by Ian Kershaw
nationalist associations, 180
Nationalist Opposition, 356
nationalization of the masses, 156, 260, 264, 272, 289, 446, 532
Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation (NSBO; National Socialist Factory Cell Organization), 358, 398, 476, 714n.
Nationalsozialistische Briefe (National Socialist Letters), 273
Nationalsozialistische Freiheitsbewegung (NSFB; National Socialist Freedom Movement), 233, 234, 263, 264, 270, 681n.
Nationalsozialistische Freiheitspartei (NSFP; National Socialist Freedom Party), 229, 232
Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte (National Socialist Monthly), 502
Naumann, Friedrich, 135
Navy League, 79–80
Nazi Party see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
Nazi Students’ Federation, 307, 308
nazification, 479
Neithardt, Judge Georg, 216, 217
neo-classicism, 40
neo-conservatism, 332
Neue Freie Fresse, 616n.
Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), 258
Neuer Vorwärts, 477
Neumann, Franz, xix, xxvi Neumann, Josef, 55, 63–4, 66, 67
Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von, Foreign Minister, 372, 394, 420, 473, 477, 485, 491–4, 544, 551, 581, 582, 584–5, 728n., 756n.
New Templar Order, 50
New York Herald, 518
‘Niederländisches Dankgebet’, 461, 465
Niederwald Monument, near
Rüdesheim, 77
Niemöller, Martin, 490
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 41, 240
‘Night of the Long Knives’ (30 June 1934), 159, 402, 435, 470–71, 500, 512–22, 577
Northeim, Lower Saxony, 320–21, 710n.
Nortz, Police President Eduard, 193
Noske, Gustav, 170
‘November criminals’, 117, 121, 192, 198, 207, 286, 330, 649n.
NS-Hago, (Nationalsozialistische Handwerks-, Handelsund Gewerbeorganisation), 559, 560
NSBO see Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation
NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party NSDAP-Hauptarchiv, 57
NSDStB see National Socialist German Student Federation
ΝSFB see National Socialist Freedom Movement
NSFP see National Socialist Freedom Party
Nuremberg, 184, 276, 484, 564, 568; Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft branch, 163; Deutscher Tag (1923), 199; H’s telephone communications training, 96; Party Rallies, 179, 280, 293, 310, 526, 539, 559, 566–7, 568, 574, 591; Streicher’s supporters, 264; Zeppelinfeld, 568
Nuremberg Laws, 559, 563–5, 567, 568–73, 590
Nuremberg prison, 8, 240, 516, 517
Nuremberg Trials, 94
‘Oath of Loyalty of German Poets to the People’s Chancellor Adolf Hitler’, 481
Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden, 12,
282–3, 291, 380, 473, 485, 534, 535
Oberwiesenfeld, Munich, 196–7
Offenbach, Jacques, 64
Office of the Prussian Secret State Police (Gestapa), 540
Ohlau, Silesia, 368, 382
Ohnesorge, Wilhelm, 685n.
Oldenburg, 355, 363, 368
Olympic Games (Berlin, 1936), 584, 757n.
Organisation Escherich (Orgesch), 194
Organisation Todt, 539
organized labour: H’s fear of, 35; rise of, 31
Ossietzky, Carl von, 331, 460, 482
Osswald, Karl, 673n.
Ostara, 49–50, 51
Osthilfe (‘Eastern Aid’), 406, 416–17
Ostmarkenverein (Eastern Marches Association), 80
Ott, Alois Maria, 669n. Ott, Lieutenant-Colonel Eugen, 395, 396, 442, 459
pacifism, 104, 289, 304, 330, 442
Pan-German League/pan-Germanism, 80, 100, 101, 123, 133, 135, 137, 138, 150, 169, 180, 194, 248, 310, 332, 676n.;see also nationalism: pan-German
Panholzer (sculptor in Vienna), 39
Papen, Franz von, 371, 374, 377, 381, 391, 393, 400, 434, 449, 464, 512, 517; and the ‘Appeal of the Reich Government to the German People’, 440; cabinet resigns, 392; connections, 359; ‘Decree for the Protection of the German People’, 439; demands the Vice-Chancellorship, 418; as an establishment figure, 359; German ambassador in Vienna, 524; H attacks, 388–9; H refuses his offer of a Vice-Chancellorship, 373; Herrenklub speech, 413; Hindenburg favours, 394, 396, 414, 419, 424, 500; Marburg speech, 509–10, 744n.; meeting with H, 414–15, 417–18, 419–20, 421; meetings with Schleicher and Röhm, 372; meets H, 367–8; negotiations for a Reich Concordat with the Holy See, 478; obsequious language, 495; ousted by Schleicher, 359, 414; and the Potempa murders, 382–3; praises H, 429; and the presidential elections, 360; Prussian coup, 368–9, 425, 454–5, 462, 470; reactionary conservatism, 390; and the Reich Concordat, 488; and the Reichstag Fire, 457; the sterilization issue, 487; under house arrest, 515; and the vote of no confidence in the government, 385, 386
Paris, 81; allied heads of government meeting, 191; growth of, 31; and Vienna, 31
Paris Conference (1921), 157
parliamentarism, 33, 34, 192, 228, 230, 233, 437, 439
Pasewalk, near Stettin, Pomerania: H in hospital in, 65, 97, 101, 102–5, 109, 120, 121, 389
Passau, Lower Bavaria, 11, 14, 237, 238, 631n.
‘Pastors’ Emergency League’, 490
‘patriotic associations’, 154, 172, 186, 189, 190, 199, 204, 212
patriotism, 215
Patzig, Captain Conrad, 512
pax Hitleriana, 265
Pearson, Professor Alfred J., 518–19
peasants: fear and hatred of Bolshevism in Bavaria, 115; and four-year plans, 440; of Franconia, 575; H addresses, 300; Nazis make rapid advances among the, 308; Gregor Strasser and, 397
Pension Moritz (later the Platterhof), Obersalzberg, 283
Perlitius, Dr Ludwig, 438
Petersen, Julius, 481
Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz, 276–7, 296, 341–5, 348, 680n., 683n.
Pfordten, Theodor von der, 205, 217
Pfundtner, Hans, 567
Phipps, Sir Eric, 551, 554
Pilsudski, Józef, 492, 494, 543
Pittinger, Dr Otto, 172, 177, 193
Planck, State Secretary, 373, 386
Platterhof hotel (previously Pension Moritz), Obersalzberg, 188, 686n.
Plutarch, xxv
Pöhner, Ernst, 186, 206, 207, 208, 211, 216, 262
Poland/Poles, 492, 548; Bund Oberland and, 172; national socialist parties, 161; non-aggression pact (1934), 494, 543–4, 587; Poles as targeted ‘Outsiders’ under Bismarck, 76; Volksdeutsche in, 248
Political Workers’ Circle (Politischer Arbeiterzirkel), 139, 143
Pölzl, Johann Baptist (H’s maternal grandfather), 9
Pölzl, Johanna (H’s maternal aunt), 9,53, 54; financial help to H, 23, 46, 53, 54, 55, 57; and Klara’s medical costs, 25
Pölzl, Johanna (née Hüttler; H’s maternal grandmother), 9
Pölzl, Klara see Hitler, Klara Pölzl, Theresia (H’s maternal aunt), 9
Pomerania, 264, 300, 334, 350
Popitz, Johannes, 565
Popp, Frau (H’s landlady in Munich),
83, 84, 85, 90, 632n. Popp, Joseph, 83, 85, 90
Potempa affair, 381–3, 415
Pötsch, Dr Leonard, 17
Potsdam, 387, 464–5; Garnisonkirche, 465
Prague, 477, 520
press: antisemitic, 61, 65; bourgeois, 386, 389; censorship, 80, 114, 455, 509–10, 564; freedom of the, 459; gutter, 31, 66; Hugenberg, 310, 318; liberal, 61; mainstream, 61; Marxist, 61; nationalist, 310; völkisch, 239, 251
Price, G. Ward, 547
Price Commissariat, 579
Prien am Chiemsee, 372
Prinzregentenplatz, Munich, 342, 351, 355, 503
propaganda: anti-socialist, 53;
antisemitic, 559; blanket coverage, 301, 416, 590; and finances, 189; German army turns H into a propagandist
, 105; German National Protection and Defiance Federation and, 137; H as a propagandist, 127, 128, 133, 156, 157, 159, 161, 170, 180, 191, 192, 193, 198, 200, 214, 252, 308–9, 310, 322, 357, 388, 403–4, 454, 535, 550; image of H’s ‘fatherliness’, 281; as the key to the nationalization of the masses, 156, 260; Lueger’s use of, 35; nationalist pressure-groups, 79–80; radical nationalist, 58–9; rightist, 115; shift in emphasis, 301–2; Gregor Strasser and, 300; in the transitional army, 121–2; triumphalist, 97
prostitution: H horrified and fascinated by, 45–6; H links Jews with, 46; and the pan-German moral code, 44
Protection of the Republic Act, 216–17
protectionism, 447
‘protective custody’ (Schutzhaft), unrestricted use of, 540
Protestant Churches, 181, 435, 488–90, 501, 575, 734n.
Protestants, 465; and attacks on the Churches, 562; and H’s negotiations with Zentrum, 390; impressions of H, 412; NSDAP membership, 335; as NSDAP voters, 334, 461; optimism about national renewal, 432
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 153
provincialism, Bavarian, 85
Prussia, 248, 393, 469; anti-Prussian feeling in Bavaria, 85, 95, 99, 150; bans the NSDAP, 663n.; as the bulwark of Social Democracy, 369; Chamber of Doctors, 411; and the ‘Day of Potsdam’, 464–5; defeat of Austria at Königgrätz, 33; emergency decree, 459; emigrants, 172; Göring appointed Minister President, 470; government deposed, 368–9, 727n.; H as Reich Governor, 470; H banned from public speaking, 257, 269, 293, 304; Hohenzollern kings, 465; Ministry of the Interior, 420, 421, 459, 515, 540; Papen coup, 368–9, 425, 454–5, 462, 470; the SA’s alternative power-base, 506; state elections (1932), 363, 364; terror-wave in, 443, 455, 456, 463; and völkisch parties, 169
Prussian Academy of Arts, 480, 482
Prussian army, 100, 113, 554
Prussian Church (Altpreuéische Union), 489
Prussian Gestapo, 506
Prussian Gestapo Law, 540
Prussian Health Office, 487
Puccini, Giacomo, 42
puritanism, 45
putsch attempt (Munich, 1923), 16, 29, 65, 131, 134, 169, 251, 259, 319; annual Nazi commemoration of, 82; in the Bürgerbräukeller, 206–8; demonstration march, 210; as a desperate forward move, 133; gun-battle, 210–11; H interned in Landsberg see Landsberg am Lech fortress; H’s decision to strike (8 November), 205, 206; Kahr and, 159, 663n.; Ludendorff allows Kahr, Lossow and Seiéer to leave, 208, 209; miscalculations of the political class, 424; rumours, 190, 192, 196, 202, 665n., 666n.; trial, 29, 65, 103, 167, 213–17, 218–19, 236, 240, 245, 251, 264, 272, 295, 637n., 667n.; value to the movement, 262
Raab, Johann, 637n.
‘race-value’, 289
‘racial hygiene’, 411, 480
racial purity, 563–4, 571–2
racism, xx, 73, 134, 434; ideological, xxviii, 320; and ‘living-space’, 250;
and a sense of nationhood, 76
racist theory, xx, 51, 125, 151
radicalism, 119, 120, 408, 435, 471, 539, 541
radio see broadcasting
Raeder, Admiral Erich, 442, 556, 586
Ranke, Leopold von, 240
Rapallo Treaty (1922), 290, 544
Rathenau, Walter, 174, 663n.
Ratzel, Friedrich, 249
Raubal, Angela (‘Geli’; H’s niece), 283, 284, 351–5, 388, 485, 703n.
Raubal, Leo (first husband of H’s half-sister, Angela), 25, 37, 611n.
Rauschning, Hermann: Hitler Speaks, xiv
realism, 40
rearmament see under Third Reich
Red Army, 15, 639n.
Red Cross, 95
‘Red Guards’, 113
‘Reds’, 58, 64, 196
Reich Agrarian League see Reichslandbund
Reich Association of German Industry see Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie
Reich Association of War Disabled, War Veterans, and War Dependants, 98
Reich Chancellery, 535, 551, 553, 554, 578, 586
Reich Citizenship Law, 566, 569, 571–2, 573
Reich Commissary for Air Travel, 444
Reich Committee for the German People’s Petition, 310
Reich Concordat with the Vatican, 487–8
Reich Estate of German Industry see Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie
Reich Food Estate see Reichsnährstand
Reich Governors, 469–70, 471, 502, 507
Reich Labour Service (Reichsarbeitdienst) Camps, Westphalia, 512
‘Reich myth’, 77
Reich Party Rally of Victory (1933), 503
Reichenau, Colonel Walther von, 443,
444, 497, 503, 511, 512, 521, 525
Reichsbahn, 452
Reichsbank, 356, 370, 445, 572
Reichsbanner, 122, 382, 458, 464, 477, 716n.
Reichsflagge, 172, 177, 193, 195, 197, 199, 662n., 664n.
Reichskriegsflagge unit, 301
Reichslandbund (Reich Agrarian League), 392, 414, 446
Reichsnährstand see Reich Food Estate
Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie (Reich Estate of German Industry), 448
Reichstag see under Germany; Third Reich
Reichstag elections see under
Germany; Third Reich
Reichstag fire, 456–9, 461, 492
Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie (Reich Association of German Industry), 414, 447, 448
Reichswehr, 127, 203, 216, 218, 366, 371, 395, 396, 417, 422, 438, 503; aids the NSDAP, 155, 156; Bavarian Reichswehr a stronghold of counter-revolutionary forces, 115–16; and the Communists, 201, 458; counter-revolutionary politics, 121; demands for democratization, 111; demobilization, 105, 117, 120; emergency powers, 202; finances, 445; in the First World War, 95, 97; and the Freikorps, 192; H lectures to Reichswehr soldiers, 153; H meets with military leaders (1933), 441–4; High Command, 97; Hindenburg as supreme commander, 500; H’s ideology takes shape, 105; H’s need for its support, 198; H’s promise, 467; H’s time in (1919), 102, 104, 105, 117, 119, 121–5, 147, 274; Leipzig Reichswehr trial, 337–8, 349; ‘liberation’ of Munich, 109; and the oath of unconditional loyalty, 525; and paramilitary weapons, 195, 196; ‘people’s army’, 505; and the putsch attempt, 208, 209, 213, 214; Röhm becomes the key link with, 154; and the SA, 195, 497, 499, 500, 502, 504, 505, 506, 511, 521; swears oath of allegiance to H, 436; training of paramilitaries, 194, 195, 198, 213, 215; turns H into a propagandist, 105
Reinhardt, Fritz, 449
Reinhardt Programme, 449
Reiter, Anni, 284
Reiter, Maria (‘Mimi’), 284–5, 352, 706n.
Remarque, Erich Maria, 482
reparations, 157, 191, 212, 257, 309–10, 330, 355, 367
Reusch, Paul, 393, 707n.
Reventlow, Ernst Graf zu, 255, 297, 398
Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition (Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts-Opposition (RGO)), 714n.
Reynolds, Rothay, 336–7
Rheinhotel Dreesen, Bad Godesberg, 512
Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung,381
Rhineland, 264, 310, 531, 542, 548, 555–6, 561, 581–91, 757n.