by Ian Kershaw
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 294, 415, 417, 418, 419, 422, 585; Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 556–7, 558; and invasion of the Rhineland, 584; meets H, 380–81; personality, 556–7
Riefenstahl, Leni, 526
Right: the bourgeois, 327, 362; conservative, 358, 424, 431, 508; counter-revolutionary, 171, 181, 194; first attempt to take over the state, 153; H becomes a celebrity, 29; and imperialism, 79; invents ‘treachery’ legend, 97, 110, 112; nationalist, 77, 80, 128, 169, 170, 175, 180, 182, 194, 196, 251, 307, 310, 392, 407, 412, 423; neo-conservative, 181; Pan-German, 246; political murders, 171; political radicalization, 201; radical, 78, 80, 115, 186, 195, 198, 201–2, 212, 234, 259, 260, 269, 663n.; völkisch, 29, 145, 154, 160, 181, 223, 224, 225, 244, 246, 258, 261, 267, 268–9
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 81
Rinke, Marie (later Fellinger), 49
Robinson, Simon, 63, 67
Roer-Rhine-Black Forest defensive line, 766n.
Röhm, Captain Ernst, 175, 177, 208, 266, 304, 417, 501, 508; addresses Kampfbund troops, 208; arrested after the putsch attempt, 211; criticizes H, 503; and Einwohnerwehr units, 154; and the first Reich Party Rally, 192–3; founds a Working Group of the Patriotic Fighting Associations, 193; and Frontbann, 231, 673n.; H denounces as a traitor, 514; H reluctant to order his death, 515; homosexuality, 348, 520; indicted alongside H, 216; invaluable connections, 154, 174; involvement in the putsch attempt, 208; joins the DAP, 154, 173; leader of the Reichsflagge, 172, 662n.; and the leadership cult, 181; leaves political life, 265; and the ‘liberation’ of Munich, 120, 173; meetings with Schleicher and Papen, 372; murdered, 301, 435, 516; the ‘order’ for arming the SA, 511–12; and the Potempa murderers, 382; and the Reichswehr, 497, 499, 502, 511–12; Röhm-cult, 503; and the SA, 120, 346, 348, 350, 351, 499–506, 509, 511–14, 517; on SA’s aim, 501–2; secret arsenal, 174, 190, 197; State Commissar without Portfolio (Bavaria), 462, 502; Gregor Strasser on, 398; wants a new ‘warrior’ élite, 173
‘Rolf Eidhalt’ (‘Keep the Oath’), 226
Roller, Professor Alfred, 39
Rome, Imperial, 193
Roosevelt, Franklin D., xix
Rosenberg, Alfred, 178, 206, 383, 549; anti-Christian, 575; antipathy towards Bolshevism, 246; as an arch-ideologue, 298; contributes to Auf gut deutsch, 154; and H’s approach to Russia, 246; lack of leadership ability, 225; as a member of the Thule-Society, 138; ousted, 226, 266; as part of H’s inner circle, 158; party chairmanship in H’s absence, 211, 225; the party ‘philosopher’, 225; resigns his position, 232; and the Russian Revolution, 152–3
Rosenheim, 149, 151, 152, 160, 209
Roßbach, Gerhard, 188
Roßbach, Dr J. R., 652n.
Rossini, Gioacchino, 42
Rothermere, Lord, 336
Rothschild, Baron, 7
Rubens, Peter Paul, 26
Ruhr, 381, 589; creation of an enlarged Gau, 276; French occupation, 190, 191, 195, 246, 276; H presses for radical action, 194; iron dispute (1928), 305, 306; and the NSDAP’s finances, 299–300; as one of the toughest areas for the NSDAP, 329; Gregor Strasser’s contacts in, 397
Rumbold, Horace, 432
Rupprecht, Crown Prince, 209, 262, 666n.
Russia: alliance ruled out, 275; and the Bamberg meeting, 277; civil war, 115, 153, 286, 650n.; deteriorating relations with the Weimar Republic, 544; diplomatic relations with Germany, 290; Franco-Soviet Pact (1935), 555, 583, 585, 586, 587; Germany declares war (1914), 89; H attacks Soviet expansionist intentions, 554; H threatens to annihilate, 339; Jews in, 32, 78, 152, 246, 249; and ‘living-space’, 241, 246–50, 288; Politburo, 533; prisoners-of-war killed during Bavarian revolution, 114; pushed closer to France, 545
Russian Revolution (1905), 36
Russian Revolution (1917), 115, 153, 286
Rust, Bernhard, 283, 400
Rutz, Korbinian, 634–5n.
SA (Sturmabteilung), 98, 193, 202, 218, 278, 292, 304, 339, 365, 371, 666n.; aims to continue the ‘German Revolution’, 502, 503; antisemitism, 410–11, 559, 560, 564; assaults on Jews, 472, 501; ‘auxiliary police’, 198, 455, 506; banned, 226, 365, 366, 367, 368; ‘baptism of fire’, 176; behaviour of, 508, 519; in Berlin, 347–50, 371, 372, 426, 433; Braunschweig march-past, 356; brown uniform, 698n.; build-up of, 175, 191, 656n.; and capitalists, 560; combined exercises near Munich (1923), 662n.; and the counter-boycott of Jewish stores, 474; crisis within, 346–51; and the ‘Day of Potsdam’, 465; disturbances in Munich, 513; executions, 514–15, 545; ‘Fighting Song’, 411; fights with Communists, 368; first appearance as a paramilitary formation, 177; and Frontbann, 231; German Day in Coburg, 178; Goebbels and, 347, 349–50, 365, 372; H addresses, 157, 296; H defends, 463; H designs the standards, 648n.; hard to contain, 500–501; headquarters in Bavaria, 469; H’s instructions opposed, 226; image, 351; improvised prisons, 460; May Day affair (1923), 197; members, 350–51, 410, 517; November pogrom (1938), 521; Nuremberg Rallies, 310, 568; personal oaths of loyalty to H, 279; Pfeffer von Salomon leads, 276, 341; ‘politics of hooliganism’, 499; Potempa affair, 381, 382; the problem of, 495, 499–522; and propaganda work, 389; in Prussia, 506; purged, 350, 511, 512–22, 545; and the putsch attempt (1923), 206, 209; reasons for joining, 190–91; and the Reichswehr, 195, 497, 499, 500, 502, 504, 505, 506, 511, 521; reorganization, 680n.; returns to its earlier role, 265; and the Rhineland, 588; Röhm and, 120, 346, 348, 350, 351, 499–506, 509, 511–14, 517; and ‘SA state’, 402; Saalschutz and, 147, 172–3, 647n.; showdown with the, 471; Special Commissioners (Sonderbeauftragte), 502; and the SS, 341, 347, 506, 511, 521–2; Stennes’s demand for Reichstag seats, 347, 349; and ‘Sturm’ cigarettes, 348; threatening demonstrations, 462; transformation into a paramilitary organization, 173; and the unemployed, 405, 503; unionists beaten, 475; weaponry, 190; Wöhrden incident, 308; working-class presence, 335
SA-Mann newspaper, 503
Saar, 546–8, 559, 560, 561
Saarbrücken, 547, 549
St Bartholomew’s Night Massacre, 507
St Joseph’s Association, 114
Salvatorkeller, Munich, 659n.
Salzburg: and H’s failure to register for military service, 86; and proposed NSDAP/DSP merger, 160–61; secret meeting (1924), 227
Saxony, 201, 292, 293, 308–9, 324, 325, 327, 333, 387, 462, 708n.
Scandinavia, and the eugenics movement, 79
Schacht, Hjalmar, 356, 357, 370, 392, 452, 485, 519, 537, 563, 572; anti-Jewish legislation, 564–5, 566; appointed President of the Reichsbank, 445; and businessmen’s donations, 448; and the counter-boycott on Jewish stores, 473, 474; and the economy, 580, 581; and foreign exchange, 579; New Plan, 576; and rearmament, 580; and short-term credits, 449
Schäffer, Fritz, 392, 723n.
Scharrer, Eduard, 247, 248
Schaub, Julius, 279, 343, 485, 513
Schaumberg-Lippe, 462
Schellingstraée Party Headquarters, Munich, 703n.
Schemm, Hans, 462
Scheringer, Richard, 337, 338, 702n.
Scheubner-Richter, Max Erwin von, 158, 189–90, 199, 200, 203, 205, 211, 225–6, 246
Schichtl, Rosalia (later Hörl), 11, 605n.
Schicklgruber, Alois (Aloys)see Hitler, Alois
Schicklgruber, Johann (H’s paternal great-grandfather), 3
Schicklgruber, Maria Anna see Hiedler, Maria Anna
Schicklgruber family, 3
Schiller, Johann Cristoph Friedrich von, 41
Schirach, Baldur von, 351, 387, 408;
admires Ludendorff, 307;
background, 307; leads Hitler
Youth, 307; leads the Nazi Students’
Federation, 307
Schirach, Karl von, 307
Schlageter, Albert, 661n.
Schleiéheimerstraée, 34, Munich, 83, 85
Schleicher, Major Kurt von, 368, 372, 379, 380, 383, 384, 385, 418, 420, 422, 424, 433, 450, 506, 513, 519, 521, 745n.; appointed Reich Chancellor, 396, 413; death, 381, 515, 743n.; favours an authoritarian regime, 366; and Goebbe
ls, 396; H proposes as Defence Minister, 394; head of the Ministerial Bureau, Defence Ministry, 323; H’s secret negotiations, 370–71; increasing isolation, 416; manoevrings behind the scenes, 381; murdered, 515, 522; and the Osthilfe scandal, 416–17; ousts Papen, 359, 414; overtures to Gregor Strasser, 395, 396, 399; and Papen’s appointment as Chancellor, 367; resignation of the cabinet, 419; and Gregor Strasser’s departure, 402
Schleswig-Holstein, 300, 308, 321, 334, 350
Schloé Neudeck, East Prussia, 371, 384, 417, 422, 509, 511, 518, 524, 526
Schmid, Gruppenführer, 513–14
Schmid, Wilhelm Eduard, 515
Schmidt, Ernst, no, 116, 117, 120, 635n.
Schmidt, Paul, 553, 554, 557–8
Schmidt-Falks, Elsa, 51, 52
Schmitt, Carl, 384, 481, 521
Schmitt, Dr Ludwig, 515
Schneidhuber, Obergruppenführer August, 348, 513–14
Schnitzler, Arthur, 31, 45
Schönberg, Arnold, 31, 258, 480
Schönerer, Georg Ritter von, 62; antisemitism, 33, 63, 65; bill to block Jewish immigration into Vienna, 34; and the Catholic Church, 34, 58; an early brand of ‘national socialism’, 33; ‘Führer’ title, 34; H criticizes, 34; ‘Heil’ greeting, 34; influences H, 18, 33–4, 55, 65; and Lanz, 50; moral code, 44, 45; neglects the masses, 34; pan-German nationalism, 18, 36, 60; programme, 33, 34; Stein admires, 625n.
Schönerer movement, 44, 58, 63, 135, 624n., 625n., 689n.
Schopenhauer, Artur, 41, 91
Schott, Georg: Das Volkbuch vom Hitler, 221, 223–4
Schreck, Julius, 119, 485, 513
Schröder, Baron Kurt von, 392, 413–15
Schroeder, Christa, 705n.
Schulte, Karl Joseph, Cardinal, 588
Schultze, Dr Walter, 211
Schumacher, Kurt, 432
Schumpeter, Joseph, 306
Schuschnigg, Kurt, 523
Schüssler, Rudolf, 644n.
Schutzhaft see‘protective custody’
Schwarz, Franx Xaver, 300, 352, 360
Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia, 389
SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service), 462, 511, 541
Sebastian, Ludwig, Bishop of Speyer, 766n.
Sebotendorff, Rudolf Freiherr von, 139
Sechshauserstraée 58, Vienna, 52
‘Second Armaments Programme’, 445
Second Bavarian Infantry Regiment, 633n.
Second Demobilization Company, 117–18
Second Infantry Regiment, 116, 121
‘Second Law for the Coordination of the Länder with the Reich’, 469, 470
Second Reich, and the Third Reich, 73, 75
Second World War: H’s responsibility for, 87–8; mass murder of the Jews, 103
Sedan, battle of (1870), 199
Sedgwick-Heine family, 186
Seeckt, General Hans von, 194, 195
Seidlitz, Frau Gertrud von, 190
Seipel, Ignaz, 238
Seiéer, Colonel Hans Ritter von, 203, 204, 206, 213, 666n.; H interrogates during his trial, 216; involvement in the putsch attempt, 206, 207–8, 209, 213, 214, 215
Seldte, Franz, 310, 356, 421, 475, 537, 765n.
‘self-preservation drive’ (Selbsterhaltungstrieb), 289
Semper, Gottfried, 55
‘Senators’ Hall’, Brown House, Munich, 514, 518
‘sense of struggle’ (Kampfsinn), 289
Serbia, Austria’s 1914 ultimatum, 112
Seventh Day Adventists, 541
Seventh Reichswehr Division, 193
Severing, Carl, 368–9, 709n.
Shirer, William, 551–2, 587, 588
Shooting Club, Theisenort, 479
Sicherheitsdienst see SD
Silesia, 350, 382, 516
Simon, Sir John, 549, 553, 554, 556, 557
Simon-Denk-Gasse 11, Vienna, 52
Simplicissimus magazine, 85
Singing Association, Theisenort, 479
slavery: of conquered peoples, 449; of inferior races, 50
Slavs: Habsburg empire’s pro-Slav policies, 81, 87; and the Magyars, 32; nationalism, 34; ‘Unter-menschen’, 79
Small Garden Association, 479
Smith, Truman, 659n. Sobibor, 434
social Darwinism, 78, 134, 136, 288, 290, 296, 344, 346, 448, 533
Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 35
Social Democrats see SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands)
‘social question’, 59–60, 289, 291 H social reform, Lueger and, 35
social welfare, 290
socialism, 326; anti-capitalist, 135; anti-Marxist, 135; anti-socialist propaganda in Vienna, 53; and antisemitism, 151; Bavaria’s mission, 172; H re-defines, 305; hatred of, 456; Lanz and, 50; Marxist, 76, 135; ‘national’, 134, 135, 136, 138; and nationalism, 289, 290, 317; of Otto Strasser, 327; repressive laws against, 80; Stein and, 58–9; threat of, 74
Solln, Munich, 160
Solmitz, Louise, 313, 363, 364, 391, 431, 454, 460–61, 590, 760n.
Somme, Battle of the, 94–5, 262, 633n.
Sopade, 520, 552, 561, 573, 590
South Tyrol, 246, 291, 292
Soviet Union see Russia
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands see SPD
Spain, 542
Spann, Othmar, 136
Spartacism, 111, 114, 123
‘Spartacus Rising’ (1919), 111, 170
SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), 120, 176, 379, 465, 475, 492, 508, 541; anti-nationalism, 61; bans, 455; battle cruiser crisis, 305–6; and the Bavarian National Council, 109; and the Berlin transport workers’ strike, 714–15n.; and Dachau, 464; and democracy, 425; and the DVP, 323; and the Enabling Act, 466, 468; and the end of the Bavarian monarchy, 112; end of, 476–7; in the First World War, 88, 94; H attacks, 286; H blames for unrest in Germany, 101; H links Jews with, 61, 152; H threatens to annihilate, 339; and Hindenburg, 363; hostages in the putsch attempt, 217; H’s hatred of, 36, 55, 58, 59, 61, 104, 119–20; image of H, 412; influences H, 36; internationalism, 58, 88; intimidation and intolerance, 36; Landtag defeats proposal to ban SA, 196; as the largest party in the Reichstag, 76, 111; Lippe-Detmold elections, 416; and Marxism, 76, 286; and the munitions strike (1918), 267–8; Nazi disruption of an SPD meeting, 176; opposes a revolution, 113; organization and activism, 36; perceived looming menace of, 78; programme, 36; and propaganda, 156; Reichsbanner, 122; Reichstag elections, 302, 334, 370, 390, 461; and the Reichstag Fire, 458; in the Saar, 547; Schleicher and, 395; and Socialist Law, 76; and the ‘Spartacus Rising’, 111; and the Staatspartei, 477; state elections (1932), 364; in the Stresemann ‘grand coalition’, 201; targeted ‘outsiders’ under Bismarck, 76; ‘toleration’ policy, 335–6; victims of the ‘White Guard’, 114; and the working class, 201, 405;see also Majority Social Democrats
Speer, Albert, xxii, 63, 534, 568, 690n.
Spengler, Oswald, 158, 396
Spital, Waldviertel, Austria, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
Sprenger, Jacob, 560
Springorum, Fritz, 393
SS (Schutszstaffel; Protection Squad), xxvii, 349, 463, 502; antisemitism, 559; arises out of H’s personal bodyguard, 278–9; ‘auxiliary police’, 455; banned, 365, 368; in Berlin, 433; Braunschweig march-past, 356; and the ‘Day of Potsdam’, 465; failed putsch attempt (1934), 522, 523; first on public display, 278–9; founded, 278; headquarters in Bavaria, 469; Heydrich commands the security police, 462; Himmler appointed to lead, 301, 540; and H’s Reichstag speech after the SA purges, 519; improvised prisons, 460; merges into the police, 538, 540, 541; Nuremberg Rallies, 310, 568; racial selection programme, 50; and the Rhineland, 588; and the SA, 341, 347, 506, 511, 515, 521–2, 540; threatening demonstrations, 462
Staatsgerichtshof (Supreme Court), 728n.
Staatspartei, 477
‘stab-in the-back’ legend, 97, 112, 116, 138, 194, 268
Stadelheim prison, Munich, 176, 514, 516
Stahlhelm, 310, 356, 362, 421, 431, 455, 465, 477
Sta
lin, Josef, xix, xxiii, xxv, 533
Stapel, Wilhelm, 136, 181