The Kiss of Death

by Joseph William Bastien

  McGreevy, P.B., and P.D. Marsden 1986 American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. In Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases, ed. W.C. Campbell and R.S. Rew, 115-28. New York and London: Plenum Press.

  McHenry, Paul Graham 1985 Adobe: Build It Yourself Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

  Medawar, P. 1964 Darwin’s illness. New Statesman 67:527-28.

  Medina Lopez, M. 1983 Transmissâo materno-infantil da doença de Chagas. Ph.D. diss., Universidade de Brasilia.

  Medrano-Mercado, N., M.R. Luz, F. Torrico, G. Tapia, F. Van Leuven, and T.C. Araujo-Jorge 1996 Acute-phase proteins and serologic profiles of Chagasic children from an endemic area in Bolivia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54 (2): 154-61.

  Mello, D.A., and M.M. Borges 1981 Initial discovery of Triatoma costalimai naturally infected with Tripanosoma cruzi: Study of the biological aspects of an isolated sample. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 76 (1): 61-69.

  Méndez Acuña, Johnny 1991 Interview byJ. Bastien, Sucre, Bolivia, June 24, tape recording.

  Métraux, Alfred 1967 Religion et Magies Indiennes Amérique du Sud. Paris: Gallimard.

  Milei, J., B. Manter, R. Storino, J.A. Sánchez, and V.J. Ferrans 1992 Does Chagas’ disease exist as an undiagnosed form of cardiomyopathy in the United States? American Heart Journal 123:1732-35.

  Miles, M.A., M.M. Provoa, A. Prata, R.A. Cedillos, A.A. de Souza, and V. Macedo 1981 Do radically dissimilar Trypanosoma cruzi strains (Zymodemes) cause Venezuelan and Brazilian forms of Chagas’ disease? The Lancet 63 (2): 1338-40.

  Miles, M.A., M. Provoa, A.A. de Souza, A. Prata, and V. Macedo 1981 Chagas’ disease in the Amazonian basin. II: The distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes 1 and 3 in Para State, North Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75:667-74.

  Miles, M.A., P.J. Toyé, S.C. Oswald, and D.G. Godfrey 1977 The identification by isoenzyme patterns of two different strain-groups of Trypanosoma cruzi, circulating independently in a rural area of Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71:217-37.

  Minter, D. 1978a Transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas. Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana 84 (4): 332-43.

  . 1978b Triatomine bugs and the household ecology of Chagas’ disease. In Medical Entomology Centenary Symposium, Proceedings, 85-93. London: Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

  Moffett, George D. 1994 Critical Masses: The Global Population Challenge. New York: Viking.

  Molyneux, D.H., and R.W. Ashford 1983 The Biology of Trypanosoma and Leishmania Parasites of Man and Domestic Animals. New York: International Publications Service, Taylor & Francis, Inc.

  Monckeberg, J.G. 1924 Die Erkrangungen des Myokards und des spezifischen Muskelsystem. In Handbuch Speziellen Pathologischgen Anatomie und Histologie, Band II, ed. F. Henke and O. Lubarsch, 290-555. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer.

  Montaño, Sonia, and Ximena Machicao 1992 Informe de la investigación sobre mitos, habitos, y creencias sobre el chagas y la vinchuca en cuatro comunidades de Tarija. La Paz: Pro-Habitat.

  Moraes-Souza, H., J.O. Bordin, L. Bardossy, D.W. MacPherson, M.A. Blajchman 1995 Prevention of transfusion-associated Chagas’ disease: Efficacy of white cellreduction filters in removing Trypanosoma cruzi from infected blood. Transfusion 35 (9): 723-26.

  Moraes-Souza, H., D.M. Wanderley, Z. Brener, R.D. Nascimento, C.M. Antunes, and J.C. Dias 1994 Hemoterapia e doença de Chagas transfusional no Brasil. Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (AGG) 116 (5): 406-18.

  Morales Rojas, G., R.G. Fuenmahyor, G.F. Acevedo, M.A. Capriles, and A.R. Gonzales, 1961 Manifestaciones digestivas en pacientes chagásicos. Archivos Hospitales. Vargas 3:179-87.

  Morton, J.F. 1981 Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America. Springfield, IL: Chas. C. Thomas.

  Mosca, W., L. Briceño, and M.I. Hernández 1991 Cell-mediated immunity in Chagas’ disease: Trypanosoma cruzi antigens induce suppression of the in vitro proliferative response of mononuclear cells. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 86:147-52.

  Moya, Pedro R. 1977 El hijo de madre chagásica. Ph.D. diss., Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Córdoba, Argentina).

  . 1994 Chagas’ disease in children: Neurological and psychological aspects. In Chagas’ Disease and the Nervous System, 189-202. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization.

  Moya, PR., and A.P. Barousse 1984 Enfermedad de Chagas congénita. In Enfermedad de Chagas. Aportes del Programa Nacional de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Endémicas 1979-1983, 51-65. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación y Justicia.

  MPPSP (Ministerio de Previsión Social y Salud Pública) 1991 Acción Integraly Sistemapara el Logro de una Communidad Antichagásica. La Paz: Master.

  Mufioz, S., M. Lorca, P Mufioz, and A. Solari 1994 Poblaciones de Trypanosoma cruzi altamente homogeneas en una region de baja endemia chagásica: Relevancía en la patogenía de la enfermedad de Chagas. Revista Médica de Chile 122:1231-38.

  Mufioz Casas del Valle, Patricia 1990 Importancia clinica de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en niños. Tesis de Magister en Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile.

  Mufioz Casas del Valle, Patricia, and Carlos Acevedo Schwartzmann 1994 Congenital Chagas’ disease. In Chagas’ Disease and the Nervous System, 203-11. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization.

  Mufioz Reyes, Jorge 1977 Geografía de Bolivia. La Paz: Editoriales Don Bosco.

  Murra, John V. 1972 El “control vertical” de pisos ecológicos en la economia de las sociedades Andinas. In Visita de Provincia de León de Huánuco en 1562, ed. J. Murra, vol. 2, 427-76. Huánuco, Peru: Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán.

  Murray, P.J., and T.W. Spithill 1991 Variants of a Leishmania surface antigen derived from a multigenic family. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 (36): 24477-84.

  Nattan-Larrier, L. 1921 Hérédité des infections expérimentales á Schizotrypanum cruzi. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 14:232-38.

  Neghme, A. 1982 La tripanosomiasis americana. Creces 3:23-28.

  Nelkin, Dorothy, and Sander L. Gilman 1988 Placing blame for devasting disease. Social Research 55 (3): 343-59.

  Nery-Guimaraes, F., and H.A.A. Lage 1972 Refractariedade das aves ao T. cruzi. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 70: 97-107.

  Nery-Guimaraes, F., et al. 1968 Um surto epidêmico de Chagas de provável transmissao digestiva, ocorrido em Teutonia (Estrêla-Rio Grande do Sul). Hospital (Rio de Janeiro) 73: 1767-1804.

  Neu, N., K.W Beisel, M.D. Traytsman, N.R. Rose, and S.W. Craig 1987 Autoantibodies specific for the cardiac myosin isoform are found in mice susceptible to Coxsackievirus B3-induced mycoarditis. Journal of Immunology 138 (8): 2488-92.

  Neu, N., N.R. Rose, K.W. Beisel, A. Herskowitz, G. Gurri-Glass, and S.W. Craig 1987 Cardiac myosin induces myocarditis in genetically predisposed mice. Journal of Immunology 139 (II): 3630-36.

  Neva, Franklin, and Harold Brown 1994 Basic Clinical Parasitology 6th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.

  Nickerson, P, P. Orr, M.L. Schroeder, L. Sekla, and J.B. Johnston 1989 Transfusion-associated Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a non-endemic area. Annals of Internal Medicine III:851-53.

  Nufiez, L. 1982 Temprana emergencia de sedentarismo en el desierto chileno: Proyecto Caserones. Chungara 9:80-123.

  . 1983 Paleoindian and archaic cultural periods in the arid and semiarid regions of northern Chile. Advances in World Archaeology 2:161-203.

  Nussenzweig, V., A. Biancalana, V. Amato Neto, R. Sonntag, J.L.P Frietas, and J. Kloetzel 1953 Aco da violeta genciana sobre o T. cruzi in vitro: Sua importancia na esterilizaçao do sangue destinado a transfusao. Revista Paulista de Medicina 42:57-58.

  Oblitas-Poblete, Enrique 1968 La lengua secreta de los Incas. La Paz: Editorial Los Amigos del Libro.

  . 1969 Plantas medicinales en Bolivia. La Paz: Editorial Los Amigos del Libro.

  . 1978 Cultura Callawaya. La Paz: Ediciones Populares Camarlinghi.

  Oiveir
a Vieira, G., J. Maguire, A.L. Bittencourt, and J.A. Fontes 1983 Doença de Chagas congénita. Apresentaçao de um caso com parlisia cerebral. Revista de Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 25:305-9.

  Okabe, K., T.L. Kipnis, V.L. Calish, and W.D. daSilva 1980 Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to Trypanosoma cruzi. I. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity to trypomastigote bloodstream forms. Clinical Immunology and immunopathology 16:344-53.

  Oliveira Filho, A.M., L.F. Deus, and I.A. Brasil 1987 Slow-release paints, used during house building, as a means of turning huts refractory to infestation by Chagas’ disease vectors. Parasitologia, Ciência e Cultura, Abstract 14-G.1.9.

  OPS (Organización Panamericana de Salud) 1982 Enfermedad de Chagas. Boletín Epidemiológico 3 (3).

  . 1983 Estado Actual de la Situación en Relación a la Enfermedad de Chagas en las Americas, vol. CD29/INF/4. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization.

  PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) 1984 Status of Chagas disease in the region of the Americas. Epidemiology Bulletin 5 (2): 5-9.

  Patifio, Victor M. 1969 Guayusa, a neglected stimulant from eastern Andean foothills. Economic Botany 22:310-16.

  Pavlone, I., R. Chuit, A. Pérez, C. Wisnevesky-Colli, and E.L. Segura 1988 Field Research on an epidemiological surveillance alternative of Chagas’ disease transmission: The primary health care strategy in rural areas. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 20 (suppl.): 103-5.

  Pearlman, J.D. 1983 Chagas’ disease in northern California: No longer an endemic diagnosis. American Journal of Medicine 7(6): 1057-60.

  Peeters, M., W. Janssens, K. Fransen, J. Brandful, L. Heyndrickx, K. Koffi, E. Delaporte, P. Piot, G.M. Gershy-Damet, G. van der Groen 1994 Isolation of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two sooty mangabeys in Cote d’Ivoire: Virological and genetic characterization and relationship to other HIV type 2 and SIVsm/mac strains. AIDS Research Human Retrovirus 10 (10): 1289-94.

  Pehrson, P., M. Wahlgren, and E. Bengstsson 1982 Intracraneal calcifications probably due to congenital Chagas’ disease. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31:449-51.

  Peñalver, L.M., J. Fajardo, and F.J. Aguilar 1953 Aportes al conocimiento de la enfermedad de Chagas en Guatemala. Revista Colegio de Medicina de Guatemala 4 (1): 20.

  Peñalver, L.M., M.I. Rodriguez, M. Block, and G. Sancho 1965 Tripanosomiasis en El Salvador. Archivos Colegio Médico de El Salvador 18:97.

  Pereira, P.F., and R.P. Goncalves 1958 Megaesofago chagásico; hipertrofia ou hiperplasia? Revista Goiana de Medicina 4:17-28.

  Pereira Barreto, M.G. 1984 Characteristics of urban mortality from Chagas disease in Brazil’s Federal District. Bulletin of Pan American Health Organization 18 (1): 2-9.

  . 1985 Reservorios del Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas 1909. Centro Panamericano de Ecologia Humanay Salud O.M.S. 2:275.

  Perlowagora-Szumlewiecz, P. 1969 (T. infestans biology, principal vector of Chagas’ disease in Brazil). Estudos sobre Triatoma infestans, o principal vector da Doença Chagas no Brasil (importancia de algumas de suas características biológicas no planejamento de esquemas de combate a esse vetor). Revista Brasileira de Malariología e Doenças Tropicals (Rio de Janeiro) 21:117-59.

  Petry, K., and H. Eisen 1989 Chagas’ disease: A model for the study of autoimmune diseases. Parasitology Today 5:11-116.

  Phillips, David R. 1990 Health and Health Care in the Third World. New York: John Wiley.

  Pinchin, R., A.M. Oliveira Filho, C.A. Muller, M.J. Figueiredo, A.P. Szumlewicz, and B. Gilbert 1978 Slow release insecticides for triatomine control: activity and persistence. Revista Brasileira Malariologia e Doenças Tropicals (Rio de Janeiro) 30:45-55.

  Pinchin, R., A.M. Oliveira Filho, C.A.C. Ayala, and B. Gilbert 1978a Slow release insecticides for triatomine control: preliminary field trials. Revista Brasileira Malariologia e Doenças Tropicals (Rio de Janeiro) 30:57-63.

  Pipkin, A.C. 1968 Domiciliary reduviid bugs and epidemiology of Chagas’ disease in Panama (Hemiptera: Reduvidae: Triatominae). Journal of Medical Entomology 5:107.

  . 1969 The transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by arthropod vectors: Anterior versus posterior route infection. International Review of Tropical Medicine (New York) 3:1-47.

  Pippin, W.F. 1970 The biology and vector capability of Triatoma sanguisuga texana Usinger and Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal) compared with Rhodnius prolixus (Stal) (Hemiptera: Triatominae). Journal of Medical Entomology 7:30-45.

  Pizarro, Pedro 1921 Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru. New York: Cortés Society.

  Pless, M., D. Juranek, P. Kozarsky, F. Steurer, G. Tapia, H. Bermúdez 1992 The epidemiology of Chagas’ disease in a hyperendemic area of Cochabamba, Bolivia: A clinical study including electrocardiography, seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi, xenodiagnosis, and domiciliary triatomine distribution. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 5:539-46.

  Ponce, C. 1984 Prevalencia de la enfermedad de Chagas en Honduras. Paper presented at a meeting concerning Chagas’ disease. November.

  Ponce, C., and R. Zeled6n 1973 La enfermedad de Chagas en Honduras. Boletin Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana 75 (3): 239.

  Presencia 1997 Los millonarios sueldos de los “technócratas.” Presencia, May 11, p. 12.

  Quinteros, Z.T., M.C. Troncoso, N. Arnesi, G. Boggio, and S. Sánchez 1990 Comportamientos migratorios en donantes de sangre y su relación con infección chagásica. Cuadernos Médicos Sociedad 54:3-14.

  Rabinovitch, J.E., J.A. Leal, D. Pinero, and D.P. Feliciangeli 1979 Domiciliary biting frequency and blood ingestion of the Chagas’ disease vector Rhodnius prolixus Stahl (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Venezuela. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73 (3): 273-83.

  Ramirez, L.E., E. Lages-Silva, G.M. Pianetti, R.M. Rabelo, J.O. Bordin, and H. Moraes-Souza 1995 Prevention of transfusion-associated Chagas’ disease by sterilization of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected blood with gentian violet, ascorbic acid, and light. Transfusion 35 (3): 226-30.

  Rassi, A. 1977 Clinica: Fase aguda. In Trypanosoma cruzi e Doença de Chagas, ed. Z. Brener and Z.A. Andrade, 249-361. Rio de Janeiro: Editoria Guanabara Koogan.

  . 1991 Evoluçâo da cardiopatia chagásica crónica humana no sertâo do estado da Paraiba, Brasil, no periodo de 4, 5 anos. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 24 (4): 257.

  Rassi, A., and J.M. Rezende 1976 Prevention of transmission of T. cruzi by blood transfusion. In American Trypanosomiasis Research vol. 318, 273-78. Washington: Pan American Health Organization.

  Ratermann, David 1997 Overview of Bolivian Reality. Cochabamba, Bolivia: Instituto de Idiomas.

  Ready, P.D., and M.A. Miles 1980 Delimitation of Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes by numerical taxonomy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74:238-42.

  Recacoechea, Mario

  . 1979 A study of 39 cases of acute Chagas disease in Santa Cruz. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 34 (3-4): 53-58.

  Recacoechea, Mario, Aimé De Muynck, Hugo Zuna, Anibal Rivero, Alfredo Romero, Hernán Bermudez, Billy Melgar, and Benjamin Ribera 1979 Estudio Epidemiológico, Clinico y Terapéutico del Chagas Agudo en Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Boletin Informativo del CENETROP 5:2-16.

  Recacoechea, M., H. Bermúdez, H. Zuna, and C. La Fuente 1980 A propósito de 4 casos de chagas agudo no detectados por los examenes directos de laboratorio. Boletin Informativo CENETROP 6:20-24.

  Regalsky, Pablo 1997 Interview by J. Bastien, Cochabamba, Bolivia, May 5, tape recording.

  Reyes, M.B., G.D. Pollevick, and A.C. Frasch 1994 An unusually small gene encoding a putative mucin-like glycoprotein in Trypanosoma cruzi. Genetics 140 (1): 139-40.

  Reyes Varas, Victor 1988 El Castellano Popular en Tarija Segunda edicion. Tarija: n.p.

  Reynolds, James E.F. 1986 Nifurtimox. In Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, ed. James E.F. Reynolds, vol. 29, 673. London: Pharmaceutical Press.

  . 1986 Benznidazole. In Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, ed. James E. F. Reynol
ds, vol. 29, 660. London: Pharmaceutical Press.

  Rezende, J.M. 1963 The endemic South-American megaeoesophagus. Congress International of Gastroenteritis (Basel, New York) 2:60-74.

  Rezende, J.M., and A. Rassi 1958 Comprometimento do esofago na moléstia de Chagas: Megaesofago e cardiopatia. O Hospital 53:1-6.

  Ribeiro-dos-Santos, R., and L. Hudson 1980 Trypanosoma cruzi: Binding of parasite antigens to mammalian cell membranes. Parasite Immunology 2:1-10.

  Ribeiro-dos-Santos, R., A. Rassi, and A. Köberle 1980 Chagas’ disease. Antibiótica et Chemotherapia 30:115-34.

  Ribeiro-dos-Santos, R., M.A. Rossi, J.L. Laus, J. Silva Santana, W. Savino, and J. Mengel 1992 Anti-CD4 abrogates rejection and reestablishes long-term tolerance to syngeneic newborn hearts grafted in mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Experimental Medicine 175:29-39.

  Ritvo, Harriet 1987 The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Rivas, Daniel, Freddy Martinez, Ariel Sempertegui, Fernando Diaz Romero, and Maria Del Carmen Camacho 1990 Evaluación de Medio Termino: Proyecto Control de Chagas en Chuquisaca. Sucre: Catholic Relief Services and Programa de Coordinación en superviviencia infantil.

  Rodriguez Rivas, Julio 1978 Consideraciones sobre enfermedad de Chagas. In Enfermedad de Chagas, ed. Alfredo Romero Dávalos, 39-45. La Paz: Editorial Los Amigos del Libro.

  Rothhammer, F., M.J.Allison, L. Nufiez, V. Standen, and B. Arriaza 1985 Chagas’ disease in Pre-Columbian South America. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68:495-98.

  Rowe, John H. 1946 Inca culture at the time of the Spanish Conquest. In Handbook of South American Indians, ed. Julian H. Steward, vol. 2, 183-330. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology.

  . 1967 What kind of settlement was Inca Cuzco? Presentation at the 11th Annual Meeting of the Kroeber Anthropological Society, Berkeley, California, April 22, 1967.

  Ruiz, R.C., V.L. Rigoni, J. Gonzales, and N. Yoshida 1993 The 35/50 kDa surface antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes, an adhesion molecule involved in host cell invasion. Parasite Immunology 15 (2): 121-25.