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1942: The Year That Tried Men's Souls

Page 50

by Winston Groom


  Phillips, Claire, and Myron B. Goldsmith. Manila Espionage. Portland, Oregon, 1947.

  Potter, E. B., and Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz (eds.). The Great Sea War. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1960.

  Prange, Gordon W. At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York, 1982.

  _________, with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon. Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History. New York, 1986.

  Pyle, Ernie. Here Is Your War. New York, 1943.

  Reel, A. Frank. The Case of General Yamashita. Chicago, 1949.

  Reporting World War II: American Journalism 1938–1946. New York, 1995.

  Reynolds, Clark G. America at War 1941–1945: The Home Front. New York, 1990.

  Reynolds, Quentin. The Curtain Rises. New York, 1944.

  _________. Officially Dead. New York, 1945.

  Rhodes, Richard. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York, 1995.

  Robinett, Brigadier General Paul McDonald. Armor Command. Washington, D.C., 1958.

  Robson, R. W. The Pacific Island Handbook 1944. New York, 1945.

  Romulo, Colonel Carlos P. I Saw the Fall of the Philippines. New York, 1942.

  Schultz, Duane. The Doolittle Raid: America’s First Strike Against the Heart of Imperial Japan. New York, 1988.

  Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History. New York, 1948.

  Sides, Hampton. Ghost Soldiers: The Forgotten Epic Story of World War II’s Most Dramatic Mission. New York, 2001.

  Smith, Michael S. Bloody Ridge: The Battle that Saved Guadalcanal. New York, 2000.

  Spector, Ronald H. Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan. New York, 1985.

  Stamps, T. Dodson, and Vincent J. Esposito. A Military History of World War II. Vol. II: Operations in the Mediterranean and Pacific Theaters. U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, 1953.

  Stinnett, Robert B. Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor. New York, 2000.

  Swinson, Arthur. Four Samurai: A Quartet of Japanese Army Commanders in the Second World War. London, 1968.

  Tapert, Annette (ed.). Lines of Battle: Letters from American Servicemen 1941–1945. New York, 1987.

  Terkel, Studs. The Good War: An Oral History of World War Two. New York, 1984.

  Theobald, Robert A. The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor. New York, 1954.

  Thomas, Ed “Tommie.” As I Remember. Sonoita, Arizona, 1990.

  Thompson, Robert Smith. Empires on the Pacific: World War II and the Struggle for the Mastery of Asia. New York, 2001.

  Togo, Shigenori. The Cause of Japan. New York, 1956.

  Toland, John. But Not in Shame: The Six Months After Pearl Harbor. New York, 1961.

  _________. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. New York, 1970.

  Tolley, Kemp. Yangtze Patrol. Annapolis, 1971.

  Tregaskis, Richard. Guadalcanal Diary. New York, 1943.

  Tuleja, Thaddeus V. Climax at Midway. New York, 1960.

  Uno, Kazumaro. Corregidor: Isle of Delusion. Shanghai, China, 1942.

  Vader, John. New Guinea–The Tide Is Stemmed. New York, 1971.

  Vandegrift, General A. A. Once a Marine: The Memoirs of General A. A. Vandegrift, U.S. Marines. New York, 1964.

  Wainwright, General Jonathan M. General Wainwright’s Story. New York, 1945.

  Weigley, Russell F. The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy. New York, 1973.

  Weinstein, Alfred A. Barbed-Wire Surgeon. New York, 1956.

  Whitney, Major General Courtney. MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History. New York, 1956.

  Wigmore, Lionel. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series One: Army, vol. IV: The Japanese Thrust. Adelaide, Australia, 1957.

  Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford, California, 1962.

  Index

  Abe, Hiroaki, 331

  Abe, Koso, 290

  Abucay Line, 146

  Acuff, Roy, 305n

  Adams, Dr., 166

  African invasions, 196, 347–55, 377–87. See also Tunisia

  Afrika Korps, 377–81, 394, 395

  Ahrens, John, 277

  Air Force, U.S., 316

  aircraft carriers, U.S., 69n. See also specific carriers

  Akagi (aircraft carrier), 62, 83, 226, 228, 229, 231, 234, 235, 237–40

  Alam Haifa Ridge battle, 378–80

  Aleutian Islands, 217, 219, 220, 224–26, 242

  Algeria, 348, 349, 353, 354, 383

  Alsace-Lorraine provinces, 7–8

  America First Committee, 33

  America First meeting, final, 87

  America First movement, 33–34, 99

  Aoba (cruiser), 272

  Arabs, 383–85

  Arizona (battleship), 75–78, 410

  arms-limitation treaties. See naval arms-limitation treaties; Versailles Treaty

  Arnold, Henry (“Hap”), 131, 169, 170, 172, 193–94

  Astoria, 272, 274

  Atlanta (cruiser), 330

  Atlantic, Battle of the, 372–74

  Atlantic Charter, 44–45

  atomic energy and atomic bomb, 30–31, 397–98

  Attlee, Clement, 8–9

  Augusta (cruiser), 352

  Ault, William B., 204

  Australia, 132, 154, 257, 260, 263, 309–10

  Australia (cruiser), 270, 272

  Axis powers. See also specific topics

  demand for “unconditional surrender” from, 391–92, 396–98

  inevitable defeat of, 393, 413–15

  leaders, x

  B-17s, 91, 94, 129–31, 154, 168, 375

  B-25s, 188–89

  BagacLine, 146, 151, 152

  Baldwin, Hanson, 308, 323

  Bankhead, John, 165

  “Banzai”/banzai charges, 145–46, 239, 304, 326, 398

  barrage balloons, 91

  Bat Out of Hell, 187–88

  Bataan, 133, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143–49, 152, 175–76

  King’s surrender at, 176–79

  Bataan Death March, 177–82, 356, 399, 408

  bats used to carry incendiary bombs, 166

  Battleship Row, 76, 81

  Bauer, Harold W. (“Joe”), 292–94

  Bennion, Mervyn, 78

  Birdville housing, 164n

  Bismarck Sea, Battle of the, 345–46

  black and white soldiers, tension between, 165

  Black Chamber, 38–39

  Blitzkrieg, 14

  Bloch, Claude C., 72–73

  blockade-running scheme, 149

  Bloody Ridge, 304, 307, 308, 326, 327

  Blue (destroyer), 270, 271

  Blundon, Joseph, 287, 288

  bomb-plot message, 89

  Brand, Max, 294–95

  Bratton, Rufus, 61–62, 66–68, 92

  Brereton, Lewis, 129, 131

  Brett, George, 316

  Britain, 347. See also specific topics

  failure to stop Hitler early on, 4, 8–9. See also under Churchill

  French relations with, 350–51

  March 1942 agreement with U.S., 196

  U.S. aid to, 32–33

  U.S. “lifeline” to, 373

  Britain, Battle of, 15

  British Mediterranean fleet, 36, 37

  Brooklyn (cruiser), 352

  Brousse, Charles, 247–48

  Brown, Cecil, 117–18

  Brown, Robert, 408–10

  Browning, Miles, 232

  Buckmaster, Elliott, 241, 244

  Bulkeley, John D., 153, 154

  Buna, 341–45

  Burma, 127, 366

  importance to Japanese and Allies, 366–67

  Burma Road, 367–68

  Cabanatuan. See Camp Cabanatuan

  California, Japanese immigrants in, 20. See also internment camps; Japanese Americans

  California (battleship), 77, 217

  Callaghan, Daniel, 328–30

  Camp Caba
natuan, 138, 356–65, 406

  Camp O’Donnell, 181–83, 356, 359

  Camp Pendleton, California, 306

  Canberra, 271, 274

  cannibalism, Japanese, 343

  Cape Esperance, 338

  Cape Matapan, Battle of, 37

  Carlson, Evans, 288, 289

  Casablanca, 347, 349, 351–53, 388, 390

  Casablanca Conference, 387–91, 393

  Cat Island, 166, 167

  Central America, 28

  Chamberlain, Neville, 13, 14, 48

  Champlin, Malcolm, 143n

  Chiang Kai-shek, 193, 367, 368, 402

  Chicago, 271, 274

  China, 171, 402

  Japanese fighting with and invasion of, 26–28, 32, 43, 48, 51, 52, 112, 367–72. See also Rape of Nanking

  landing fields, 189–91

  U.S. aid to, 31, 32, 368

  China Clippers, Pan Am, 102–4

  Chinese, Japanese brutality against, 26–27, 55, 178, 193

  Chinese Americans, 159

  Chokai (flagship), 272

  Christmas 1941, 120–23, 138–40

  Christmas 1942, 337–38, 386

  Chungking, 43, 189, 193, 368

  Churchill, Winston, 35, 119

  background, 11–12

  Casablanca Conference and, 387

  elected prime minister, 15

  on France, 390–91

  India and, 297

  on North African invasion, 122, 347

  not reelected, 401

  Roosevelt’s meetings with, 44, 122–23, 390–91

  on Singapore, 125

  speeches, 123, 124

  warnings about Hitler regime, 8, 11–13, 15

  Civil Air Patrol, 161

  Clark, Mark, 349, 351

  Clark Field, 129, 130

  Clemens, Martin, 280–83

  Clifton, George H., 379

  ClubTsubaki, 360–62

  code breaking. See also MAGIC system

  of Italian naval code, 247

  of Japanese code, 38–41, 62–63, 216–19, 197–98, 246, 401

  of Vichy French naval code, 247–49

  “code talkers,” Navajo, 306

  Conger, Jack, 293–94

  conspiracy theories, 95–96

  Convoy PQ-17, 373–74

  Cook, Charles, 182–83

  Cook, James, 70n

  Coral Sea, 197, 199, 257, 310

  Coral Sea Battle, 199–202, 205, 219, 220, 224, 220, 257n

  costs, casualties, and ramifications, 205–6

  Corregidor, 140, 149–50, 176, 177

  artillery guarding the south, 144

  bombing of, 149, 150, 206–9, 212

  drinking water in, 209

  Japanese invasion of, 210–13

  MacArthurin, 140, 145, 151, 153

  Coughlin, Charles E., 34, 35

  Crutchley, V. A. C., 270

  cryptology. See code breaking

  Cunningham, Winfield Scott, 109–11 249

  Cynthia. See Thorpe, Amy Elizabeth (“Cynthia”)

  Czechoslovakia, 12–13

  D-day, 352, 403

  Dakar, 350

  Danzig, 14n114

  Darlan, François, 354

  Dasch, John, 253, 254

  Davenport, Dean, 190–91

  de Gaulle, Charles, 390, 402

  Death Marches, 177–81; 408. See also Bataan Death March

  death ray, 166

  Death Ships, 407

  Del Monte pineapple plantation, 154

  Devereux, James P. S., 103–11

  disease, 147, 148, 164, 250, 299, 312, 335, 341, 356, 364, 372, 407, 408. See also Death Marches

  Dixon, Robert E., 201

  Dog Army, 166–68

  Donald Duck Navy, 295

  Dönitz, Karl, 160, 161, 373

  Doolittle, James H., 171, 172

  after the war, 403–4

  Arnoldand, 169–70, 172, 193–94

  background and overview, 169–70

  bombers, 188, 189, 192, 404

  Medal of Honor awarded to, 194

  Tokyo raid, 185–88, 191, 193, 197, 198

  Doorman, K. W. F. M., 174

  Duke of York (battleship), 122

  Dutch Harbor, 225, 242

  Dutch possessions, 43

  Earle, Mrs. John B., 76

  Edson, Merritt, 301–5

  Edwards, Daniel, 343–44

  Efate, 292

  Egypt, 348, 377

  Eichelberger, Robert, 341–45

  Eighth Air Force, U.S., 403

  Einstein, Albert, 30

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 353–54, 387, 403

  Eisenhower, Milton, 160

  El Alamein, 396

  Elrod, “Hammering Hank,” 106

  Empire (Cities Service oil tanker), 162

  England. See Britain

  Enterprise, U.S.S., (aircraft carrier), 87, 170–71, 199, 241, 261, 291. See also under Halsey

  espionage, 60, 252–53, 363. See also Thorpe

  Exclusion Act, 23

  Faust, Frederick, 294n

  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 159n, 253

  Fighter Squadron 292, 294n

  Fiji Islands, 263

  Filipino Americans, 159

  Fillmore, Millard, 17

  films, anti-Axis, 255–56

  First Battle of Bataan, 144–45

  Fleming, Peter, 339n

  Fletcher, Frank Jack

  at admirals’ meeting, 329

  bombing Japanese installations atTulagi, 260

  Coral Sea Battle and, 205, 221

  Guadalcanal and, 263–64, 268

  Midway operation led by, 232

  Nagumo and, 243

  Task Force 107–9, 199–202

  on Yorktown, 240

  food supply and starvation, 148, 250, 407. See also Death Marches; prisoner of war (POW) camps

  “forgotten war,” 366

  Formosa, 129, 402

  France

  British relations with, 350–51

  failure to stop Hitler early on, 8

  proposed Allied invasion of, 347

  surrender, 15

  Free French, 390

  French Frigate Shoals, 221n

  French Indochina, 42

  French military and North African

  invasion, 349–54

  Friedman, William F., 38–41

  Fuchida, Mitsuo

  after the war, 399–400

  escaped prosecution, 399–400

  Midway operation and, 226–28, 231, 234–35, 238, 239, 246

  Pearl Harbor and, 71, 73–75, 83–84

  Gandhi, Mohandas, 366

  gas gangrene, 148

  Gay, George, 236, 245

  Genda, Minoru, 70, 83, 227

  Geneva Convention, 184, 289

  “gentleman’s agreement,” 21

  German Americans, 158

  German honor, 2

  Germany. See also specific topics

  destruction of, 396

  motivations for instigating World War II, 1–2

  Germany First doctrine, 346–47

  “Germany first” policy, 138

  Ghormley, Robert L., 264, 303, 329

  Gin Drinkers, 120

  Giraud, Henri, 390, 402

  Goettge, Frank B., 281

  Goettge Raid, 278–79

  Gona, 344–45

  Great Depression, 10, 54, 164

  Great Sea Battle, notion of, 321

  Great White Fleet, 21

  Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, 44, 259

  Green Hell, 313

  Grew, Joseph, 189

  Griffith II, Samuel B., 262

  Groom, Mrs. See Knudsen Groom, Mrs.

  Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter planes, 106–8, 292. See also Wildcat fighter planes

  Guadalcanal, 265

  after the war, 405

  first Japanese attempt to retake, 281–86

  history, 258

  as Island of Death, 335

 
Japanese mission to forestall U.S invasion of, 274

  proposed evacuation, 336

  Guadalcanal, Battle of, 335

  casualties and final tally, 338–39

  closing of, as sealing Japan’s doom, 340

  Fletcher and, 261, 263–64, 268

  importance, 339

  Japanese troops, 334–35, 338

  transport and supply of, 321, 323

  naval, 328

  relics of, 410

  Roosevelt on, 323–24

  Turner and, 264, 268, 275, 308, 315

  two sections of Allied force in, 270

  U.S. invasion, 260–74, 277–95, 298–309, 311, 315–18 324–34

  arrival of American warplanes, 286

  lack of opposition from Japanese, 267–69

  Vandegrift and, 279, 286, 301, 305, 328, 403

  why U.S. won, 339

  Guam, 282

  Halsey, William F. (“Bull”), 315

  after the war, 405

  background, 21

  as commander of South Pacific, 315

  Enterprise task force, 187, 220, 232

  Guadalcanal and, 327, 328

  Japanese and, 21

  Nimitz and, 219

  Hamby, Private, 151

  Hammann (destroyer), 244

  Harmon, Millard F. (“Miff”), 172

  Hart, Thomas, 128, 139, 173

  Hawaiian Islands, 70n

  Helena (cruiser), 329

  Henderson, Lofton, 287

  Henderson Field, 293, 315, 324, 327

  bombing and shelling, 317, 328, 334

  modernization and urbanization, 336

  surrender of, 325

  U.S. pilots of, 339

  Hersey, John, 319

  Hewitt, Kent, 353

  Hibbs, Ralph E., 357

  Hiei (battleship), 330–32

  Hirohito, Emperor, 193, 399

  Hiryu (aircraft carrier), 237, 239–43

  Hitler, Adolf, 12–16, 380–81

  background, 7

  declaration of war against U.S., 99

  doctrine of lebensraum (living space), 8

  Germany’s defeat and, 396

  Mussolini compared with, 6

  Mussolini’s negotiations with, 7

  personality, 5

  rearming of Germany, 4, 8

  speeches, propaganda, and false promises, 7, 12

  Stalin, Soviet Union, and, 16

  Hollywood, 255–56

  Holocaust, 5

  Holt, Thaddeus, 348n

  Homma, Masaharu

  convicted of war crimes, 399

  Philippines and, 143–45, 152

  army in lower Bataan, 178

  attack on Corregidor, 211

  capture of Manila, 144

  Tsuji and, 184

  Wainwright and, 212–13

  Hong Kong, 120–21, 126

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 159n

  Hopkins, Harry, 82, 324, 401

  Hopkins, Robert, 389

  Hornet (aircraft carrier), 199, 227, 233, 242

 

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