Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris
Page 118
Le Bon, Gustave, 156
Leader cult see Führer cult
League of Nations, 257, 290, 490–95, 542, 543, 544, 546, 555, 556, 558, 568, 580, 583, 584, 586, 587, 589
Lebensraum see‘living-space’
Leber, Julius, 431, 432
Lechfeld Camp, near Augsburg, 90, 107, 123–4, 125, 126, 128, 140, 147
Leeb, Generalleutnant Wilhelm Rittervon, 442
Left: Bolshevik, 115; ‘Marxist’, 115; political radicalization, 201; presumed threat from the, 171;
revolutionary, 120
Legends of Gods and Heroes: the treasures of Germanic Mythology, 40, 41
Lehár, Franz, 42
Lehmann, Julius F., 138, 155, 188
Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler, 119, 512, 513
Leipart, Theodor, 475
Leipzig, 138; Reich Court, 215, 731–2n.
Leipzig Reichswehr trial, 337–8, 349
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, xxiii, 84, 621n.
Leonding, near Linz, 15, 16, 17, 62, 285
Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Hugo, Graf von, 176, 177
Levetzow, Retired Admiral Magnus, 562, 707n.
Levien, Max, 114
Leviné, Eugen, 113, 114
Ley, Robert, 275, 399, 718n.
Leybold, Oberregierungsrat Otto, 235, 238–9, 674n.
liberal bourgeoisie, 31
liberal parties, 306–7
liberalism, 726n.; demise of, 35; failure following the Revolution of 1848, 73; and the First World War, 88; and Lueger’s antisemitism, 35
Liebknecht, Karl, 111
Linz, 14, 15, 41, 60; District Court, 68; German nationalism, 17, 18, 33–4; German population in, 18; H leaves (1908), 36; Hitler family flat in, 20; and H’s antisemitism, 60, 62–3; and H’s avoidance of military service, 81, 82, 84, 85–6; H’s building schemes for, 15, 22, 40; as H’s ‘home town’, 15; H’s indolent lifestyle (1905–7), 20–23, 29, 39, 534; H’s Realschule in, 16–17, 18, 19, 62, 63; Jews of, 61, 62; provincialism, 23, 26; and the Schönerer movement, 63; waxworks, 618n.
Linz Landesmuseum and library, 616n.
Linzer Musealverein, 616n.
Lippe-Detmold, 402, 413, 415–16, 417
Lippert, SS-Sturmbannführer Michael, 516
Lipski, Josef, 544
List, Colonel, 90
List, Guido von, 50
‘List Regiment’ (Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16), 343; baptism of fire, 90; gassed, 96; H assigned to, 90; Jews in, 95; losses, 90; ‘revolutionary occurrences’ within, no; transported to Alsace, 95
Liszt, Franz, 42
Lithuania, 553–4
Litzmann, General, 347
‘living-space’, 104, 134, 151, 241, 243, 247–50, 252, 288, 290, 291, 292, 330, 424, 441, 442, 504, 505, 548, 581;see also eastern expansion; expansionism
Lloyd-George, David (later 1st Earl of Dwyfor), 87
Locarno Treaty (1925), 257, 290, 555, 581, 582, 583, 585, 587, 589
Löffner, Siegfried, 56, 64, 67
Lohse, Hinrich, 399, 400, 401, 476, 536, 537, 538
Loret, Jean-Marie, 635n.
Lösener, Dr Bernhard, 567, 568, 569, 571
Lossow, General Otto Hermann von, 193–6, 198, 203, 204, 205–6, 213, 218–19; H interrogates during his trial, 216; and the putsch attempt, 206–9, 213, 214, 215, 216
Lotter, Michael, 643–4n.
Löwenbräukeller, Munich, 175, 193, 208
Lower Bavaria, 212, 406, 461
Lower Saxony, 300
lower-middle-class: and antisemitism, 561; and ‘German’ socialism, 135; Lueger and, 34; in the NSDAP, 190; in the USPD, 99
Lübeck, 319, 462
Lüdecke, Kurt, 186, 189, 231, 387, 388, 702n.
Ludendorff, Erich, 200, 203, 204–5, 227, 234, 266, 296; acquitted, 216; an arch-expansionist, 247; anti-clericalism, 262; claims the leadership of the völkisch movement with Graefe, 232; collaboration with H, 194; death, 681n.; dissolves the Reich leadership of the ΝSFB, 264; founds the Tannenbergbund, 269; and Frontbann, 231; H criticizes, 232; Heé brings H to his attention, 195; H’s relationship with, 262, 264, 267, 268–9; H’s view of his role, 218, 219; involvement in the putsch attempt, 207–11, 213, 215; as candidate for the Reich Presidency, 268–9; and the NSDAP/DVFP merger, 229, 231; and the NSDAP’s finances, 189, 190; in the NSFP, 232; official reconciliation with H, 681n.; an outstanding figure on the radical Right, 186, 194; persecution complex, 269; in the political wilderness, 269; question of a leadership triumvirate, 233, 234; Schirach admires, 307; as the symbol of the ‘national struggle’, 199; visits H in Landsberg, 229; as a war hero, 146, 186, 194, 210, 213
Ludendorff, Margarete, 268
Ludin, Hanns, 337, 338
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 82
Ludwig III, King of Bavaria, 89, 112
Ludwig Ferdinand, Prince of Bavaria, 199
Lueger, Karl: antisemitism, 34–5, 65; the Catholic piety and economic self-interest of lower-middle classes, 34; Christian Social Party, 34; command of the masses, 34, 35; H admires, 31, 35, 55, 61, 65; H criticizes, 35; as Lord Mayor of Vienna, 31, 35, 61; moulds a movement ‘to attain his purposes’, 35; use of propaganda, 35
Lugauer, Heinrich, 637n.
Lugert, Emanuel, 605n., 606n.
Luitpoldhain, 389
Luther, Hans, 445
Luther, Martin, 184, 186, 252, 265
Lutze, SA-Obergruppenführer Viktor, 505, 512, 513, 517, 520, 745n
Luxemburg, Rosa, 111
Luxemburg Committee, 732n.
Macke, August, 82
Mackensen, Field Marshal August von, 552.
Mackinder, Sir Halford, 677n.
Magyar national leaders, 32
Mahler, Gustav, 23, 31, 616–17n. Majdanek, 434
Majority Social Democrats, 111, 112, 113, 118–19, 120, 197
Makart, Hans, 26
Malicious Practices Act (1933), 463
Manchester Guardian, 472
Mandela, Nelson, xix Mann, Heinrich, 82
Mann, Thomas, 82, 481, 482; Buddenbrooks, 81; ‘German Address’ (Deutsche Ansprache), 336; Der Tod in Venedig (Death in Venice), 82
Mannheim stock-exchange, 656n.
Marc, Franz, 82
Marineheim, Obersalzberg, 283
Marne, battle of the, 96
Marsfeld, Munich, 193
Marx, Karl, xxi, 31, 84, 240
Marx, Wilhelm, 269
Marxism, 53, 60, 85, 152, 192, 205, 235, 370, 379, 389, 391; H encounters in Vienna, 29; Jews and, 61, 84, 245, 265, 288, 289, 568; Marxist press, 61; as ‘one of the German people’s worst enemies’, 103; opposition to, 104, 219, 264, 266, 286, 289, 305, 423, 436, 439–42, 447, 448, 450, 453, 454, 455, 463, 471, 478, 729n.; and poor Viennese Jews, 32; and the SPD, 286;see also anti-Marxism
Maschmann, Melita, 433
mass politics: bitter forms of, 33; liberal bourgeoisie feels threatened by, 31; new currents of, 35
Matzelberger, Franziska (Fanni)see Hitler, Franziska
Maurenbrecher, Max, 653n.
Maurice, Emil, 242, 283, 284, 353, 485
May, Karl, 15, 17, 387
Mayr, Captain Karl, 158; becomes a strong critic of H, 122; claims to have ordered H to join the DAP, 127; hopes for the NSDAP, 153–4; as H’s first patron, 122, 128, 153, 190; and Kapp, 122, 153–4; praises H’s public speaking, 129; in the Reichsbanner, 122; in the Reichswehr, 122, 123, 125, 126
Mayrhofer, Josef, 37, 38
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 228, 229, 295, 300, 309, 334, 368, 489
Medicus, Ministerialrat Franz Albrecht, 567, 568
Mefo-Bills, 445, 449
Meiser, Bishop Hans, 575
Meissner, Otto, 361, 373, 393–4, 395, 417, 422, 423, 466, 511, 517, 534, 711n., 727n.
Mellenthin, Major von, 728n.
Memel, 387, 554
Mend, Hans, 634n.
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, 64
Menin Road, near Ypres, 90
mentally sick, the, 79, 411
Mergenthaler,
Christian, 297
Messines, 96
Middle Franconia, 329
middle class: begins to desert the Nazis, 390; choice between Nazis and Communists, 409; and the economy under H, 507; favours an authoritarian régime, 407; fear and hatred of Bolshevism in Bavaria, 115; and the First World War, 88, 99; and national rebirth, 180; Nazi support in the Reichstag elections, 334; NSDAP membership, 335; searching for something new, 331; sees the threat as lying on the Left, 368; and the SPD, 76; Gregor Strasser and, 397; winning support of, 320–21, 333
Miesbach, Upper Bavaria, 363
Miesbacher Anzeiger,242
militarism, 73, 120
mining, 111
‘Mischlinge’ (those of mixed descent), 564, 569, 572
mobilization, 301, 302, 322, 364–5, 379, 404
Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur, 136, 167, 169, 181; The Third Reich, 704n.
Möhl, Generalmajor von, 121
monarchism, 171, 172
monarchy: constitutional, 74; fall of, 181; Prussian military, 465; restoration question, 509, 666n.
Moravia, Czech language equality with German, 32
Mormons, 541
motorways, 450–51, 452
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 42
Muchow, Reinhold, 476
Mühsam, Erich, 114, 336
Mülheim, 357
Müller, Adolf, 239, 242, 354
Müller, Hermann, 305, 306, 311, 322–3, 324
Müller, Professor Karl Alexander von, 123, 153, 193, 207, 667n.
Müller, Reich Bishop Ludwig, 489, 490, 575
Münchener Post, 118, 160, 217, 353
Münchmeyer, Ludwig, 303
Münchner Beobachter, 139, 140
Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 115, 247
Münchner Sezession, 631n.
Münchner-Augsburger Abendzeitung, 139
Munich: antisemitism, 95, 124, 137, 144, 562; Art Academy, 68, 87; art galleries, 68; beerhalls, 35, 84, 85, 99, 127, 128, 132, 133, 137, 142, 148, 172, 177, 202, 286; Brown House see‘Brown House’, Nazi Party headquarters, Munich; cafés, 84, 85, 132, 158, 685n.; centre of anti-government nationalist agitation, 138; demonstration march of left-wing workers and soldiers (1919), 120; Deutsches Turnfest, 198–9; Engineers’ Barracks, 208; first Reich Party Rally, 192–3; and the First World War, 89, 101; Glyptothek and Propyläen, 82, 83; H leaves Vienna for (1913), 29, 68–9; H plans to rebuild, 82; H represents his company, 117–18; H retains as his power-base, 265; H sells paintings in, 83–4; Hauptbahnhof, 117; Heroes’ Memorial Day’, 552; and H’s cultural taste, 82; H’s early public speeches, 104; H’s political awakening (1919), 67; H’s rooms, 12; Königsplatz, 82, 177; ‘liberation’ of, 109, 110, 114, 115, 120, 196; Ludwigstraée, 82; Luitpold-Gymnasium, 114, 115; May Day affair (1923), 196–8; military rule (1919), 121; modernist cultural scene, 81–2; peace demonstration (November 1918), 112; People’s Court, 215, 515; Perlach district, 114; Pinakothek, 82; police, 174, 200, 202, 237–8, 293, 462; putsch attempt (1923), 16, 29, 621n.; Räterepublik (Councils Republic), 109–10, 113–22, 128, 139, 150, 171, 172, 173, 196, 216, 469; ‘Red Army’, 113, 119, 122; SA disturbances (1934), 513; Schwabing, 81, 83, 84, 85; Soldiers’ Councils, 109, no, 116, 118, 119; Soviet-style councils, 109; state of emergency, 192; and strong-arm tactics, 456; Town Hall meeting, 760n.; and the Völkischer Block, 212; war memorial dedication (1923), 204; War Ministry, 210; ‘White Army’, 114, 121; Wittelsbach Residenz, 82, 113
Munich University, 122, 127, 307
Münter, Gabriele, 82
Murphy, Robert, 211, 663n.
Mussolini, Benito, xix, 131, 289, 343, 510, 533, 542; Abyssinian adventure, 558, 583, 756n.; H as the ‘German Mussolini’, 131, 180, 184; invited to form a government, 180; Italianization policies, 291; ‘March on Rome’, 180, 181, 186, 204; meeting with H in Venice (1934), 510, 523; model of his triumph in Italy, 181; virile images of, 282; warns H off Austria, 555
Nachrichtenabteilung (‘Information Department’), 121, 122
Nadolny, Rudolf, 491, 545
Napoleon Bonaparte, xxv, 131, 181, 748n.
‘national community’
(Volksgemeinschaft), 136, 289–90, 316, 332, 333, 340, 433, 532, 577
National Socialism: emerges in Bohemia (1904), 625n.; meaning exclusively ‘the Hitler Movement’, 260; and the rift within the working-class movement, 111–12; Schönerer’s early brand of, 33,see also National Socialist German Workers’ Party
National Socialist Factory Cell Organization see Nationalsozialistische Betreibszellen-organisation (NSBO)
National Socialist Freedom Movement see Nationalsozialistische Freiheitsbewegung
National Socialist Freedom Party see Nationalsozialistische Freiheitspartei
National Socialist German Student Federation (NSDStB), 483
National Socialist German Workers’
Party (NSDAP): aims to annihilate Marxist Weltanschauung, 245, 286; antisemitism, 179, 298, 321, 332, 410, 471–2, 676n.; attempted racial revolution, 436; Bamberg meeting, 274–8; banned, 29, 202, 212, 225, 226, 228, 239, 262, 263, 264, 663n.; campaign of violence, 176–7; as a cohesive force, 259–60; committee, 161–2, 163, 164; conflicts, 296; ‘cumulative radicalization’, 529–30; DAP changes its name to, 147; demonstration while H in prison, 217–18; and the Depression, 259; Eckart’s crucial role, 155–6; Feder’s role as economics ‘guru’, 123; finances, 160, 189–90, 299–300, 303, 359–60, 369, 386, 390, 397, 416, 448; first Nazi-run town council, 309; fragmentation, 233; ‘Führer’ title, 34, 182, 342, 364; Gauleiter appointed by H, 278; and the German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation, 138; and German political culture, 75; German Workers’ Party becomes, 140; growth of, 160, 189, 190, 292, 311; ‘Gymnastic and Sports Section’, 147, 173, 174, 175; H acknowledged as supreme leader, 266–7; H acquires dictatorial powers, 164, 165; H designs party’s banner, 147; H makes himself indispensable, 149; H refuses the chairmanship, 156–7, 162, 165; H takes over leadership (1921), 133, 134, 138, 160, 164–5, 169; ‘Heil’ greeting, 34, 294, 484, 551; Hilfstruppe (‘auxiliary troop’), 346; H’s former comrades in arms, 92; H’s guidelines for organization, 403–4; H’s resignation threats, 163–4; ideology, 134, 182, 253, 277, 331; image of, 309, 317, 320–21, 332; intellectuals, 481–3; Kahr and, 202; and the Kampfbund, 199; Kubizek’s commission 20; as a ‘leader party’, 278, 279, 294, 325, 346, 403; ‘legality’ commitment, 337, 338, 349, 365, 385, 466; low morale (1936), 762n.; May day affair (1923), 196–7; Mayr’s hopes for, 153–4; meetings aim to attract confrontation, 147, 176; membership 179, 265, 300, 307, 309, 310, 315–16, 320, 321, 335, 340, 390, 396–7, 410, 479, 538, 685n., 690–91n.; merger question, 229–33; ‘mission’ of, 243, 250; Mitteilungsblätter, 157; motivation for joining, 332; national revolutionary wing, 310; new party constitution, 165; new regulations (1925), 265; the north German NSDAP (1925), 270–71, 272; as the only legal political party in Germany, 478; organization and structure of, 255, 259, 260, 261, 270, 279, 303–4, 309; paramilitary force, 170, 172; party statutes, 278; Political Economy Section (Wirtschaftspolitische Abteilung), 398; possible coalition with Zentrum, 370, 371, 383, 385, 390, 391, 392; and power, 404; press empire, 158; programme, 160, 161, 163, 179, 242, 272, 273, 277, 278, 290, 298, 301, 322, 563, 565; proposed merger with the DSP, 160–64; purchase of Völkischer Beobachter, 155–6; reasons for joining, 190; red posters, 141, 147, 266; refoundation (February 1925), 257, 261, 264, 265; regional elections, 299; Reich divided into the Gaue (districts), 274; Reich Party Rallies see under Munich, Nuremberg; Reichstag elections, 234, 239, 258–9, 303, 304, 309, 333–6, 357, 369–70, 386–91, 396, 416; religious neutrality challenged, 298–9; salute, 193, 292, 294, 387, 484, 554, 664n.; state elections (1932), 363–4, 365; stronghold in Franconia, 179; support from all sections of society, 334; Thuringian experiment, 319–20, 322; transfer of Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft (Nuremberg branch), 178–9; völkisch Reichstag members, 229; ‘wilderness years’ (1925–9), 259, 299; ‘world-view’, 80, 403
National-Soc
ial Association, 135
nationalism: and antisemitism, 78, 119, 136; ‘black-white-red’ nationalists, 115, 171; chauvinistic, 434; conservative, 136; as a current of Viennese mass politics, 35; development of German, 75–8; ethnic, 135; extreme, xix, 135, 136, 139; and the First World War, 88; H and, 17, 18, 49, 58, 81, 119, 128, 305; and the Habsburg empire, 31; and imperialism, 76; integral, 134; and the Jews, 125; in Linz, 17, 18, 33–4; Magyar national leaders, 32; mystical, 325; repertoire, 150; pan-German, 18, 36, 58, 60, 62, 119; pressure-groups, 79–80; radical German, 33, 58–9, 79; Slav, 34; and socialism, 289, 290, 317; völkisch, 80, 135, 136, 194, 307, 483