Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

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Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris Page 119

by Ian Kershaw


  nationalist associations, 180

  Nationalist Opposition, 356

  nationalization of the masses, 156, 260, 264, 272, 289, 446, 532

  Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation (NSBO; National Socialist Factory Cell Organization), 358, 398, 476, 714n.

  Nationalsozialistische Briefe (National Socialist Letters), 273

  Nationalsozialistische Freiheitsbewegung (NSFB; National Socialist Freedom Movement), 233, 234, 263, 264, 270, 681n.

  Nationalsozialistische Freiheitspartei (NSFP; National Socialist Freedom Party), 229, 232

  Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte (National Socialist Monthly), 502

  Naumann, Friedrich, 135

  Navy League, 79–80

  Nazi Party see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)

  Nazi Students’ Federation, 307, 308

  nazification, 479

  Neithardt, Judge Georg, 216, 217

  neo-classicism, 40

  neo-conservatism, 332

  Neue Freie Fresse, 616n.

  Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), 258

  Neuer Vorwärts, 477

  Neumann, Franz, xix, xxvi Neumann, Josef, 55, 63–4, 66, 67

  Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von, Foreign Minister, 372, 394, 420, 473, 477, 485, 491–4, 544, 551, 581, 582, 584–5, 728n., 756n.

  New Templar Order, 50

  New York Herald, 518

  ‘Niederländisches Dankgebet’, 461, 465

  Niederwald Monument, near

  Rüdesheim, 77

  Niemöller, Martin, 490

  Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 41, 240

  ‘Night of the Long Knives’ (30 June 1934), 159, 402, 435, 470–71, 500, 512–22, 577

  Northeim, Lower Saxony, 320–21, 710n.

  Nortz, Police President Eduard, 193

  Noske, Gustav, 170

  ‘November criminals’, 117, 121, 192, 198, 207, 286, 330, 649n.

  NS-Hago, (Nationalsozialistische Handwerks-, Handelsund Gewerbeorganisation), 559, 560

  NSBO see Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation

  NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party NSDAP-Hauptarchiv, 57

  NSDStB see National Socialist German Student Federation

  ΝSFB see National Socialist Freedom Movement

  NSFP see National Socialist Freedom Party

  Nuremberg, 184, 276, 484, 564, 568; Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft branch, 163; Deutscher Tag (1923), 199; H’s telephone communications training, 96; Party Rallies, 179, 280, 293, 310, 526, 539, 559, 566–7, 568, 574, 591; Streicher’s supporters, 264; Zeppelinfeld, 568

  Nuremberg Laws, 559, 563–5, 567, 568–73, 590

  Nuremberg prison, 8, 240, 516, 517

  Nuremberg Trials, 94

  ‘Oath of Loyalty of German Poets to the People’s Chancellor Adolf Hitler’, 481

  Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden, 12,

  282–3, 291, 380, 473, 485, 534, 535

  Oberwiesenfeld, Munich, 196–7

  Offenbach, Jacques, 64

  Office of the Prussian Secret State Police (Gestapa), 540

  Ohlau, Silesia, 368, 382

  Ohnesorge, Wilhelm, 685n.

  Oldenburg, 355, 363, 368

  Olympic Games (Berlin, 1936), 584, 757n.

  Organisation Escherich (Orgesch), 194

  Organisation Todt, 539

  organized labour: H’s fear of, 35; rise of, 31

  Ossietzky, Carl von, 331, 460, 482

  Osswald, Karl, 673n.

  Ostara, 49–50, 51

  Osthilfe (‘Eastern Aid’), 406, 416–17

  Ostmarkenverein (Eastern Marches Association), 80

  Ott, Alois Maria, 669n. Ott, Lieutenant-Colonel Eugen, 395, 396, 442, 459

  pacifism, 104, 289, 304, 330, 442

  Pan-German League/pan-Germanism, 80, 100, 101, 123, 133, 135, 137, 138, 150, 169, 180, 194, 248, 310, 332, 676n.;see also nationalism: pan-German

  Panholzer (sculptor in Vienna), 39

  Papen, Franz von, 371, 374, 377, 381, 391, 393, 400, 434, 449, 464, 512, 517; and the ‘Appeal of the Reich Government to the German People’, 440; cabinet resigns, 392; connections, 359; ‘Decree for the Protection of the German People’, 439; demands the Vice-Chancellorship, 418; as an establishment figure, 359; German ambassador in Vienna, 524; H attacks, 388–9; H refuses his offer of a Vice-Chancellorship, 373; Herrenklub speech, 413; Hindenburg favours, 394, 396, 414, 419, 424, 500; Marburg speech, 509–10, 744n.; meeting with H, 414–15, 417–18, 419–20, 421; meetings with Schleicher and Röhm, 372; meets H, 367–8; negotiations for a Reich Concordat with the Holy See, 478; obsequious language, 495; ousted by Schleicher, 359, 414; and the Potempa murders, 382–3; praises H, 429; and the presidential elections, 360; Prussian coup, 368–9, 425, 454–5, 462, 470; reactionary conservatism, 390; and the Reich Concordat, 488; and the Reichstag Fire, 457; the sterilization issue, 487; under house arrest, 515; and the vote of no confidence in the government, 385, 386

  Paris, 81; allied heads of government meeting, 191; growth of, 31; and Vienna, 31

  Paris Conference (1921), 157

  parliamentarism, 33, 34, 192, 228, 230, 233, 437, 439

  Pasewalk, near Stettin, Pomerania: H in hospital in, 65, 97, 101, 102–5, 109, 120, 121, 389

  Passau, Lower Bavaria, 11, 14, 237, 238, 631n.

  ‘Pastors’ Emergency League’, 490

  ‘patriotic associations’, 154, 172, 186, 189, 190, 199, 204, 212

  patriotism, 215

  Patzig, Captain Conrad, 512

  pax Hitleriana, 265

  Pearson, Professor Alfred J., 518–19

  peasants: fear and hatred of Bolshevism in Bavaria, 115; and four-year plans, 440; of Franconia, 575; H addresses, 300; Nazis make rapid advances among the, 308; Gregor Strasser and, 397

  Pension Moritz (later the Platterhof), Obersalzberg, 283

  Perlitius, Dr Ludwig, 438

  Petersen, Julius, 481

  Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz, 276–7, 296, 341–5, 348, 680n., 683n.

  Pfordten, Theodor von der, 205, 217

  Pfundtner, Hans, 567

  Phipps, Sir Eric, 551, 554

  Pilsudski, Józef, 492, 494, 543

  Pittinger, Dr Otto, 172, 177, 193

  Planck, State Secretary, 373, 386

  Platterhof hotel (previously Pension Moritz), Obersalzberg, 188, 686n.

  Plutarch, xxv

  Pöhner, Ernst, 186, 206, 207, 208, 211, 216, 262

  Poland/Poles, 492, 548; Bund Oberland and, 172; national socialist parties, 161; non-aggression pact (1934), 494, 543–4, 587; Poles as targeted ‘Outsiders’ under Bismarck, 76; Volksdeutsche in, 248

  Political Workers’ Circle (Politischer Arbeiterzirkel), 139, 143

  Pölzl, Johann Baptist (H’s maternal grandfather), 9

  Pölzl, Johanna (H’s maternal aunt), 9,53, 54; financial help to H, 23, 46, 53, 54, 55, 57; and Klara’s medical costs, 25

  Pölzl, Johanna (née Hüttler; H’s maternal grandmother), 9

  Pölzl, Klara see Hitler, Klara Pölzl, Theresia (H’s maternal aunt), 9

  Pomerania, 264, 300, 334, 350

  Popitz, Johannes, 565

  Popp, Frau (H’s landlady in Munich),

  83, 84, 85, 90, 632n. Popp, Joseph, 83, 85, 90

  Potempa affair, 381–3, 415

  Pötsch, Dr Leonard, 17

  Potsdam, 387, 464–5; Garnisonkirche, 465

  Prague, 477, 520

  press: antisemitic, 61, 65; bourgeois, 386, 389; censorship, 80, 114, 455, 509–10, 564; freedom of the, 459; gutter, 31, 66; Hugenberg, 310, 318; liberal, 61; mainstream, 61; Marxist, 61; nationalist, 310; völkisch, 239, 251

  Price, G. Ward, 547

  Price Commissariat, 579

  Prien am Chiemsee, 372

  Prinzregentenplatz, Munich, 342, 351, 355, 503

  propaganda: anti-socialist, 53;

  antisemitic, 559; blanket coverage, 301, 416, 590; and finances, 189; German army turns H into a propagandist
, 105; German National Protection and Defiance Federation and, 137; H as a propagandist, 127, 128, 133, 156, 157, 159, 161, 170, 180, 191, 192, 193, 198, 200, 214, 252, 308–9, 310, 322, 357, 388, 403–4, 454, 535, 550; image of H’s ‘fatherliness’, 281; as the key to the nationalization of the masses, 156, 260; Lueger’s use of, 35; nationalist pressure-groups, 79–80; radical nationalist, 58–9; rightist, 115; shift in emphasis, 301–2; Gregor Strasser and, 300; in the transitional army, 121–2; triumphalist, 97

  prostitution: H horrified and fascinated by, 45–6; H links Jews with, 46; and the pan-German moral code, 44

  Protection of the Republic Act, 216–17

  protectionism, 447

  ‘protective custody’ (Schutzhaft), unrestricted use of, 540

  Protestant Churches, 181, 435, 488–90, 501, 575, 734n.

  Protestants, 465; and attacks on the Churches, 562; and H’s negotiations with Zentrum, 390; impressions of H, 412; NSDAP membership, 335; as NSDAP voters, 334, 461; optimism about national renewal, 432

  Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 153

  provincialism, Bavarian, 85

  Prussia, 248, 393, 469; anti-Prussian feeling in Bavaria, 85, 95, 99, 150; bans the NSDAP, 663n.; as the bulwark of Social Democracy, 369; Chamber of Doctors, 411; and the ‘Day of Potsdam’, 464–5; defeat of Austria at Königgrätz, 33; emergency decree, 459; emigrants, 172; Göring appointed Minister President, 470; government deposed, 368–9, 727n.; H as Reich Governor, 470; H banned from public speaking, 257, 269, 293, 304; Hohenzollern kings, 465; Ministry of the Interior, 420, 421, 459, 515, 540; Papen coup, 368–9, 425, 454–5, 462, 470; the SA’s alternative power-base, 506; state elections (1932), 363, 364; terror-wave in, 443, 455, 456, 463; and völkisch parties, 169

  Prussian Academy of Arts, 480, 482

  Prussian army, 100, 113, 554

  Prussian Church (Altpreuéische Union), 489

  Prussian Gestapo, 506

  Prussian Gestapo Law, 540

  Prussian Health Office, 487

  Puccini, Giacomo, 42

  puritanism, 45

  putsch attempt (Munich, 1923), 16, 29, 65, 131, 134, 169, 251, 259, 319; annual Nazi commemoration of, 82; in the Bürgerbräukeller, 206–8; demonstration march, 210; as a desperate forward move, 133; gun-battle, 210–11; H interned in Landsberg see Landsberg am Lech fortress; H’s decision to strike (8 November), 205, 206; Kahr and, 159, 663n.; Ludendorff allows Kahr, Lossow and Seiéer to leave, 208, 209; miscalculations of the political class, 424; rumours, 190, 192, 196, 202, 665n., 666n.; trial, 29, 65, 103, 167, 213–17, 218–19, 236, 240, 245, 251, 264, 272, 295, 637n., 667n.; value to the movement, 262

  Raab, Johann, 637n.

  ‘race-value’, 289

  ‘racial hygiene’, 411, 480

  racial purity, 563–4, 571–2

  racism, xx, 73, 134, 434; ideological, xxviii, 320; and ‘living-space’, 250;

  and a sense of nationhood, 76

  racist theory, xx, 51, 125, 151

  radicalism, 119, 120, 408, 435, 471, 539, 541

  radio see broadcasting

  Raeder, Admiral Erich, 442, 556, 586

  Ranke, Leopold von, 240

  Rapallo Treaty (1922), 290, 544

  Rathenau, Walter, 174, 663n.

  Ratzel, Friedrich, 249

  Raubal, Angela (‘Geli’; H’s niece), 283, 284, 351–5, 388, 485, 703n.

  Raubal, Leo (first husband of H’s half-sister, Angela), 25, 37, 611n.

  Rauschning, Hermann: Hitler Speaks, xiv

  realism, 40

  rearmament see under Third Reich

  Red Army, 15, 639n.

  Red Cross, 95

  ‘Red Guards’, 113

  ‘Reds’, 58, 64, 196

  Reich Agrarian League see Reichslandbund

  Reich Association of German Industry see Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie

  Reich Association of War Disabled, War Veterans, and War Dependants, 98

  Reich Chancellery, 535, 551, 553, 554, 578, 586

  Reich Citizenship Law, 566, 569, 571–2, 573

  Reich Commissary for Air Travel, 444

  Reich Committee for the German People’s Petition, 310

  Reich Concordat with the Vatican, 487–8

  Reich Estate of German Industry see Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie

  Reich Food Estate see Reichsnährstand

  Reich Governors, 469–70, 471, 502, 507

  Reich Labour Service (Reichsarbeitdienst) Camps, Westphalia, 512

  ‘Reich myth’, 77

  Reich Party Rally of Victory (1933), 503

  Reichenau, Colonel Walther von, 443,

  444, 497, 503, 511, 512, 521, 525

  Reichsbahn, 452

  Reichsbank, 356, 370, 445, 572

  Reichsbanner, 122, 382, 458, 464, 477, 716n.

  Reichsflagge, 172, 177, 193, 195, 197, 199, 662n., 664n.

  Reichskriegsflagge unit, 301

  Reichslandbund (Reich Agrarian League), 392, 414, 446

  Reichsnährstand see Reich Food Estate

  Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie (Reich Estate of German Industry), 448

  Reichstag see under Germany; Third Reich

  Reichstag elections see under

  Germany; Third Reich

  Reichstag fire, 456–9, 461, 492

  Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie (Reich Association of German Industry), 414, 447, 448

  Reichswehr, 127, 203, 216, 218, 366, 371, 395, 396, 417, 422, 438, 503; aids the NSDAP, 155, 156; Bavarian Reichswehr a stronghold of counter-revolutionary forces, 115–16; and the Communists, 201, 458; counter-revolutionary politics, 121; demands for democratization, 111; demobilization, 105, 117, 120; emergency powers, 202; finances, 445; in the First World War, 95, 97; and the Freikorps, 192; H lectures to Reichswehr soldiers, 153; H meets with military leaders (1933), 441–4; High Command, 97; Hindenburg as supreme commander, 500; H’s ideology takes shape, 105; H’s need for its support, 198; H’s promise, 467; H’s time in (1919), 102, 104, 105, 117, 119, 121–5, 147, 274; Leipzig Reichswehr trial, 337–8, 349; ‘liberation’ of Munich, 109; and the oath of unconditional loyalty, 525; and paramilitary weapons, 195, 196; ‘people’s army’, 505; and the putsch attempt, 208, 209, 213, 214; Röhm becomes the key link with, 154; and the SA, 195, 497, 499, 500, 502, 504, 505, 506, 511, 521; swears oath of allegiance to H, 436; training of paramilitaries, 194, 195, 198, 213, 215; turns H into a propagandist, 105

  Reinhardt, Fritz, 449

  Reinhardt Programme, 449

  Reiter, Anni, 284

  Reiter, Maria (‘Mimi’), 284–5, 352, 706n.

  Remarque, Erich Maria, 482

  reparations, 157, 191, 212, 257, 309–10, 330, 355, 367

  Reusch, Paul, 393, 707n.

  Reventlow, Ernst Graf zu, 255, 297, 398

  Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition (Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts-Opposition (RGO)), 714n.

  Reynolds, Rothay, 336–7

  Rheinhotel Dreesen, Bad Godesberg, 512

  Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung,381

  Rhineland, 264, 310, 531, 542, 548, 555–6, 561, 581–91, 757n.

 

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