1955), 416; WSC 6, 669–70; Georgii Konstantinovich Zhukov, The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov (New York, 1971), 674–75.

  36. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 709.

  37. WSC 6, 632; Time, 8/27/45; Herald Tribune Europe, 12/29/06.

  38. WSC 6, 674–75.

  39. Time, 7/9/45; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 508–9; WSC 6, 674–75; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 307.

  40. Soames, Clementine, 509; Moran, Diaries, 307.

  41. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 307–9.

  42. NYT, 1/25/65.

  43. Soames, Clementine, 509; TWY, 479.

  44. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 308; WSCHCS, 7204.

  45. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 713.

  46. Eden, The Reckoning, 639.

  47. Soames, Clementine, 511.

  48. Soames, Clementine, 511; Colville, Fringes, 612.

  49. WSCHCS, 7505, 7257.

  50. WSCHCS, 7252–53.

  51. Moran, Diaries, 335.

  52. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), 922, 931.

  53. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 150–51.

  54. George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950 (New York, 1967), 290–91, 546.

  55. Montgomery, Memoirs, 362, 454.

  56. Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President (New York, 1991), 100–2.

  57. Clifford, Counsel, 100; Moran, Diaries, 303, 350.

  58. Clifford, Counsel, 101.

  59. WSCHCS, 7286.

  60. WSCHCS, 7289.

  61. WSCHCS, 7286; NYT, 3/6/46.

  62. GILBERT 8, 204–6, 211.

  63. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 550–51.

  64. WSCHCS, 7382.

  65. WSCHCS, 7380–82.

  66. GILBERT 8, 286–88; WSCHCS, 8016.

  67. WSCHCS, 7367.

  68. Clifford, Counsel, 131; Acheson, Present, 217–18.

  69. Clifford, Counsel, 138; Moran, Diaries, 231; Leonard Mosley, Marshall: Hero for Our Times (New York, 1982), 396–98.

  70. Acheson, Present, 212.

  71. Mosley, Marshall, 402; Acheson, Present, 217–18; Clifford, Counsel, 145.

  72. Soames, Clementine, 522.

  73. Colville, Fringes, 648; John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 156.

  74. Stewart Alsop, Stay of Execution: A Sort of Memoir (New York, 1973); WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell (German prisoners), 7/10/80.

  75. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80; Roy Howells, Churchill’s Last Years (Philadelphia, 1965), 163–64; Diana Cooper, The Light of Common Day (London, 1959), 109.

  76. GILBERT 8, 563n2; Soames, Clementine, 522, 564.

  77. GILBERT 8, 244–45.

  78. Soames, Clementine, 543.

  79. Jenkins, Churchill, 824; Gilbert 8, 315.

  80. W&C-TPL, 545; Moran, Diaries, 339.

  81. Moran, Diaries, 341, 344, 356, 838.

  82. Moran, Diaries, 336; Herald Tribune Europe, 12/29/06; WSCHCS, 7909.

  83. Time, 6/13/45; Time, 9/3/45, back cover.

  84. Nigel Nicolson, ed., The Harold Nicolson Diaries: 1907–1963 (London, 2004), 346.

  85. Nigel Nicolson, Diaries, 346; Colville, Fringes, 618–21.

  86. Colville, Fringes, 620–21; GILBERT 8, 422.

  87. WSCHCS, 7387–88, 7525.

  88. WSCHCS, 7387.

&n
bsp; 89. Moran, Diaries, 336.

  90. WSCHCS, 7314, 7328.

  91. WSCHCS, 7376.

  92. Moran, Diaries, 337–38.

  93. WSCHCS, 7458.

  94. WSCHCS, 7458.

  95. WSCHCS, 7774–77.

  96. WSCHCS, 7444.

  97. WSCHCS, 7447, 7655 (Punjab massacres).

  98. WSCHCS, 7673.

  99. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York, 1992), 879.

  100. WSCHCS, 7627.

  101. Nigel Nicolson, Diaries, 361.

  102. Nigel Nicolson, Diaries, 363.

  103. David Reynolds, ed., The Origins of the Cold War in Europe (New Haven, CT, 1994), 13.

  104. GILBERT 8, 467.

  105. Colville, Fringes, 626.

  106. Time, 1/5/50; WSCHCS, 7797.

  107. WSCHCS, 8023.

  108. Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–57 (London, 2003), 17.

  109. WSCHCS, 8023.

  110. WSCHCS, 7793.

  111. WSCHCS, 7653; WSCHCS, 7501.

  112. WSCHCS, 7680.

  113. GILBERT 8, 226; WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80.

  114. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80; WM/Jane (Portal) Williams, 1980.

  115. WM/Jane (Portal) Williams, 1980.

  116. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 887; WM/Jane (Portal) Williams, 1980; WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80.

  117. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80.

  118. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell 7/10/80; WM/Jane (Portal) Williams, 1980.

  119. Richard Langworth, ed., Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations (London, 2008), 330; Time, 1/5/50.

  120. James Reston, Deadline: A Memoir (New York, 1991).

  121. W&C-TPL, 553.

  122. Moran, Diaries, 358, 360.

  123. Jenkins, Churchill, 829; WSCHCS, 7927.

  124. WSCHCS, 7938, 7948.

  125. WSCHCS, 7915.

  126. WSCHCS, 7943.

  127. WSCHCS, 7951.

  128. Moran, Diaries, 359; GILBERT 8, 514.

  129. WSCHCS, 7966.

  130. Pelling, Winston Churchill, 642.

  131. WSCHCS, 8236, 7897; Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (New York, 1954), 58, 301.

  132. Eade, Churchill, 295.

  133. WSCHCS, 8017, 8023, 8191; Jenkins, Churchill, 837.

  134. WSCHCS, 8005, 8016, 8018, 8021, 8023, 8025, 8027.

  135. WSCHCS, 8059.

  136. WSCHCS, 8062.

  137. WSCHCS, 7800.

  138. WSCHCS, 8028, 8048; Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, 4.

  139. WSCHCS, 8119, 8075.

  140. WSCHCS, 8065; Nigel Nicolson, Diaries, 372.

  141. WSCHCS, 8068–69.