Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris
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Austrian Federal Army, 523
Austro-Hungarian empire, H’s view of, 81
authoritarianism, 73, 379, 441
‘Axis’, 583
Bach, Isidor, 146
Bad Godesberg, 484, 512, 513
Bad Harzburg, 356
Bad Wiessee, 512, 513, 514, 515
Baden, 309, 318–19, 462, 708n.
Badeni reforms (1897), 32
Balkan countries, 762n.
Ballerstedt, Otto, 175–6, 659n.
Bamberg, Upper Franconia, 121, 274–8, 288, 294
Bank of German Labour (Bank der deutschen Arbeit), 536
Bapaume, 96
‘Barlow-Palais’, Munich see‘Brown House’, Nazi Party headquarters, Munich
Barth, Karl, 432
Bauhaus, 258
Baumann, Professor, 126
Baur, Hans, 494
Bavaria: anti-Italian feeling, 291; anti-Prussian feeling, 85, 95, 99, 150; a bastion of the conservative Right, 115; ‘cell of order’, 159, 169, 171, 172; commissary government ministers, 462; conditions in (1923), 202; Einwohnerwehr units, 154; and the emergency decree, 460; fear and hatred of Bolshevism, 115; H banned from public speaking, 269, 292; H visits local party branches, 269–70; Himmler’s power-base, 540; House of Wittelsbach falls, 111; H’s speeches in, 299; Ministry of the Interior, 200, 513; National Council, 109; nationalist Right in, 128; opposition to Weimar democracy, 169; paramilitary politics, 170–71, 172; police, 205, 208, 209, 216, 664n., 673n.; Protestant Churches, 575; provisional government, 112–13; and the refounded NSDAP, 265; and Reich Governors, 469; religiosity, 145, 262; revolution in, 112–14, 116; ruling triumvirate, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 210, 212–13, 215; scale of arrests in (1933), 463; separatism, 126, 155; state elections (1932), 363, 364; state of emergency, 202, 679n.; and strong-arm tactics, 456; Supreme Court, 237, 238, 239; tension with the Reich, 175, 197; völkisch vote, 229; War Ministry, 301; ‘white-blue’ Bavarian separatists, 115, 171, 172
Bavarian army: H joins, 89–90; and the putsch (1923), 205, 208, 210, 666n.
Bavarian Peasants’ League see Bayerischer Bauernbund
Bavarian People’s Party seeΒVP
Bavarian Political Police, 478, 485, 757n.
Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16see List Regiment
Bayerische Reichswehr Gruppenkommando Nr 4 (‘Gruko’), 121
Bayerischer Bauernbund (Bavarian Peasants’ League), 333
Bayerischer Hof, 188
Bayernbund, 175
Bayreuth, 22; H at, 188, 270, 522, 610n.
BDM see Bund deutscher Mädel
Bechstein, Carl, 188, 283, 299, 653n., 660n.
Bechstein, Frau Helene, 188, 283, 299, 653n.
Beck, General Ludwig, 442, 511, 548, 550, 584
Beelitz, near Berlin, 95, 101
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 42, 552
beggars, 541
Belgium, 194, 510, 548, 587;see also Flanders
Bellini, Vincenzo, 42
Bendt, Oberleutnant, 125
Benn, Gottfried, 480
Berchtesgaden, Bavarian Alps, 183, 188, 199, 209, 270, 282, 283, 284,370, 661n.
Berghof, Obersalzberg, xxvi, 283, 536, 750n.
Berlin, 81, 740n.; antagonism towards, 171, 172; antisemitism, 562; architecture, 82; the Berlin Gau, 327; council elections, 319; extreme Right schemes to march on, 201–2; faction-ridden Berlin party, 296; general strike over Leviné, 114; growth of, 31; H on leave during the First World War, 96, 101; Hanisch tells H about, 53; Herrenklub, 413; H’s rooms, 12; H’s schemes for rebuilding, 361; Karl-Liebknecht-Haus, 457, 460; Kroll Opera House, 465, 587; Lustgarten, 287; ‘Marxist’ government, 150; metalworkers’ strike (1930), 358; munitions strike, 101; Opernplatz, 483; police, 350, 577; Presidential Palace, 373; ‘red’ districts, 303; the SA in, 347–50, 371, 372, 422, 426, 433, 501; Sportpalast, 304, 305, 330, 331, 347, 361, 362, 388, 418, 452, 453, 454, 490; State Opera House, 545, 552; Tempelhofer Feld, 476; torchlight procession (1933), 433–4; transport workers’ strike, 390–91, 439; and Vienna, 31; Wall, xx
Berliner Arbeiter-Zeitung (Berlin Workers’ Newspaper), 296
Berliner Börsen-Zeitung, 358
Bernstein, Eduard, 36
Bertram, Ernst, 181, 481
Best, Werner, 365, 541
Bethel, Westphalia, 489
Betreibsräte see‘Works Councils’
Beuthen, 382, 383
Beyschlag, Rudolf, 123–4, 126
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, xxv, 33, 184, 289, 464, 470, 477, 704n.; dimisssed, 77; H criticizes, 486; Kulturkampf, 76; as national hero, 77; ‘revolution from above’, 73; Unification, 76; Erinnerungen (Thoughts and Memories), 240
Bismarck cult, 77, 180, 181, 484
Black Front, 329
‘Black Reichswehr’, 665n.
Blackshirts, 180
Blank, Herbert, 335
Blaue, Reiter, Der, 82
Bloch, Dr Eduard, 12, 23, 24, 63, 103
Blomberg, General Werner von, 443, 445, 446, 459, 464, 509, 550, 551, 584–7, 589; accepts the ‘Aryan paragraph’ for the officer corps, 504; aims to keep the Reichswehr out of politics, 422, 438; blunt warning to H, 511; and expansionism, 548–9; forbids officers to attend Schleicher’s funeral, 521; Geneva talks, 491–4; at ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’, 552; Hindenburg recommends for the Defence Ministry, 420; H’s dependency on, 503; introduces the NSDAP’s emblem into the army, 504; invites H to address military leaders, 441; and the ‘Law on the Head of State of the German Reich’, 524; and the oath of unconditional loyalty, 525; praises H, 517, 518; and rearmament, 444; and the Röhm ‘evidence’, 512; and SA deployment, 505
Blomberg–Fritsch crisis (1938), 529
‘Blood and Soil’ (Blut und Boden), 333
‘Blood Flag’, 279
Blood Law, 567, 569, 571, 761n.
‘blood-value’, 289
Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, 554
Blüml, Johann, 120
Bodelschwingh, Friedrich von, 489
Boehm, Max Hildebert, 136
Boer War, 15
Bohemia, 3; Czech language equality with German, 32, 33; Hitler Youth, 387; National Socialist movement emerges (1904), 625n.; and Social Democracy, 36
Bolle, Ewald, 124
Bolshevism, xxiii, 152, 190, 235, 339, 390, 457, 508, 541, 569; Britain and, 553; Catholics and, 547; ‘cultural’, 482; fear of, 115, 413, 426; H attacks, 151, 440, 442; and H’s ‘world-view’, 104; Jews and, 112, 115, 151, 152, 177, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250, 275, 410, 760n.; national, 271; Rosenberg’s antipathy towards, 246; Rothermere on, 336; and the Russian civil war, 115
Bonn, 295
Bormann, Martin, 506
Borsig, Ernst von, 190
Bose, Herbert von, 508–9, 512, 515, 745n.
Bosnia, annexation of (1908), 620n.
Bouhler, Philipp, 271, 300
Boxheimer Documents, 365
Boxheimer Hof, Hessen, 365
Brahms, Johannes, 42
Brandenburg, 297
Brandmayer, Balthasar, 92–3, 94, 95, 101, 119, 634n.
Braun, Eva, xxvi, 284, 352, 355, 388, 535, 635n.
Braun, Otto, 368, 727n.
Braunau am Inn, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15
Braunschweig, 356
Brecht, Bertolt, 258, 482
Bredow, Major-General Ferdinand von, 515, 519, 745n.
Bremen, 462
Bremen (a steamer), 569
Breslau, 330, 334, 362, 472
Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 247, 677n
Brigade Epp, 174
Britain: Admiralty, 556; Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), 556–8; and Bolshevism, 553; disarmament talks (1933), 491, 493; Eden’s talks with H, 553, 554–5; and the eugenics movement, 79; in the First World War, 94, 95, 96; Foreign Office, 554, 556, 557; as foreign-policy target, 150, 151; and France, 247, 543, 583–4; and German rearmament, 549, 552–3; German rivalry with, 78; H considers allying with, 246, 275; H’s hostility to, 246; imperialism, 79; parliamentary democra
cy, 74; and the Rhineland, 584, 589; and the Ruhr occupation, 246; sense of nationhood, 76; social Darwinism, 78; support against Russia, 247, 249; survival of democracy, 317, 318; world trading policy against, 249
British Empire, 553, 556
broadcasting, 386, 433, 440, 452–3, 456, 511, 553, 562, 760n.
Brodsky, Louis, 760n.
Broszat, Martin, xi
‘Brown House’, Nazi Party headquarters, Munich, 328, 343, 344, 392, 485, 514, 703n.
Brownshirts, 329
Bruckmann, Frau Elsa, 187–8, 282, 299, 353
Bruckmann, Hugo, 187, 282, 299
Bruckner, Anton, 42
Brückner, Wilhelm (H’s adjutant), 202, 388, 485, 513, 673n.
Brüning, Heinrich, 361, 365, 379, 384, 394, 407, 449, 467–8, 492, 717n.; decision to dissolve the Reichstag, 324–5, 328; his downfall, 366–7, 416; and the emergency decree, 349, 355; finance policy expert, 323–4; growing disillusionment with his administration, 358; meeting with H, 338–9; and the ‘proscription list’, 743–4n.; replaces Müller as Reich Chancellor, 322, 324; and Schacht, 357; and the SPD, 335
Brunner, Alfred, 138
Buch, Major Walter, 226, 327
Bucharest, 7
Büchner, Frau, 188, 282–3
Büchner, Herr, 282–3
Buchrucker, Major Bruno, 665n.
Bullock, Alan, xi, xiii, xiv
Bülow, Bernhard Wilhelm von, 493, 543, 544
Bund Bayern und Reich, 172, 177, 662n. Bund Blücher, 197
Bund deutscher Mädel (BDM; German Girls’ League), 433
Bund Oberland, 172, 193, 197, 199, 204, 666n.
Burg Werfenstein, 50
Bürgerbräukeller, Rosenheimerstraße, Munich, 144, 183, 205–10, 213, 215, 217–18, 266, 276, 304
Bussche-Ippenburg, Erich Freiherr von, 442
Buttmann, Rudolf, 267
BVP (Bavarian People’s Party), 197, 213, 269, 303, 304, 334, 364, 384, 423, 478, 488, 723n.
Café Fahrig, Munich, 88
Café Heck, Galerienstraße, Munich, 158, 342, 343, 352, 353
Café Neumaier, Munich, 158, 187, 352
Café Stephanie, Amalienstraße, Munich, 84
Cambrai, 96
camouflage organizations, 226
capitalism, xxii, 448–9; Fedler’s ideas on, 123, 125; H’s portrayal by the Left, 412; international, 34; ‘Jewish’, 123, 138, 152, 245, 288; and Lueger’s antisemitism, 35; the SA and, 560;see also anti-capitalism
Caputh, Brandenburg, 372
car industry, 450–52
Castro, Fidel, xxv
Catholic Action, 515, 521
Catholic Church, 5, 10, 467; clashes with H’s régime, 435, 582; Dinter and, 298; the international power of, 263; Ludendorff attacks, 262; radicals and, 560–61; and the Rhineland, 588; Schönerer and, 34, 58
Catholicism/Catholics, 375; apprehensive about H, 432; and attacks on the Churches, 562; and Bolshevism, 547; Catholics as targeted ‘outsiders’ under Bismarck, 76; H accused of making concessions to, 265; and Kulturkampf, 76; and ‘Marxists’, 456; and the NSDAP vote, 334, 461; political Catholicism, 85, 392, 426, 475, 478, 488; popular Catholicism, 35; in the Saar, 546, 547; and the sterilization law, 487; view of H, 412; youth organizations, 408
Centraiverein (Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith), 411
Centre Party, 269
Cerruti, Vittorio, 551
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de: Don Quichote, 41
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 135, 151, 187, 240, 660n.; Grundlagen des 19. Jahrhunderts (Foundations of the 19th Century), 78
Champagne, 96
‘Charismatic leadership’, xiii, xix, xxvi
Chemnitz-Zwickau, 334
Christian Social Party, 34, 35, 65
Churches: escalating struggle, 581; political compromises of, 435–6; the rights of, 467;see also Catholic Church; Protestant Churches
Churchill, Winston S., xix, xxv, 755n.
Circus Krone, Munich, 129, 149, 157, 164, 165, 192, 197, 198, 286, 288, 292, 293
Citizens’ Defence Force see Einwohnerwehr
Citizens’ Defence Forces, 170
civil service: demands for reform of, 111; Jews dismissed, 474; as a potential career for H, 16, 17, 18
Claß, Heinrich (‘Daniel Frymann’), 100–101, 248, 310; Wenn ich der Kaiser wär (If I were the Kaiser), 80
Clausewitz, Karl Marie von, 158
Coburg, Bavaria, 178, 309, 389
Coburger National-Zeitung,389
Cold War, xx
Cologne, 588, 589
Cologne-Aachen, 461, 740n.
Comines, 96
Comintern Congress (Moscow, 1935), 568, 569
Committee for Work Creation, 444
Communism: loathing and fear of, 409, 456; Soviet, 113, 245, 286,see also Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD)
‘community of struggle’, 290
‘comrades of the people’ (Volksgenossen), 316, 330
concentration camps: deaths in, 540; expansion, 540;see also individual camps
‘Confessing Church’, 490 conscription, 441, 549, 550, 551–2, 555, 567
conservatism, Prussian, 464
constitutional monarchy, 74
Conti, Dr Leonardo, 487
‘coordination’ (Gleichschaltung), 479
Corinth, Lovis, 81
Corswant-Cuntzow, Walther von, 263
Councils Republic see Räterepublik
‘Councils of Trust’ (Vertrauensräte), 507
Cramer-Klett, Theodor Freiherr von, 262
Cuno, Reich Chancellor Wilhelm, 191, 195, 200, 357, 658n.
Czechoslovakia/Czechs, 548; agitation against Czech workers, 59, 135; anti-Czech feeling, 63; Austrian concessions made to (1890s), 18, 32, 33; and German rearmament, 552; national socialist parties, 161
Dachau, 463–4, 516, 740n.
DAF see Deutsche Arbeitsfront
Dahlem, Berlin, 415, 490
Daily Mail, 184, 336, 547
Dante Alighieri, 41
Danzig (Gdańsk), 248, 387, 543–4
DAP see German Workers’ Party
Darmstädter Bank, 355
Darré, R. Walther, 333, 370, 507, 534, 577–80
David, Anton, 626n.
Dawes, Charles G., 212
Dawes Plan, 212, 257, 309, 330
‘Day of National Labour’, 476
‘Day of Potsdam’, 464–5, 476
‘Day of Awakening Nation’, 461
DDP (Deutsche Demokratische Partei), 356, 477
death camps, 434;see also concentration camps
death penalty, 411, 460
‘Decree for the Protection of the German People’, 439
Defence Law (1935), 564
Delmer, Sefton, 399
democracy, 104, 136, 137, 192, 289, 324, 326, 726n.; attack on, 295, 304, 305, 309, 316, 317, 318, 330, 335, 424–5, 441, 453; disillusionment with, 306–7; Germanic, 294; Lanz von Liebenfels and, 50; and leaders of big business, 358; liberal, 286; liberal bourgeoisie feels threatened by, 31; parliamentary, 74–5, 111, 330, 481; pluralistic, 302, 412; populist, 35; Schönerer and, 33, 34; survival of, 317, 318; the Weimar Republic and, 73–4, 293
Depression, 259, 309, 317, 319, 320, 322, 404, 406–11, 424, 425, 432, 484, 702n.