by Anita Anand
3. Ibid.
4. TNA J 17/634 – O’Dwyer vs Nair libel case.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. O’Dwyer, India as I Knew it op. cit., p. 356.
8. Ibid.
9. FIR of Udham Singh, Amritsar 1927, in Navtej Singh and Avtar Singh Jouhl, (eds), Emergence of The Image, Redacted Documents of Udham Singh, National Book Organisation, 2002, pp. 456–7.
10. Seema Sohi, Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America, Oxford University Press USA , 2014.
11. Maia Ramnath, Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire, University of California Press, 2011, pp. 140, 152, 203.
12. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikander Singh, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 96; also TNA HO 144/21444 – Early History Sher Singh [memo], undated.
13. TNA P J (S) 466/36 – Secret Memo to Silver – notes on Ude Singh, Udham Singh, Frank Brazil 11/10/37.
14. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikander Singh, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 96.
15. Ibid.
16. Frank Brazil on the manifest of the SS Sinsinawa, 18 May 1927, leaving from Casablanca.
17. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – [Secret Memo] Ude Singh, Udham Singh, Sher Singh, Frank Brazil 11/10/37.
18. Passenger crew lists for the SS Jalapa Year: 1927; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: T715, 1897–1957; Microfilm Roll: Roll 4150; Line 6; p. 232.
19. Lupe Singh death certificate, 6 August 1949, Texas Department of State Health Services; Austin, Texas, USA , Death Certificates, 1903–1982. There is a Californian census record for a Lupe Singh, who apparently married a much older man, Harnam Singh. This could be the same woman who, desperate for some stability, married a man twenty years older than her – perhaps out of necessity. Harnam Singh only arrived in America in 1931, so the dates would fit her abandonment. Harnam Singh passenger record 1931: The National Archives at Washington, D.C.; Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at San Francisco, California; NAI Number 4498993; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787–2004; Record Group Number 85.
20. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Secret Memo to Mr Silver. Summary history sheet on Udham Singh 11/10/37.
21. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikander Singh, Udham Singh op. cit., p. 99.
22. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Secret Memo to Mr Silver. Summary history sheet on Udham Singh 11/10/37.
23. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikander Singh, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 100.
24. Ibid.
Chapter 16
1. Collett, Butcher (op. cit.), p. 423.
2. Ibid., p. 424.
3. Ibid.
4. Scotsman, 28 July 1927.
5. Ibid.
6. Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 25 July 1927.
7. Gloucester Citizen, 28 July 1927.
8. Press Association interview with Sir Michael O’Dwyer, reproduced in the Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 25 July 1927
9. From Savar Ali report, Kotwal 327/139 appended to FIR report on Sher Singh, Navtej Singh and Avtar Singh Jouhl, Emergence, op. cit., p. 456 (translated from the Urdu).
10. Register of FIRs for 1927 (Urdu) City Kotwali, Amritsar – Nos. 5–24 (1) Kotwal 327/139 – FIR report on Sher Singh (alias Udham Singh), Navtej Singh and Avtar Singh Jouhl, Emergence, op. cit., p. 222.
11. Ibid.
12. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikanker Singh, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 101.
13. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikanker Singh, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 101: ‘They remained in the Rambagh from 12 till noon that day.’
14. Register of FIRs for 1927 (Urdu) City Kotwali, Amritsar – No 5–24 (1) Kotwal 327/139 – FIR report on Sher Singh (alias Udham Singh), Navtej Singh and Avtar Singh Jouhl, Emergence, op. cit., p. 222.
15. Ibid.
16. According to the FIR 5–24 (1) addional index, Udham was held and questioned from 30 August to 14 September 1927. Interrogation shifts were identified as ‘morning’ and ‘evening’ with Goga Singh and Sub-Inspector Murad Ali named as investigating officers.
17. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikanker Singh, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 98.
18. Ibid.
19. National Archives and Records Administration; Washington, D.C.; ARC Title: Index to Petitions for Naturalizations Filed in Federal, State, and Local Courts in New York City, 1792–1906; NAI Number: 5700802; Record Group Title: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685–2009; Record Group Number RG 21.
20. Ibid.
21. FIR 5–24
22. Ibid. Information added after the Challan report – reproduced and translated Navtej Singh and Avtar Singh Jouhl, Emergence, op. cit., p. 458.
23. Though she was Mexican, the death certificate of Lupe Singh (op. cit.) noted her race as ‘white’.
24. FIR of Udham Singh, 1927, Navtej Singh and Avtar Jouhl, Emergence, op. cit., pp. 457–8.
25. Copies of these publications are held at the Desh Bhagat Yadgar centre in Jallander.
26. Udham Singh alias Sher Singh, Amritsar Kotwali statement 1927, cited in Sikanker Singh, Udham Singh (op. cit.), p. 105.
27. Ibid.
Chapter 17
1. IOR L/P5/12/500 – Particulars of antecedents relative to prisoner Mohammed Singh AZAD Canon Row Police Station, ‘A’ Division, 13 March 1940.
2. Ibid.
3. HSRA handbill – signed by ‘Balraj’, 18 December 1928, The Hanging of Bhagat Singh: Complete Judgement and Other Documents, vol. 1, Unistar, 2005, p. 199.
4. Ibid.
5. Bhagat Singh and Bhupendra Hooja, Camana Lāla (ed.),The Jail Notebook and Other Writings, reprint edition, LeftWord Books, 2007, p. 132.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Interview by Sikander Singh with Sh. Ramji Dass, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 108.
9. The British noted in their file that they believed Udham went back to Sunam in 1933 ‘for a short time’ (Early History of Sher Singh alias Udham Singh – memo to ACC, HO 144/21444), but it seems from Kassid’s account that it was much sooner after his release.
10. From the unpublished memoir of Manjit Singh Kasid, a friend of Udham Singh in Sunam. With the kind permission of his family.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Interview by Sikander Sigh with Dr Bhajan Singh from the town of Sunam, Sikander Singh, Udham Singh, op. cit., p. 108.
19. Manjit Singh memoir, op. cit.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Author’s interview with Naranjan Kaur, daughter-in-law of Manjit Singh Kasid, Sunam, 2016.
Chapter 18
1. Udham Singh succeeded in getting a new passport from Lahore on 20 March 1933 – Secret memo to Silver 11/10/37 IORL/PJ/12/500.
2. Particulars of antecedents relative to prisoner Mohamed Singh Azad – to Canon Row Police Station ‘A’ Division, 13 March 1940, IORL/PJ/12/500.
3. Ibid.
4. IORL/PJ/12/500 –Secret Note on Mohammed Singh Azad Canon Row on 13 March 1940: Particulars of antecedents relative to prisoner: Mohamed Singh Azad. Police reported he reached London in 1934.
5. Ibid.
6. IORL/PJ/12/500 Udham Singh succeeded in getting a new passport from Lahore on 20 March 1933 – Secret memo to Silver 11/10/37 P & J (S) 466/1936.
7. Udham gave his address as 4 Best Lane, Canterbury, Secret Memo including Exract from New Scotland Yard Report 76, 4 November 1936.
8. I nterview with Sital Singh, the grandson of Gurbachan Singh, by the author, 2016.<
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9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Keith Neilson, Greg Kennedy and David French, The British Way in Warfare: Power and the International System, 1856–1956: Essays in Honour of David French, Ashgate, 2010, p. 120.
16. Daniel Brückenhaus, Policing, op. cit., p. 177.
17. Ibid.
18. IORL/PJ/12/500 – Secret document to Silver IPI – 11/10/37 Summary of Ude Singh, Udham Singh, Sher Singh, Frank Brazil.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Manjit Singh Kassid memoir, op. cit.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. The Daily Mail Blue Book on the Indian Crisis, April 1931.
26. Ibid., p. 3.
27. Ibid., p. 9.
28. ‘Should Blackshirts be Banned?’, Spectator, 15 June 1934, p. 4.
29. Author interview with Sital Singh, grandson of Gurbachan Singh, 2016.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Memo from Johnston 28/5/36 – IOR/L/P5/500.
Chapter 19
1. Extract from New Scotland Yard Report No. 76, 4/11/36, IOR/L/P512/500, p. 158.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Evidence of Banta Singh, resident of Adler Street, given by his son Peter Singh to the author, 2018.
5. ibid.
6. Author interview with Sital Singh about his grandfather, Gurbachan Singh, London, 2016.
7. Communist Party of Great Britain Archives, Labour History Archive and Study Centre, CP-IND-BRAD Bradley Papers.
8. TNA KV 2/2507 IPI 6/12/35 – Trace request IPI.
9. TNA KV 2/2507 IPI – H. O. W. request 7/12/36.
10. TNA KV 2/2507 – Letter from MI5 re Eileen Palmer – and intercept of letter from Eileen to Horace 6 and 7 December 1935.
11. Ibid.
12. R. Palme Dutt and Ben Bradley, ‘Anti-Imperialist People’s Front in India’, The Labour Monthly, Vol. 18.3, 1936, pp. 149–60.
13. TNA KV 2/ 2507 – Detailed Summary of Eileen Palmer’s activities from 1933–1953 ref DD G through DB through B1 Mr Thistlethwaite.
14. From the author’s interview with Sital Singh, grandson of Gurbachan Singh, 2016.
15. Interview with Nazir Singh Mattu, from the Culture Coventry Sound Archive, ‘Coming to Coventry’, PA 2671/1/50.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. IOR L/PJ/12/645, File 273/42 – Indian Workers Union or Association: reports on members and activities.
23. Author interview with Sohan Cheema, Coventry, 2017, historian and archivist for the IWA.
24. Author interview with Sital Singh, grandson of Gurbachan Singh, 2016.
25. Author interview with Lord Indarjit Singh, December 2016.
26. Ibid.
27. Aroor Singh’s grandson would later publicly atone for his grandfather’s actions.
28. Report of the Civil Disobedience Enquiry Committee Appointed by the All India Congress Committee 1922, Vol. 1, Indian National Congress, Civil Disobedience Enquiry Committee, p. 157.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Author interview with Lord Indarjit Singh, December 2016.
32. Shiv Singh would also spell his name ‘Jouhl’ in later years, but I have chosen to use the spelling used by Udham Singh in 1940.
33. Author interview with Ajit Singh Johal, the son of Shiv Singh Johal, November 2016.
34. Ibid.
35. TNA PCOM 9/872 from Sheet C of the papers Udham Singh brought into court with him in 1940 – Letter to Carew-Robinson, 20 June 1940: ‘1937 India Office for USA , Application refused. 1939 Two more refused.’
36. IOR/L/P5/12/500
37. IOR L/P&J/12/34 IPI Financial Arrangements – and L/P&J/12/38; Vickery to Hirtzel – 13 June 1924.
38. Ibid.
39. IOR/L/PJ/6/1439, File 1862: Feb 1916–Apr 1917, IOR L/PJ/6/1439 copy of letter to the Recruitment Office Croydon from the Secretary of State for India, 14/4/17.
40. ‘The British Resistance: The true story of the secret guerilla army of shopkeepers and farmworkers trained to defy the Nazis in a suicidal last stand’, Daily Mail, 25 November 2011.
41. IOR/L/PJ/12/500 – Note on Udham Singh, Sher Singh, Frank Brazil and Mohamed Singh Azad attached to ‘My Dear Pilditch’ Secret letter, 15 March 1940, presumably from Vickery of the IPI to Denys Pilditch.
42. IOR/L/PJ/12/500 – Secret: Extract from New Scotland Yard Report 121 dated 27 July 1938.
43. IOR/L/PJ/12/500 – Secret: Extract from New Scotland Yard Report 126, dated 5 October 1938.
Chapter 20
1. TNA HO 144/21445 – Udham Singh’s multiple addresses 1939–1940.
2. TNA HO 144/21445 – 581 Wimborne Street, Bournemouth.
3. TNA HO 144/21445 – The Employment history of Udham Singh aka Sher Singh aka Mohammed Singh Azad.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Monthly Report of the Meteorological Office M.O 443, Vol. 56, No. 9 – report for September 1939.
7. IOR/L/P5/12/500 – Secret Memo: The particulars of Udham Singh, Sher Singh, Frank Brazil, and Mohamed Singh Azad, appended to a letter from Sir Denys Pilditch, esq. - Superintendent, Indian Police and Director, Intelligence Bureau, India.
8. Dr ‘Krant’ and M. L. Verma, Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas, Vol. 2, Praveen Prakashan, p. 453.
9. TNA HO 144/21445 – Exhibit 20 in the trial of Udham Singh, also statement on oath of Richard Deighton, Detective Inspector, Trial date: 1 April 1940.
10. TNA PCOM 9/872 from Sheet C of the papers Udham Singh brought into court with him in 1940 – Letter to Carew- Robinson, 20 June 1940.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Memo from Dorset Constabulary Blandford, Wimborne, 21 March 1940.
14. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Report from D. I. Fisher Bournemouth Division, Hants Constabulary, 23 March 1940.
15. Richard Popplewell, Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904–1924, Psychology Press, 1995, p. 224.
16. Author interview with Sital Singh, the grandson of Gurbachan Singh. Also cited by B. S Maighowalia, who interviewed Gurbachan Singh himself for his book: Sardar Udham Singh: A Prince Amongst Patriots of India, the Avenger of the Massacre of Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
17. Also known as Surat Alley.
18. IOL/PJ/12/500 – Metropolitan Police Special Branch report, 15 March 1940.
19. Interview with Peter Singh, son of Banta Singh, by the author, February 2017.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Interview with Peter Singh, son of Banta Singh, by the author, February 2017.
23. Meterological Office report for 13 March 1940, National Meterological Library and Archive DWR 1940–43.
24. TNA HO 144/21445 – Evidence of Detective Inspector Richard Deighton 1 April 1940, also MEPO 3/1743 List of Property belonging to Mohammed Singh Azad.
25. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Statement of Robert Churchill, 19 March 1940, expert witness on gun and ballistics.
26. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Statement of John McWilliam, Police Sergeant 51 ‘A’ Division attached to Rochester Row Station, 13 March 1940.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Metropolitan Police Summary of Caxton Hall Shooting, Canon Row Police Station ‘A’ Division, 16 March 1940, ‘To Superintendent’.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Interview with Sir Michael O’Dwyer’s housekeeper in the Daily Express, 14 March 1940.
35. Ibid.
36. Review in the New York Times by Frank S. Nugentaug, December 1939.
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37. Daily Express, 14 March 1940.
38. HO/144/21444 – Secret Summary on Udham Singh.
39. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Statement of Reginald Alfred Slee, Major (retired), Canon Row Police Station ‘A’ Division, 13 March 1940.
40. Ibid.
41. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Statement of Marjory Usher, Canon Row Police Station, 13 March 1940.
42. Ibid.
43. Susan Farrington and Hugh Leach, Strolling About on the Roof of the World: The First Hundred Years of the Royal Society of Asian Affairs, Routledge Curzon, 2003.
44. TNA MEPO – 3/1743 Statement of Bertha Herring, Canon Row Police Station ‘A’ Division, 13 March 1940.
45. TNA MEPO – 3/1743 Note on Westminster Coroner’s Court findings, Horseferry Road, SW1, touching on the death of Sir Michael Francis O’Dwyer, p. 13 in original indexing.
46. Ibid.
47. TNA DPP2/761+728 from the trial notes of McClure – summary of his case strategy. Released 2016.
48. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Murder of Sir Michael Francis O’Dwyer by Udham Singh at Caxton Hall, Westminster, on 13 March, 1940 Ballistics report of E. J. Churchill, gunmaker, Orange Street London, EC2.
49. TNA MEPO/3/1743 – Bertha Herring statement taken by Detective Sergeant Bempton at Canon Row Police Station, ‘A’ Division, 13 March 1940.
50. TNA MEPO/3/1743 – Statement of Claud Wyndham Harry Riches, taken by Detective Inspector A. Philpot, Canon Row Police Station, ‘A’ Division, 13 March 1940.
51. Ibid.
52. Dr Grace Mackinnon speaking to the Daily Express, 14 March 1940.
53. TNA MEPO/3/1743 – Statement of Colonel Carl Henry Reinhold, taken by Detective Sergeant Carl Hagen, New Scotland Yard.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Philip Bloomberg’s telephoned report, carried in the Manchester Guardian, 14 March 1940.
57. Ibid.
Chapter 21
1. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Metropolitan Police Summary of Caxton Hall
Shooting, Canon Row Police Station ‘A’ Division, 16 March 1940, ‘To Superintendent’.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Statement of Jerrard Philip Kenny, M.D M.R.C.S Physician Surgeon, 17 March 1940.
7. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Statement of Michael Redmond Hayes, I.R.C.P, M.R.C.S, St George’s Hospital, 16 March 1940.
8. TNA MEPO 3/1743 – Statement of Margaret Shepherd Jones, witnessed by Police Sergeant William Baldwin, CID .