The Omnibus Homo Sacer

by Giorgio Agamben

  Bacht, Heinrich. Das Vermächtis des Ursprungs: Studien zum fruhen Mönchtum, vol. 2 (Würzburg: Echter, 1982).

  Bader, Günter. Melancholie und Metapher (Tübingen: Mohr, 1990).

  Bartolo, Tractatus minoriticarum, in Opera (Lugdini, 1555).

  Basil, Askētikai diataxeis, in PG 31.

  ———, Regulae fusius tractatae, in PG 31. English translation: “The Long Rules,” in Ascetical Works, trans. M. Monica Wagner (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1950).

  Benveniste, Émile, Le vocabulaire des institutions indo­européennes, vol. 2 (Paris: Minuit, 1969). English translation: Indo­European Language and Society, ed. Jean Lallot, trans. Elizabeth Palmer (London: Faber, 1973).

  Bernard of Clairvaux, Contra quaedam capitula errorum Abelardi, in PL 182.

  ———, De praecepto et dispensatione: Le precepte et la dispense. La conversion. Sources Chrétiennes series, no. 457 (Paris: Cerf, 2000). English translation: “On Precept and Dispensation,” trans.

  Conrad Greenia, in The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux, vol. 1: Treatises I, ed. M. Basil Penning-ton (Spencer, Massachusetts: Cistercian Publications, 1970).

  ———, Scala claustralis, in PL 184 (spurious attribution). English translation: Guigo II, The Ladder of Monks, in Harvey D. Egan, ed., An Anthology of Christian Mysticism, 2nd ed. (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1991).

  Bonagratia of Bergamo, Tractatus de Christi et apostolorum paupertate, ed. L. Oliger, in Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 22 (1929).

  Bonaventure, Apologia paupertum, in Opera omnia, vol. 14, book 2 (Rome: Città Nuova, 2005).

  English translation: Defense of the Mendicants, trans. José de Vinck and Robert J. Karris (St.

  Bonaventure, New York: The Franciscan Institute, 2010).

  ———, De perfectione evangelica, in Opera omnia, vol. 5, book 3 (Rome: Città Nuova, 2005).

  ———, The Life of St. Francis. ed. Emilie Griffin. trans. Ewert Cousins (New York: Harper, 2005).

  Cabasilas, Nicholas, Explication de la divine liturgie, ed. S. Salaville, Sources Chrétiennes series, no.

  231 (Paris: Cerf, 1967). English translation: A Commentary on the Divine Liturgy, trans. J. M.

  Hussey and P. A. McNulty (Crestwood, N.J.: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1960).

  Calati, Benedetto, Sapienza monastica: Saggi di storia, spiritualità e problemi monastici (Rome: Centro Studi Sant’Anselmo, 1994).

  Capelle, Catherine, Le vœu d’obéissance des origines au XIIe siècle: Étude juridique (Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1959).

  Cassian 1: Jean Cassien, Institutions cénobitiques, ed. J.-C. Guy, Sources Chrétiennes series, no. 109

  (Paris: Cerf, 2001). English translation: John Cassian, The Institutes, trans. Boniface Ramsey (New York: Paulist, 2000).

  ——— 2: Jean Cassien. Conferences, ed. Pichery, Sources Chrétiennes series, no. 64, vol. 3 (Paris: Cerf, 1959). English translation: John Cassian, Conferences, trans. Colm Luibheid (New York: Paulist, 1985).

  Cassiodorus, De institutione divinarum litterarum, in PL 70. English translation: Cassiodorus: Institutions of Divine and Secular Learning and On the Soul, trans. James W. Halporn and Mark Vessy (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2004).

  Celestine I, Epistola 35. Text available online: Benedictus Levita Web site, www.benedictus.mgh

  .de/quellen/chga/chga_131t.htm (last accessed October 26, 2012).

  Cicero, De inventione (Loeb Classical Library), trans. H. M. Hubbell (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949).

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  ———, The Verrine Orations (Loeb Classical Library), 2 vols., trans. L. H. G. Greenwood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966).

  Clareno, Angelo, Expositio regulae fratrum minorum auctore Angelo Clareno, ed. L. Oliger (Grottaferrata, Italy: Quaracchi, 1912).

  Clement V, Exivi de Paradiso. Available online: Francisican Archive Web site, www.franciscan-archive

  .org/bullarium/exivi-l.html (last accessed October 26, 2012). English translation available on-

  line: www.franciscan-archive.org/bullarium/exivi-e.html (last accessed October 26, 2012).

  Coccia, Emanuele, “‘Regula et vita’: Il dirrito monastico e la regola francescana,” in Medioevo e Rinascimento 20 (2006): 97–147.

  Consuetudines fratrum vitae communis, ed. W. Jappe Alberts, Fontes minores medii aevi series (Groningen: J. B. Wolters, 1959).

  Conte, Amedeo G., Filosofia del linguaggio normativo, vol. 2 (Turin: Giappichelli, 1995).

  Damian, Peter, De perfectione monachorum, in PL 145. English translation: “On the Perfection of Monks,” in Selected Writings on the Spiritual Life, trans. Patricia McNulty (London: Faber and Faber, 1959).

  Delorme, Ferdinand, “Notice et extraits d’un manuscrit franciscaine,” in Collectanea franciscana 15 (1945): 5–91.

  Digest, in The Civil Law: Including The Twelve Tables, The Institutes of Gaius, The Rules of Ulpian, The Opinions of Paulus, The Enactments of Justinian, and The Constitutions of Leo, trans. S. P.

  Scott, 17 vols. (Cincinnati: Central Trust, 1932). Available online: Constitution Society Web

  site, www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm (accessed October 26, 2012).

  Durand, William: Guillelmi Duranti, Rationale divinorum officiorum, ed. A. Davril and T. M.

  Thibodeau, Corpus Christianorum series, no. 140, vol. 1 (Turnholti: Brepols, 1995). English translation: On the Clergy and Their Vestments: A New Translation of Books 2–3 of the Rationale divinorum officiorum, trans. Timothy M. Thibodeau (Scranton, Pa.: University of Scranton Press, 2010).

  Ehrle, Franz, “Olivis Leben und Schriften,” in Archiv für Literatur­ und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters 3 (1887): 497.

  Febvre, Lucien, Le problème de l’incroyance au XVIe siècle: La Religion de Rabelais (Paris: Albin Michel, 1942). English translation: The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais, trans. Beatrice Gottlieb (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982).

  Francis (of Assisi) 1: La letteratura francescana, vol. 1: Francesco e Chiara d’Assisi, ed. C. Leonardi (Milan: Fondazione Valla-Mondadori, 2004). Partial English translation: Francis and Clare: The Complete Works, ed. Regis J. Armstrong and Ignatius C. Brady (Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1982).

  ——— 2: La letteratura francescana, vol. 2: Le vite antiche di san Francesco, ed. C. Leonardi (Milan: Fondazione Valla-Mondadori, 2005). Partial English Translation: Thomas of Celano, The

  Lives of S. Francis of Assisi, trans. A. G. Ferrers Howell (London: Methuen, 1908).

  Francis of Ascoli: Francisci de Esculi, Improbatio, ed. N. Mariani (Grottaferrata, Italy: Ad Claras Aquas, 1993).

  Frank, Karl S., “Fiktive Mündlichkeit in der monastiche Literatur,” in Clemens M. Kasper and Karl Schreiner (eds.), “Viva vox und ratio scriptura”: Mündliche und schriftliche Kommunikationsformen im Mönchtum des Mittelalters (Munich: LIT, 1997).

  Fructuosus, “Pact,” in Iberian Fathers, vol. 1, ed. and trans. Claude W. Barlow (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1969).

  ———, Regula monastica communis, in PL 87.

  Gilson, Étienne, “Rabelais franciscain,” in Revue d’histoire franciscaine 1 (1924).

  Gratian, Concordantiam Discordantium Canonum seu Decretrum, in PL 187.

  ———, Decretum, in PL 187.

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  Gregory of Nazianzus, Orations, in Nicene and Post­Nicene Fathers, 2nd ser., vol. 7, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, trans. Charles Gordon Browne and James Edward Swallow (Buffalo,

  NY: Christian Literature Publishing, 1894).

  Grossi, Paolo, “‘Usus facti’: La nozione di proprietà nella inaugurazione dell’età nuova,” in Quaderni fiorentini per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno 1 (1972).

  Grundmann, Herbert, Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter: Untersuchungen über die geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen der
Ketzerei, den Bettelorden, und der religiösen Frauenbewegung im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert und über die geschichtlichen Grundlagen der deutschen Mystik (Berlin: Ebering, 1935). English translation: Religious Movements in the Middle Ages: The Historical Links Between Heresy, the Mendicant Orders, and the Women’s Religious Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Century, with the Historical Foundations of German Mysticism, trans. Steven Rowan (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995).

  Herwegen, Ildefons, Das Pactum des Hl. Fruktuosus von Braga: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Suevish­Westgothischen Mönchtums und seines Rechtes, Kirchenrechtliche Abhandlungen series, no. 40 (Stuttgart: Enke, 1907).

  Hilary of Poitiers, In Evangelium Matthaei commentarius, in PL 9.

  Hippolytus, La tradition apostolique de S. Hippolyte, ed. B. Botte. Liturgiewissenschaftliche Quellen und Forschungen series, no. 39 (Münster: Aschendorff, 1963). English translation: On the Apostolic Tradition, trans. Alistair Stewart-Sykes (Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladmir’s Seminary Press, 2001).

  Hugh of Digne 1: Expositio Hugonis super regulam fratrum minorum, in Alessandra Sisto, Figure del primo Francescanesimo in Provenza: Ugo e Douceline di Digne (Florence: Olschki, 1971).

  ——— 2: De finibus paupertatis auctore Hugone de Digna, ed. C. Florovski, in Archivium Franciscanum Historicum 5 (1912): 277–90.

  Isidore of Seville, De ecclesiasticis officiis, in PL 83.

  ———, Etymologiarum libri viginti, in PL 82.

  ———, Liber differentiarum, in PL 83.

  ———, Regula monachorum, in PL 83.

  Ivo of Chartres, Decretum, in PL 161.

  ———, Panormia, in PL 161.

  Jerome, Epistolae, in PL 22. English translation: The Letters of St. Jerome, vol. 1, ed. Thomas Comer-ford Lawler (Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1963).

  John XXII, Ad conditorem canonum in Corpus iuris canonici (Lyons, 1671). English translation available online: Macquarrie University, Department of Modern History, Politics, and International Relations, www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/

  mhpir/politics_and_international_relations/staff/john_kilcullen/john_xxii_ad_conditorem_

  canonum/ (last accessed November 1, 2012).

  Jura: Vies des pères du Jura, ed. F. Martine, Sources Chrétiennes series, no. 142 (Paris: Cerf, 1968).

  English translation: The Life of the Jura Fathers, ed. and trans. Tim Vivian, Kim Vivian, and Jeffrey Burton Russell (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, 1999).

  Lambertini, Roberto, Apologia e crescita dell’identità francescana, 1255–1279 (Rome: Instituto Storico per il Medio Evo, 1990).

  Mäkinen, Virpi, Property Rights in Late Medieval Discussion on Franciscan Poverty (Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2001).

  Marini, Alfonso, “La ‘forma vitae’ di San Francesco per San Damiano tra Chiara d’Assissi, Agnese di Boemia ed interventi papali,” in Hagiographica 4 (1997): 179–95.

  Mazon, Cándido, Las reglas de los religiosos: Su obligación y naturaleza juridica (Rome: Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1940).

  Nicholas III, Exiit: Textus originales, ed. Collegii S. Bonaventurae (Ad Claras aquas, 1897). Also avail-

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  able online: Franciscan Archive Web site, www.franciscan-archive.org/bullarium/exiit-l.html

  (last accessed October 26, 2012). English translation available online at www.franciscan-archive

  .org/bullarium/exiit-e.html (last accessed October 26, 2012).

  Niles of Ancyra, De octo spiritibus malitiae, in PG 79 (spurious attribution). English translation: Evagrius of Pontus, On the Eight Thoughts, in The Greek Ascetic Corpus, ed. and trans. Robert E. Sienkiewicz (New York: Oxford, 2003).

  Ockham: Guillelmus de Ockham, Opus nonaginta dierum, 2 vols., in Opera politica, ed. R. F. Bennet and H. S. Offler (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1963). English translation: A Translation of William of Ockham’s Work of Ninety Days, 2 vols., trans. John Kilcullen and John Scott (Lewiston, N.Y.: Mellen, 2001).

  Ohm, Julianne, “Der Begriff ‘carcer’ in Kosteregeln des Frankenreiches,” in J. F. Angerer and J. Lenenweger (eds.), “Consuetudines monasticae”: Eine Festgabe für Kassius Hallinger aus Anlass Seines 70. Geburtstages (Rome: Centro Studi Sant’Anselmo, 1982).

  Olivi 1: Peter Olivi’s Rule Commentary, ed. D. Flood (Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner, 1972).

  ——— 2: Ferdinand Delorme, “Question de P.J. Olivi ‘Quid ponant ius vel dominium’ ou encore

  ‘De signis voluntariis’” in Antonianum 20 (1945): 309–30.

  ——— 3: Quaestio octava de altissima paupertate, in Johannes Schlageter, Das Heil der Armen und das Verderben der Reichen: Petrus Johannis Olivi OFM. Die Frage nach der höchsten Armut, Franziscanische Forschungen series, no. 34 (Werl, Germany: Dietrich-Coelde, 1989).

  Origen, De oratione, in PG 11. English translation: “On Prayer,” in Origen: Classics of Western Spirituality, ed. and trans. Rowan A. Greer (Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1979).

  Penco, Gregorio, Medioevo monastico (Rome: Centro Studi Sant’Anselmo, 1988).

  Peterson, Erik, Das Buch von den Engeln: Stellung und Bedeutung der heiligen Engel im Kultus in Ausgewählte Schriften, vol. 1: Theologische Traktate (Würzburg, Germany: Echter, 1994).

  English translation: “The Book on Angels: Their Place and Meaning in the Liturgy,” in Theological Tractates, trans. Michael J. Hollerich (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2011).

  Philo of Alexandria, “On Flight and Finding,” in Philo (Loeb Classical Library), vol. 4, trans. F. H.

  Colson and G. H. Whitaker (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1934).

  Plotinus, Enneads (Loeb Classical Library), 7 vols., trans. A. H. Armstrong (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).

  Pricoco: La regola di san Benedetto e le regule dei Padri, ed. S. Pricoco (Milan: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla-Mondadori, 1995).

  Quatuor mag. : Expositio quatuor magistrorum super regulam fratrum minorum, 1241–1242, ed.

  L. Oliger (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1950).

  Quintilian, Institutio oratoria (Loeb Classical Library), 4 vols., trans. H. E. Butler (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958).

  Rabelais, François, L’Abbaye de Thélème. ed. R. Morçay (Paris: Droz, 1934). English translation: The Complete Works of François Rabelais, trans. Donald M. Frame (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

  Richard of Conington, Responsiones fratris Richardi de Conyngtona ad rationes papales, ed. D. L.

  Douie, in Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 24 (1931): 355–69.

  Righetti, Mario, Storia liturgica, vol. 2 (Milan: Ancora, 1950).

  Roman Missal: Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, Institutio generalis Missalis romani, 3rd ed. English translation: Roman Missal, 3rd ed.

  Romanis: Expositio Beati Humberti . . . magistri ordinis Praedicatorum super regulam Beati Augustini (Comi: Typis Hieronymi Frouae, 1602).

  Rufinus, Commentarius in Symbolum Apostolorum, in PL 21. English translation: A Commentary on the Apostles’ Creed, in Nicene and Post­Nicene Fathers, ser. 2, vol. 3, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wave (Buffalo, N.Y.: Christian Literature Company, 1892).

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  ———, Historia monachorum, in PL 21.

  The Rule of St. Benedict, trans. Leonard Joseph Doyle (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1948).

  Sade, Donatien Alphonse de, Les 120 journées de Sodome (Paris: Dominique Leroy, 1997). English translation: The 120 Days of Sodom and Other Writings, ed. and trans. Austryn Wainhouse and Richard Seaver (New York: Grove Press, 1966).

  Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, Das Recht des Besitzes: Eine civilistische Abhanglung (Giessen, Germany: Heyer, 1803). English translation: Von Savigny’s Treatise on Possession; or, The Jus possessionis of the Civil Law (London: S. Sweet, 1848).

  Smaragdus, Commentaria in regula sancti Benedicti, in PL 102
. English translation: Smaragdus of Saint Mihiel: Commentary on the Rule of Saint Benedict, trans. David Barry (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, 2007).

  Stein, Peter, Regulae Iuris: From Juristic Rules to Legal Maxims (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966).

  Stephen of Tournay, Epistolae, in PL 211.

  Suárez, Francisco, De voto, in Opera omnia, vol. 14 (Paris: Vives, 1869).

  Sulpicius Severus, Epistolae, in PL 20.

  Tabarroni, Andrea, “La regola francescana tra autenticità e autenticazione,” in Dalla “sequela Christi” di Francesco d’Assisi all’apologia della povertà: Atti del XVIII Convegno internationale, Assisi 18–20 ottobre 1990 (Spoleto, Italy: Fondazione Centro italiano di Studi sull’alto medioevo, 1992).

  Tarello, Giovanni, “Profili giuridici della questione della povertà nel francescanesimo prima di Ockham,” in Annali della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Genova 3 (1964): 338–448.

  Tertullian 1: Tertullien, Le voile des vierges, ed. P. Mattei. Sources Chrétiennes series, no. 424 (Paris: Cerf, 1997). English translation: On the Veiling of Virgins, trans. S. Thelwall, in Ante­Nicene Fathers, vol. 4 (Edinburgh: T and T Clark, 1870).

  ——— 2: Tertullien, Traité de la prescription contre les hérétiques, ed. P. de Labriolle. Sources Chré-

  tiennes series, no. 46 (Paris: Cerf, 1957). English translation: On the Testimony of the Soul and On the “Prescription” of Heretics, trans. T. H. Bindley (New York: SPCK, 1914).

  ——— 3: Tertullien, La pudicité (De pudicitia), vol. 1, ed. Charles Munier, Sources Chrétiennes series, no. 394 (Paris: Cerf, 1993). English translation: On Modesty, trans. S. Thelwall, in Ante­Nicene Fathers, vol. 4 (Edinburgh: T and T Clark, 1870).

  Theodore the Studite, Descriptio constitutionis monasterii Studi, in PG 99. English translation. “Testament of Theodore the Studite for the Monastery of St. John Stoudios in Constantinople,”

  trans. by Timothy Miller, in Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founders’ Typika and Testaments, vol. 1, ed. John Philip Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, and Giles Constable (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2000).

  ———, Epistolae, in PG 99.

  Thesaurus: Dialogus inter cluniacensem et cisterciensem, in Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, vol. 5, ed. F.