by Ian Kershaw
public speaker
antisemitism, 124, 125, 146, 150, 151, 152, 197, 266, 288, 330; appeal to negative feelings, 150; banned from speaking in public (1925–7), 257, 269, 270, 288, 292, 293, 299, 304, 305, 677n.; belief that his way and no other would succeed, 132, 150; cuts down on his speaking engagements, 299; on dictatorship, 151; edition of speeches, xiii; first speaks at the DAP, 140; discovers his greatest talent at Lechfeld (1919), 124, 131; H on, 107, 124, 147; language, 145, 149, 151, 335; large crowds give him confidence, 133; on ‘living-space’, 247, 250, 288, 330; Mayr praises, 129; his notes, 149; ‘peace speech’ (21 May 1935), 555–6; performing skills, 280, 293; populist style, 107, 124; repetition, 150, 293; rhetorical talent, xxiv; simplicity, 134; strength of conviction, 132; his voice, 357
views on, and biographies of xxi-xxiv, xxix;
Bullock, xi, xii, xiv; Fest, xi, xii, xiv; ‘historical greatness’ view, xxiii-xxiv; revisionist interpretations, xxiii; Soviet view, xxii
works
Mein Kampf, 20, 25, 30, 53, 84–5, 221, 272, 283, 285, 516; adolescence, 18; affection for his mother, 12; antisemitism in 27, 60–64, 152, 243, 244–5, 291; approach to the state, 539; Bavarian revolutionary period, 109–10; claims leadership of the völkisch Right, 29–30, 251–3; completed, 288; ‘conversion’ to antisemitism, 50–51; the draft, 242; Feder praised in, 125; on the First World War, 71, 86, 94, 101, 102–3, 627–8n.; foreign alliance ideas, 247; the German Workers’ Party, 140, 141–2; Goebbels’s response to, 276; his birth, 10–11; on first trip to Vienna, 23; gratitude to Streicher, 179; hatred of the civil service, 17; high expectations of 672n.; and world-view, 241, 243, 244; inaccuracies, 7, 11, 127, 140, 242; income from, 243, 536; links Jews with prostitution, 46; and ‘living-space’, 104, 248, 249; mother’s death, 24; political messiah concept, 169; reading style, 41–2; on reparations, 652n.; and the revolutionary period in Bavaria, 109; sales, 242–3, 291, 360; Schirach and, 308; the South Tyrol question, 291; starts to hate Social Democrats, 58; tale of ‘political awakening’ in Vienna, 49; title, 241; Viennese Academy failure, 24; on the working-class, 59; written in Landsberg, 29, 224, 225, 230, 235, 241, 242
Mitteilungsblätter pieces, 157; ‘political testaments’, 211;’Second Book’, 244, 250, 291–2, 304
Völkischer Beobachter articles, 157, 265, 288, 693n.
Hitler, Alois (Aloys) (H’s father): and antisemitism, 62; apprenticeship in Vienna, 5; birth, 3; career as a customs officer, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 25; changes his name from Schicklgruber, 3, 5–6, 7, 9; childhood, 5; children of, 9–10; death (1903), 19, 20; estate, 25, 68; favours a civil service career for H, 16, 17, 18; his unknown father, 3, 5, 6; illegitimacy, 3, 5; legitimation, 5, 6, 9; marriages, 9; marries Klara (7 January 1885), 10; nationalism, 18, 62; opposes H’s wish to become an artist, 17–18; personality, 11, 12; property purchase, 6–7, 11–12, 14, 15; relationship with H, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17–18; relationship with Klara, 12, 13; retires to keep bees, 14; as a social climber, 5, 7; stubbornness, 17, 37
Hitler, Alois (H’s half-brother), 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 705n.
Hitler, Angela see Hammitzsch, Angela
Hitler, Anna (née Glassl), 10
Hitler, Bridget, 706n. Hitler, Edmund (H’s brother), 11, 12, 14, 16
Hitler, Franziska (Fanni; née Matzelberger), 10
Hitler, Gustav (H’s brother), 10
Hitler, Ida (H’s sister), 10
Hitler, Johanna (H’s paternal aunt): fond of H, 11; helps in the Hitler household, 11, 20; tries to persuade H to join the civil service, 37
Hitler, Klara (née Pölzl; H’s mother), 14; Alois marries (7 January 1885), 10; as Alois’s maid, 9, 10; appearance, 12; childhood, 9; children of, 10, 12; death (1907), 20, 24, 25, 26, 37, 102, 103; estate, 25, 46; grave at Leonding, 285; illness, 23, 24, 25, 63; and Linz, 15; personality, 12; relationship with Alois, 12, 13; relationship with H, 12, 13, 19, 20, 23, 24
Hitler, Otto (H’s brother), 10
Hitler, Paula see Wolf, Paula
Hitler, William Patrick (H’s nephew), 8–9, 705n.
‘Hitler-Lindens’, 483
‘Hitler-Oaks,’ 483
Hitler family: family life, n, 12, 13; financial status, 11; H loses touch with, 36–7, 41, 48; moves to Passau, 11; not told about H’s Academy failure, 38
Hitler Youth, 433, 539, 559; at Nuremberg, 310, 568; ‘Reich Youth Rally’ in Potsdam, 387–8; Schirach leads, 307, 308; working-class presence, 335
Hitlersee, Upper Silesia, 484
Hitlershöhe, 484
Hoare, Sir Samuel, 584
Hoare-Laval Plan [proposed], 584
Hoegner, Wilhelm, 492
Hoesch, Leopold von, 558, 589
Hofbräuhaus, Munich, 83, 140, 141, 143–6, 149–50, 152, 162, 165, 176, 180, 186, 193, 242, 290, 296, 654n.
Hofbräukeller, Wienerstraße, Munich, 140, 147
Hoffmann, Heinrich, 84, 89, 133, 158, 239, 283, 342, 343, 352, 388, 485
Hoffmann, Henrietta, 351
Hoffmann, Johannes, 214
Hofmann, Frau Hermine, 160
Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 31, 482
Hohenzollern Bridge, Cologne, 588
Hohenzollern cult, 77
Hohenzollerns, 465, 509
homosexuality, 46, 51, 520, 541; H repelled by, 45; persecution, 751–2n.; Röhm and, 348, 520
Honisch, Karl, 30, 57–8, 64
‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’, 480, 697–8n.
Hoébach, Lieutenant-Colonel Friedrich, 550
Hotel Atlantik, Hamburg, 344–5
Hotel Elefant, Weimar, 300
Hotel Exzelsior, Berlin, 399
Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten, Munich, 550
Huemer, Dr Eduard, 16–17
Hugenberg, Alfred, 248, 310, 318, 326, 336, 356, 362, 377, 416, 419–22, 432, 438, 446, 447, 449, 477–8
Huns, 341, 342
Ibsen, Henrik, 41
Illustrierter Beobachter, 360
Immediate Programme for Work Creation, 444, 449–50
Imperial League against Social Democracy, 630n.
imperialism, 290, 434, 449; and ‘living-space’, 248, 250; nationalism and, 76, 79; racist, 80
Independent Social Democrats, 109, 111, 112, 146
industry: lack of orders, 202; socialization of, 111
‘inferiors’, 79
Ingolstadt, 293
interest slavery, 119, 123, 125, 126, 145, 162, 274
International Automobile and Motor-Cycle Exhibition (Berlin, 1933), 450
internationalism, 36, 58, 78, 94, 104, 192, 289, 304, 316, 330
Iron Curtain, xx
‘Iron Fist’ club, 154
Italianization, 246, 291
Italy: Abyssinian adventure, 558, 567–8, 583, 584, 585; anti-Italian feeling in Germany and Austria, 291; autostradas, 451; backs Dollfuss, 523; conflict with Germany over Austria, 555, 583; and German rearmament, 552, 553; H considers allying with, 246, 275; and the putsch attempt in Austria, 524; and the Rhineland, 589; sagging ideological momentum, 542; ‘search for the strong man’, 295
Jannings, Emil, 480
‘January Strike’ (1918), 112
Japan, 494
Jarres, Karl, 268
Jawlensky, Alexej von, 82
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 541
Jesuits, 58, 64, 269, 301
Jewish Chronicle, 566
‘Jewish problem’, 35, 561
‘Jewish Question’, 61, 62, 290–91, 304, 472, 561, 567, 570, 571, 573; and capitalism, 123, 138, 152, 245, 288; demands for action, 568; Frick and, 564; Goebbels and, 572; H seen as an ‘expert’, 125; H’s first recorded written statement on, 125; as a ‘matter for all peoples’, 245–6; and the Ostara, 51
Jews: appearance, 32; and Bolshevism, 112, 115, 151, 152, 177, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250, 275, 410, 760n.; boycott of Jewish stores, 472, 473–4, 482, 562; capitalism, 123, 138, 152, 245; and the DSP’s programme, 144; demographic and social structure, 410; ‘Final Solution’, 244, 541; in the First World War, 95, 100, 152; in Germany, 31–2;
H associates uncleanliness, dirt and disease with, 61; H’s alleged Jewish background, 7–9; increased anti-Jewish violence, 471–2, 559; intermarriage, 563, 564, 566, 567, 568, 569; international conspiracy notion, 100, 116, 153, 245; Jewish boycott against German goods, 472, 473; Krupp dismisses employees, 448; land-speculation companies, 301; link between destruction of the Jews and acquisition of ‘living-space’, 249, 250; and Marxism, 61, 84, 245, 265, 288, 289, 568; mass murder in the Second World War, 103; ‘Mischlinge’ (those of mixed descent), 564, 569, 572; and modern racial antisemitism, 78–9; and nationalism, 125; November pogrom (1938), 521; power of the, 192; as the prime racial victims, 541; and prostitution, 61, 65, 66, 489; ‘removal’ of, 125, 134, 151–2, 244–5, 252, 290, 423, 532, 559, 561, 570, 571, 573; ritual murder charge, 64, 65; in Russia, 32, 78, 152, 246, 249; Russian pogroms, 32; as scapegoats for the economic crisis, 316, 410–11; Schönerer’s bill to block Jewish immigration into Vienna, 34; sexual relations with ‘Aryans’, 563–4, 567, 569; and Social Democracy, 61, 152; as targeted ‘outsiders’ under Bismarck, 76; unfounded rumours of H’s syphilis, 618n.; and usury, 64; in Vienna, 31–2;see also antisemitism; Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism
Joachim of Fiore, 704n.
Joachimsen, Paul, 153
Der Judenkenner (The Jewish Expert), 560
judges, 467
Jugendstil, 40, 631n.
Jung, Edgar, 136, 508, 509, 512, 515, 745n.
Jungdeutscher Orden, 195
Jünger, Ernst, 181
Kaas, Prälat Ludwig, 438, 467, 468, 478
‘Kaffee Kubata’, Vienna, 620n.
Kahr, Minister President Gustav Ritter von, 174, 175, 177, 193, 203; aims to turn Bavaria into a ‘cell of order’, 159; appointed General State Commissar, 202; and the Bavarian Einwohnerwehr, 172; disdain for H, 159; and the failed putsch, 159, 663n.; H interrogates during his trial, 216; H on, 184–5; murdered (1934), 159, 515; November Revolution anniversary meeting, 205, 206; ousted from power, 213; and the putsch attempt, 206–9, 211, 213, 214, 215; resigns as Minister President, 176; turns Bavaria into a haven for right-wing extremists, 171; warns the ‘patriotic associations’ against independent action, 204
Kaiserhof Hotel, Berlin, 338, 358, 400, 401, 422, 433, 485, 702n.
Kampfbund des gewerblichen Mittelstandes (Fighting League of the Commercial Middle-Class), 410, 472, 473
Kampfverband Niederbayern, 193
Kampfverlag, 325, 326
Kandinsky, Wassily, 82, 258
Kant, Immanuel, 616n. Kapp Putsch, 116, 153, 159, 171, 189, 194, 276, 369
Kapp, Wolfgang, 122, 129, 153, 154
Karajan, Herbert von, 480
Kästner, Erich, 482
Kaufmann, Karl, 276–7, 537
Kellerbauer, Walther, 179–80
Kellermann, Bernhard, 624n.
Kemnitz, Mathilde von, 269
Kennedy, John F., xix, xxv
Keppler Circle, 392, 413
Keppler, Wilhelm, 392, 413, 414
Kerrl, Hans, 475
Kiel mutiny, 110
Kindlkeller, Munich, 177, 659n.
King Kong, 485
Kirdorf, Emil, 299, 310, 357
Klausener, Erich, 515, 521, 745n.
Klee, Paul, 82, 258
Kleist, Heinrich von, 100–101
Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald von, 724n.
Klimt, Gustav, 31, 40, 45
Klintzsch, Lieutenant Johann, 159, 174, 655n., 657n.
Kneifelspitze, 282
Knilling, Eugen von, 197, 202, 673n.
Knoden, Gunner Hans, 124
‘Kolibri’ (‘Humming Bird’) password, 515
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), 111, 269, 438, 541, 650–51n.; arrests under the emergency decree, 460, 704n.; assessment of the Nazis, 432; and the Berlin travel workers’ strike, 390, 391; and Dachau, 464; demolition of, 475; and economic crisis, 406; and the Enabling Act, 466; failure of ‘German October’ plan, 201; fights with the SA, 368; Gestapo attacks, 763n., 764n.; H’s threats, 339, 447; image of H, 412; Lippe-Detmold elections, 416; membership, 335; newspapers and meeting banned, 439; Reichstag elections, 286, 302, 306, 334, 390, 461; and the Reichstag Fire, 457, 458, 459; in the Saar, 547; and the unemployed, 405; vote of no confidence in the government, 385–6; Wöhrden incident, 308; women and, 408
Königgrätz, battle of (1866), 33
Königliche Hof – und Staatsbibliothek (Royal Court and State Library), 84
Königsberg, 461, 564
Körner, Oskar, 155
Kraué, Werner, 480
Krebs, Albert, 281, 339, 344–5, 703n.
Kriebel, Oberstleutnant Hermann, 194, 199, 203, 204, 205, 209, 216, 236, 237, 238
Krohn, Friedrich, 648n.
Krosigk, Schwerin von, 370, 371, 420, 437
Krüger, Paul, 53–4
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav, 447, 448
Krupp’s, 191–2, 447
Kube, Wilhelm, 297, 560
Kubizek, August (‘Gustl’): admires H, 20; food parcels, 47; and H’s antisemitism, 62; and H’s failure to enter the Viennese Academy, 24, 38–9; on H’s obsession with Wagner, 42, 43; and H’s ‘projects’, 39–41; H’s sudden break with, 48; on H’s ‘world-view’, 49; as impressionable, 21, 22, 41; music pupils, 44; music studies in Vienna, 26, 37, 38, 48; musical ambitions, 20; post-war memoirs, 20–21, 30, 62, 615n.; relationship with H, 21, 44; and sexual matters, 45–6
Kulturkampf, 76
Kyffhäuser,. Thuringia, 77
Kyrill, Prince, 189
Labour Front, 537
Lagarde, Paul de, 151–2
laissez-faire, 33
Lake Starnberg, 276
Lambach, 14
Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 485, 533, 534, 558, 746n.
‘land policy’ (Bodenpolitik), 288
Landauer, Gustav, 114
Landbund, 319
Länder, 435, 459, 462, 467, 469, 470, 502
Landespolizei, 588
Landsberg am Lech fortress, H interned in, 29, 183, 203, 211, 212, 217, 219, 223, 224, 226, 229–32, 234, 235, 237–41, 245, 248–53, 261, 262, 279, 281, 294, 616n., 621n., 703n.
Landtag: Bavaria, 176, 196, 212, 228, 640n.; Hessen, 355; Mecklenburg, 309; Prussia, 364; 727n.; Thuringia, 319
Landvolk, 308
Lanz, Adolf (known as Jörg Lanz von Leibenfels), 63, 621n.; and the domination of the ‘blond race’, 50; and Ostara, 50, 51; and Schönerer, 50
Lauböck, Theodor, 160
Lautenbach, Wilhelm, 449
Laval, Pierre, 558, 584
‘Law against the Enslavement of the German People’,310
‘Law against the New Construction of Parties’, 478
‘Law for the Emergency Defence of the State’, 518 H ‘Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring’ (Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses), 486–7, 488
‘Law for Reduction of Unemployment’, 449
‘Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service’, 474
‘Law on the Head of State of the German Reich’, 524–5