by Ian Kershaw
Gestapa see Office of the Prussian Secret State Police Gestapo
(Secret State Police), 561; anti-Jewish legislation, 564; arrests Edgar Jung, 512; attacks Communists, 763n., 764n; confiscates H’s postcards to Bloch, 626–7n.; H backs, 540; inquiries into H’s family background, 9; and the SA purges, 519
Giesler, Hermann, 15
Glassl, Anna see Hitler, Anna
Godin, Deputy Commander Freiherr von, 96
Goebbels, Joseph, 339, 347, 370–71, 374, 393, 394, 416, 417–18, 421, 422, 486, 502, 507, 512–13, 534, 555, 576, 580, 590; and the 1930 Reichstag elections, 333–4; ambition, 271; and anti-Jewish legislation, 564; antisemitism, 560; appointed Propaganda Leader of the Nazi Party, 325, 326; attacks ‘asphalt culture’, 306; bans H’s image on commercial products, 484; at Berchtesgaden, 283; and book-burning, 483; in the bunker, 277; and counter-boycott of Jewish stores, 473; criticizes H, 275, 326, 327, 328, 361; his ‘Damascus’, 276; and the ‘Day of the Awakening Nation’, 461; and the ‘Day of Potsdam’, 464; diary, xiii; discusses seizure of power with H, 371; edits Der Angriff, 296; edits Nationalsozialistische Briefe, 273; and finances, 369, 386; as Gauleiter of Berlin, 277; in Geneva, 740n.; and Göring, 350; and Gregor Strasser, 396, 398–9, 402; and Horst Wessel, 325–6; on H’s dog, Blondi, 635n.; and H’s presidential candidacy, 361, 362–3; idolizes H, 276, 277, 279, 283–4, 295, 389; inferiority complex, 271; and the legality commitment, 704n.; and the Leipzig Reichswehr trial, 338; and Levetzow’s dismissal, 562; makes his peace with Streicher, 276; organizes the 1930 electoral campaign, 329; and Otto Strasser, 327; and Papen’s Marburg speech, 509, 510; private audiences with H, 485; Propaganda Minister, 271, 479–80; radio broadcast, 453; Reichstag deputy, 303; and the Reichstag fire, 457; and the Rhineland, 585–9; and the SA, 347, 349–50, 365, 372; and the Saar, 546; and the state elections (1932), 364; and the Strassers, 325–6; torchlight processions, 433, 461; the transport workers’ strike, 390–91
Goerdeler, Carl, 578, 579, 581, 763–4n.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 41
Golz, Count von der, 310
Göring, Hermann, 370, 416, 417, 418, 419, 464, 471, 500, 505, 506, 670n.; announces the existence of a German air-force, 549; and the anti-Jewish legislation, 570; appointed Reichstag President, 384–5; and businessmen, 358, 447–8; connections, 183, 712n.; dissuades H from attending Horst Wessel’s funeral, 696–7n.; and the Enabling Act, 466; and foreign exchange, 579; and Goebbels, 350; and invasion of the Rhineland, 584; and Karl-Liebknecht-Haus, 460; lavish lifestyle, 359; leader of the SA, 183; and Otto Strasser, 327; and the personality cult, 183; police terror against the Left in Prussia, 443; and the Potempa murders, 382; private audiences with H, 485; Prussian Minister President, 470; and purge of the SA, 515, 516, 517; and the putsch attempt, 206–7, 211; Reichstag deputy, 303, 713n.; and the Reichstag fire, 457–8; and the Rhineland, 484, 585; and Schacht, 356; Gregor Strasser on, 398; and the vote of no confidence in the government, 385–6; war hero, 183
Göttingen, 271, 682n.
Graefe, Albrecht, 297; claims the leadership of the völkisch movement with Ludendorff, 232; and the DVFP, 227; Freedom Party, 264; and H’s alleged breach of trust, 263; H’s temporary agreement with, 227; leads the DVFP, 227, 264; question of a leadership triumvirate, 233, 234; stronghold at Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 228, 229
Graf, Ulrich, 158, 159, 178, 206, 209, 647n., 649n.
Grandel, Dr Gottfried, 155
Grauert, Ludwig, 459
Graz, rumours of H’s Jewish background, 8, 9
‘Greater German National Community’see Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft
Greifswald, 308
Greiner, Josef, 58, 616n., 618n., 614n.; fabricated account, 30, 51, 58, 64, 616n., 618n., 624n,; and Hanisch, 624n.; and Ostara, 51
Grill (ex-Catholic priest), 51
Grimm, Hans: Volk ohne Kaum (People without Space), 248
Groener, Wilhelm, 323, 361, 365, 366
Grohé, Josef, 560, 561
Groédeutsche Volksgemeinshaft (GVG; ‘Greater German National Community’), 226, 233, 234, 264, 267, 271, 681n.
Grosz, George, 258
‘Gruko’see Bayerische Reichswehr
Gruppenkommando Nr 4
Gründgens, Gustav, 480
Günther, Dr Hans, 319
Gürtner, Franz, 198, 262, 372, 501, 518, 540, 564, 670n., 727n.
Gustloff, Wilhelm, 573
Gutmann, Leutnant Hugo, 96, 637n.
Gütt, Dr Arthur, 487
GVG see Groédeutsche Volksgemeinschaft
‘Gymnastic and Sports Section’, 147
gypsies, 541
Haase, Ludolf, 227, 229, 230, 231, 241, 252–3, 272
Habicht, Theo, 522, 523, 524
‘habitual criminals’, 541
Habsburg army, 620n.
Habsburg court, 61
Habsburg empire: anti-Habsburg feelings, 17; Austrian Germans, 32, 33; the Austrian ‘half, 32; constitutional arrangement (1867), 32; in crisis, 31, 32–3; H’s hatred of, 81, 85; the Hungarian ‘half, 32; Lueger and, 35; parliament, 33, 49; power in, 32; Schönerer’s programme, 34; universal male suffrage, 33, 36
Hafeld, Fischlham, near Lambach, 14
Haffner, Sebastian, 377, 427
HAFRABA see Association for the Preparation of the Motorway (Autostraée) Hansestädte-Frankfurt-Basel
Hagen, Westphalia, 273
Hamburg, 201, 230, 286, 287, 355, 363–4, 462, 740n., 750n.
Hamburger Nationalklub, 286, 357, 681n.
Hamm, Westphalia, 264
‘Hammerbund’, 630n.
Hammerstein-Equord, General Kurt Freiherr von, 422, 441, 442, 521
Hammitzsch, Angela (née Hitler, then Raubal; H’s half-sister), 10, 14, 25, 37, 283, 353, 706n. handicapped, the, 79
Hanfstaengl, Egon, 261
Hanfstaengl, Ernst, ‘Putzi’, 158, 183, 186–7, 189, 206, 211, 216, 242, 261, 281, 282, 338–43, 369, 399, 457, 485, 686n.
Hanfstaengl, Helene, 187, 211, 281, 351
Hanisch, Reinhold, 30, 52–3, 57; antisemitism, 66–7; as ‘Fritz Walter’, 53, 56, 623n.; and H’s antisemitism, 27, 63, 66; and H’s encounter with a milkmaid, 44–5; jailed, 56; meets H, 52–3; sells H’s paintings, 54, 55–6
Hanover, 264, 274, 296, 334, 479
Harrer, Karl, 138–44
Harzburg Front, 356, 362
Hassell, Ulrich von, 581, 583, 584, 585
Haug, Jenny, 352
Hauptmann, Gerhart, 480
Haus Wachenfeld, Obersalzberg, 283, 351, 355, 536
Haus Wahnfried, Bayreuth, 188
Haushofer, Professor Karl, 159, 248–9
Häusler, Rudolf, 68, 83, 84
Hearst press, 338
Heidegger, Martin, 481
Heiden, Konrad, 118–20
Heiligendamm, 562, 747n. Heilmann and Littmann (Munich construction firm), 83
Heim, Dr Georg, 463
Heine, Heinrich, 64, 483
Heines, Edmund, 382, 514, 516, 520
Heinrichsbauer, August, 690n. Heié, Captain, 195, 664n. Held, Dr Heinrich, 213, 262–3, 264
Helldorf, Wolf Heinrich Graf von, 371, 562
Henkel, 381
Henning, Wilhelm, 227, 263
Hepp, Ernst, 90, 93
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 41
Hermann the Cherusker, 77 ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’, 552, 581
Herzl, Theodor, 32
Herzogpark, Munich, 261
Heé, Ilse, 675n.
Heé, Rudolf, 225, 251, 252, 414, 502, 506, 545, 586; and anti-Jewish legislation, 565, 571; at Berchtesgaden, 283; besotted with N, 159; as Deputy Leader of the NSDAP, 120; given veto rights, 538; on H, 129, 159, 165; and Haushofer, 248, 249; heads Political Central Commission, 401; as H’s deputy, 538; as H’s private secretary, 120, 279; and the leader-cult, 294; at loggerheads with Ley, 537; and Ludendorff, 195, 659n., 679n; and Mein Kampf, 242, 686n.; and parliamentarianism, 228; as part of H’s inner circle, 158; and the putsch attempt, 206, 208; release from La
ndsberg, 262; as a student, 158, 159; threatening broadcast, 511; in the Thule-Society, 138; wants to be allowed to shoot Röhm, 514, 515
Hessen, 355, 363, 368, 462, 527, 708n.
Hewel, Walter, 294
Heydrich, Reinhard, 463, 500, 506, 511, 515, 540, 652n.; commands the SS security police, 462; head of the Bavarian Political Police, 462
Hiedler, Eva Marie (wife of Johann Nepomuk), 6, 7
Hiedler (Hüttler), Johann Nepomuk: ‘adopts’ Alois, 5, 6; and Alois’s change of surname, 5; death, 6; as grandfather of H’s mother, 9; his possible paternity of H’s father, 6–7, 9; spelling of his surname, 7
Hiedler, Johann Georg: and Alois’s change of surname, 5; death, 3, 5; employed as a miller’s journeyman, 3, 7; his possible paternity of H’s father, 5, 6, 9; marriage to H’s paternal grandmother, 3, 5, 6, 7
Hiedler, Maria Anna (née Schicklgruber; H’s paternal grandmother), 7; birth of Alois, 3, 8; death (1847), 3; and H’s alleged Jewish background, 8; marriage to Johann Georg Hiedler, 3, 5, 6, 7
Hilferding, Rudolf, 336
Himmler, Heinrich, xxvii, 50, 414, 417, 500, 511, 512, 516, 706n.; appearance, 301; appointed to lead the SS, 301, 540; Bavarian Political Police, 478, 485; and Brown House, 392; commander of the Munich police, 462; and Dachau, 464; as Deputy Reich Propaganda Leader, 301, 309; power-base in Bavaria, 540; private audiences with H, 485; and the Prussian Gestapo, 506; and Röhm’s murder, 301
Hindemith, Paul, 258
Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von Beneckendorff und von, 146, 323, 324, 357, 359, 361, 366, 367, 370, 379, 384, 385, 392, 405, 413, 421, 422, 424, 450, 461, 474, 501, 508, 510, 511, 512, 518; agrees to a Hitler cabinet, 420; asks H to restore order in the SA, 501; asks Papen to resume office, 395; the choice of women, 409; death, 435, 436, 500, 521, 524–6, 529; dissolves military-like organizations of the NSDAP, 365; elected Reich President, 269; favours Papen, 394, 396, 414, 419, 424, 500; grants H the dissolution of the Reichstag, 439; H is sworn in as Chancellor, 423; H’s contempt for, 393; as the link between the past and the present, 465; and the Osthilfe scandal, 416–17; presidential elections (1932), 359, 361, 362, 363; and the Protestant Church, 489; refuses to appoint H to the Chancellorship, 371, 373–4, 380, 381, 383, 393, 394–5, 415, 418–19; and the SA purges, 517; seriously ill, 509; succession issue, 500; supreme commander of the army, 500; view of Nazis, 356; watches the torchlight procession (1933), 434
Hindenburg, Oskar von, 417, 418, 422, 512
Hirschgarten, Munich, 197
Hitler, Adolf, admiration for Wagner, 21–2, 42–3, 55; adulation for, 131, 132, 181, 184, 223, 224, 251, 484, 486, 534, 591; aims to become an architect, 24, 25, 82, 87, 127, 170; aims to become an artist, 17–18, 22, 23, 26, 48, 170, 625n.; alleged Jewish background, 7–9; alleged monorchism, 45; and Angela Raubal, 283, 284, 351–5, 703n.; announces his decision to withdraw from politics, 230–31, 232; anti-parliamentarism, 33, 34, 228; appearance, 16, 21, 23, 47, 52, 53, 56, 59, 86, 92, 148, 159, 187, 188, 189, 280, 281–2, 284, 337, 367, 609n; appointed Chancellor, 423, 426, 431, 434, 436; attitude towards women, 44–7, 235, 281, 284, 343, 351–5; autopsy, 45; avoidance of militiary service, 68, 81, 82–3, 85–6; becomes the leader of the radical Right, 259; birth (20 April 1889), 10–11; his cabinet, 420–21, 422; candidacy for president, 361; character of his power, xxvi—xxviii; chaste lifestyle, 44; and the Churches, 625n.; claim to be Germany’s coming ‘great leader’, 65; cultural taste, 82; daily routine as Chancellor, 485–6; death of his father, 19; death of his mother, 24, 26, 102, 103; decision to parole H, 235–9; denounces Röhm as a traitor, 514; diet, 47, 261–2; dog-whips given to H, 188; and dogs, 93; drawing aptitude, 16, 19; as ‘drummer’ of the national cause, 157, 167, 169, 170, 183, 184, 185, 218, 219, 224, 250, 263; early childhood, 11–15, 87, 631n.; education, 14–20, 62; entry into politics, 109, 117; failed putsch see under putsch attempt; first involvement in counterrevolutionary activity, 109; first visits Vienna (1906), 22–3; and the First World War see under First World War; foreign policy, 246–7, 252, 275, 277, 285–6, 291, 441, 490–94, 527, 531, 542–58, 559, 591; and Frontbann, 231; German citizenship, 238, 362; ‘German Flights’, 363, 369, 388; hatred for the Social Democrats, 36, 55, 58, 59; as ideologue, xxviii; images of, 412; imprisoned for breach of the peace, 175–6, 236, 659n.; indolent lifestyle, 20–23, 25–6; influenced by Lueger, 31, 34, 35, 55; influenced by Social Democracy, 36; influenced by Schönerer, 18, 33–4, 55; inheritance from his father, 25, 68; interned in Landsberg (1924), 29, 183, 203, 211, 212, 217, 219, 223, 224, 226, 229–32, 234, 235, 238–41, 245, 248–53, 261, 279, 281, 294, 616n., 621n., 703n.; isolation of, 279–80, 533–4; last days in the bunker, 12, 60, 125; on the Leader and the Idea, 326; lifestyle as Führer, 360, 534–7; lives rough in Vienna, 52, 58; loathes Brüning, 339; May Day affair (1923), 196–8; ‘mission’ to save Germany, 103, 240, 251, 252, 280, 291, 297, 530; nationalism, 17, 18, 49, 81, 119, 128; official genealogy, 603–4n.; orphan’s pension, 25, 38, 46, 47–8, 52; patronage, 122, 128, 132–3; petition demanding H’s appointment as Chancellor, 392–3; political awakening in Munich (1919), 67; political leadership of the Kampfbund, 199–200; presidential candidacy, 361–3; programmatist/politician combination, 251–2, 253; as Propaganda Leader of the Nazi Party, 300–301; rapid rise to prominence, 131; rationalizes his prejudices, 104–5; his reading, 41–2, 84, 157–8, 240; recipe for success, 311; rejected by the Vienna Academy, xxviii, 23–4, 38–9, 43, 48, 57; relationship with his father, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17; relationship with his mother, 12, 13, 23, 24; relinquishes his Austrian citizenship, 238; resolves to enter politics, 103, 105; rumours of alleged assassination threats, 199; rumours of his syphilis unfounded, 618n.; and the Second World War see under Second World War; sells paintings, 53, 54–5, 56, 64, 66, 67, 83–4; as sex symbol, xxvii; and smoking, 47, 92, 235, 343, 512, 704n.; sources of income, 360; statelessness, 238, 362; and Gregor Strasser’s resignation, 400–401; Supreme Commander of the armed forces, 524–5; at Traunstein, no, 116–17; Vienna’s influence, 26, 29, 30; his Weltanschauung, 125, 134, 541; ‘world-view’, xxviii, 29–30, 49, 60, 65, 67, 69, 104, 137, 153, 224, 240, 241, 243, 244, 250, 252, 280, 291, 292, 448
antisemitism
xxviii, 270, 471, 527, 570; becomes a Jew hater, 27, 29, 50–51, 60–67, 620n.; during the First World War, 94, 95; first known statements on, 51; fuses with anti-Bolshevism, 246; on its final aim, 125; in public speeches see under Hitler, Adolf: public speaker, question of his motivation, 604–5n., 606–7n., 611n.; and Der Stürmer, 179; in Vienna, 61–7, 104; and war for ‘living-space’, 241
personality
xxiv-xxvi; acting ability, 280–81, 344, 455; arrogance, 282; aversion to alcohol, 40, 47, 92, 235, 261–2, 343, 512, 606n., 703n.; cleanliness fetish, 56, 61, 622n., 625n.; courage, 92; detachment, xxv; development of, 13, 18; egocentrism/egomania, xxvii-xxviii, 48, 134, 147–8, 223, 251,281, 591; fantasist, 20, 21, 22,26, 38, 39, 40, 43, 48; hesitancy, 162, 325–8, 381, 449, 742n.; hyper-sensitive to personal criticism, 162; idleness, 18, 20, 26, 53, 55; inaccessibility, 343–4, 346; intelligence, xxiv; lack of a regular working pattern, 20, 39, 281, 343, 346, 535; love of music, 21, 42; manipulating, 67, 280, 281, 289; obsession with the grandiose, 38, 39, 40; opinionated, 18, 21, 40, 43, 48, 187, 345; opportunism, 120, 128, 252,302, 310, 342; personality shaped by Vienna and the First World War, 88; prima-donna histrionics, 162, 163; problems with personal relationships, 93, 133, 281; prudishness, 44, 45; rages, 17, 39, 48, 58, 162, 192, 202, 281, 326, 341, 513, 514, 553–4; restlessness, 281, 536; secretiveness, xxv; self-confidence, 24, 133, 147, 156–7, 185, 193, 216, 250, 342, 466, 531, 542; sexuality, 46, 187, 281, 352–3; stubbornness, 17, 18, 37; suicidal tendencies, xxviii; uncertainty, 162, 188, 275, 344; vegetarianism, 261–2, 343, 345; wit, 280, 282