Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn
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death of, 329
managerial role of, 113
runs shop with father, 113
skill of, 113
runs silver shop alone in 1780s, 119, 391n24
Revere, Rachel (second wife), 54, 81, 92, 324–25, 329
Revere, Sarah (first wife), 40, 54
Revere, Thomas (brother), 31, 47
Revere and Son: incorporation and growth of, 330–32
inherited by Joseph Warren, 327–28
partnership of, with Joseph Warren, 269–72
and silver shop with Paul Jr., 113
Revolutionary War, 78–82, 88–90
Rivoire, Apollos (Paul Revere’s father), 15–17, 20, 30–31, 36, 362n4
Rivoire, John (Paul Revere’s cousin), 69, 91–92
road networks, 248–49
Rochefontaine, Stephen, 134
rolling mill (copper): and British superiority, 222, 292–93, 293
and copper bolts, 220, 302–3
Revere’s, 229–33, 237–39, 262–63, 263, 303–4
and rollers, 289
and steamboat boilers, 306–7
rolling mill (silver), 107–11, 155, 229, 243
Roosevelt, Nicholas, 223–24, 226, 305, 399n42
Ross, John, 222–23, 226
Rumsey, James, 252, 286
Salomon, H. M., 294–95
scientific knowledge, 46, 112, 132–33, 166, 218, 340
Selfridge, Thomas, 261–62
Seven Years’ War. See French and Indian War
sheathing: cost of, in ship construction, 225
history of, 219–22
importance of, 220
and reaction with iron, 220
and tariff controversy, 264–68
silver: casting, 41–42
chasing, 43
in colonial society, 38–39, 370n53
in early societies, 37–38
and English silversmith guilds, 23, 365n18
engraving, 43, 48
federal style, 38, 106
finishing, 43–46
hammering, 42–43, 109
luxury status of, 37, 39, 50–52
maker’s marks, 39
neoclassical style, 38
plating, 109–10
Puritan style, 38
Queen Anne style, 38
repoussé, 43
and Revere’s silverworking career (see under Revere, Paul)
rococo style, 38, 50
and rolling mill use, 107–11, 229
seaming, 43
silver wire, 44–46, 193
and silversmith position in craft hierarchy, 28
tools of the trade, 41, 42, 56.
See also artisans
metalworking
rolling mill (silver)
teapots
Slater, Samuel, 152, 218, 252, 315, 410n57
slavery, 19, 24, 33, 144, 209, 363n10
smelting, 122–25, 163, 188, 229.
See also copper
iron
Smith, Robert, 235–36, 237, 240, 303–4, 308–9
Smith, Samuel, 235, 237
social classes and mobility: and artisan status, 21, 25–26, 27–29, 66, 90
in colonial society, 25–27, 366n27
and industrialization, 251, 273, 341–42
and leadership roles, 66
and merchants, 26, 94
and military advancement, 79, 377n32
postwar, 93–94, 114–15
and Revolution, 63, 89.
See also gentlemen
sole proprietorship, 269, 270, 272
Sons of Liberty, 65–67, 69, 72, 73
spikes. See fasteners
Springfield Armory, 179–82, 203, 253
Stamp Act, 64–66, 74, 375n10
standardization: American system of, 297–98
and casting, 141–42, 176
and ironworking, 141–42, 154–55
and labor, 104, 113, 154, 155, 275, 299
and machinery, 108, 141–42, 154–55, 243, 302–3
and management, 155, 252, 302–3
and silverworking, 104, 106, 108, 113–14.
See also division of labor
mechanization
proto-industry
staples. See fasteners
steamboats, 152, 246, 252, 255, 258, 286, 305–6
Stevens, John, 286
Stoddert, Benjamin: and copper sheathing, 222–24
establishes Department of the Navy, 211–15
as Federalist, 213, 215
leaves office, 233, 235–36
and loan to Revere, 204–6, 225–29, 242–43, 246, 357–58
supports American industry, 214, 242–43.
See also Navy, Department of
Quasi-War
strength (in metals). See metalworking
subcontracting, 31, 56, 111, 114, 177, 187, 252
Sugar Act, 64, 66
tariff: and copper, 264–69
and Hamilton’s program, 217–18, 383n48
history of, 264
and large technological systems, 127, 284
and Massachusetts, 218, 380n18
and manufacturer lobbying, 218, 268, 296
and merchant lobbying, 265, 268
teapots, 45, 49, 51, 104, 106–7
technological convergence, 252–53
technological systems, large, 126–27, 149, 152, 284, 360, 406n2
technology transfer: and bell making, 165–66
in colonial and early America, 86, 131–34, 386n21
and copper sheathing, 221–24, 242–43, 399n34
and copperworking, 201–2
definition of, 121, 131–32
and emulation, 339–40
from England, 288–90, 339–40, 397n21
and gunpowder plants, 86
and illegal equipment imports, 110, 289, 339
and industrial espionage, 231–32, 289–94
and ironworking, 131–35, 338
and open shops, 252–53, 288, 295–96, 338–39
and pilot plants, 205
and Revere’s help to others, 134, 232, 294–96, 339
in silverworking, 107, 110.
See also technological convergence
Terry, Eli, 252
tin: in bell making, 162, 164–65
in bronze, 163, 390n11
in cannon, 174
gunmetal, 176
and scientific testing, 166
scarcity of, 180–81.
See also bronze
tools. See mechanization
toughness (in metals). See metalworking
transportation networks, 72, 248–49, 287, 334
turnpikes, 249
urbanization: and artisans, 39–40
and colonial society, 20, 39–40, 334
definition of, 365n19
and manufacturing, 215, 308
and market economy, 159, 249–50
and social stratification, 93–94
wage labor. See under labor
Walker, Rachel. See Revere, Rachel
War Department, 179, 181–82, 208–9, 210, 214, 337
warrantees, 170–71, 260–61
Warren, Dr. Joseph (patriot leader), 1, 55, 71, 76, 79, 89
Washington, George: and cannon expertise, 176
and Federalist government, 159, 207, 234
and gunpowder shortage, 85
and navy, 211
officer recruiting of, 79
and technology transfer, 131, 337
Waterhouse, Dr. Benjamin, 133
waterpower: environmental impacts of, 147, 307, 308
and ironworks, 124, 125, 127–28, 145, 153
and mechanization, 107, 177, 284, 297, 298
management and legislation of, 230, 312–16, 410n55
and rolling mills, 222, 229, 230, 231, 297
shortages of, 145, 311–12
and technology transfer, 230, 291–92, 293, 310–11.
See also environment
Whitney, Eli, 252, 260, 279, 286
; wire drawing, 44–46, 44, 193
women’s role in business, 22, 59, 251, 275, 279, 364n14, 403n19
work hardening. See metalworking
wrought iron. See under iron