Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris
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Starnberg, Lake, 276
Stefanie, 22, 44, 352
Stein, Franz, 58
Steinen, Marlis, xiii
Stempfle, Pater Bernhard, 242, 515–16
Stenglein, Ludwig, 236–7, 239
Stennes, Walter, 347, 349, 350, 351, 396, 401
sterilization: of certain categories of ‘degenerates’, 79; of the hereditarily sick, 411; of inferior races, 50; sterilization law, 486–7, 488
Steyr, Realschule, 19
Stöhr, Franz, 297
Stolzing-Cerny (music critic), 242
Stoétrupp Adolf Hitler (Adolf Hitler Assault Squad), 279
Strasser brothers, 325, 326
Strasser, Gregor, 266, 327, 339, 359, 370, 513, 519, 546; antisemitism, 270, 560; at Berchtesgaden, 283; breaks with Otto, 328, 397; and Dinter’s expulsion, 298–9; edits Berliner Arbeiter-Zeitung, 296; favours a more ‘socialist’ emphasis, 271; and Goebbels, 396, 398–9, 402; and Göring, 398; on H, 341, 342, 343; H suspicious of, 385, 398–9; and the Heil Hitler greeting, 294; Himmler as secretary to, 301; hopes to replace the Programme of 1920, 273; joins the DVFP, 226–7; loses his place in H’s inner circle, 398; and Mein Kampf, 241; murdered, 402, 515, 743n.; and the NSDAP’s programme, 322; organizational leadership, 270, 300, 303–4, 396, 397, 403, 404, 538; personality, 270, 273; Propaganda Leader of the NSDAP, 276, 300; racism, 397; Reich Leadership of the NSFP, 232, 233; Reichstag deputy, 303; resignation of all his party offices, 396, 397, 399–400, 402; Schleicher’s overtures to, 395, 396, 399; and the structure of the NSDAP, 255, 261, 270; tactical differences with H, 397–8; turned into arch-traitor, 401; and the unions, 398; and the Völkischer Block, 233, 234; and the Working Community, 273–4, 275–6; and Zentrum, 717n.
Strasser, Otto, 241, 242, 310, 325–9,
335, 337, 346, 350, 352, 396, 397, 515, 619n, 683n.; Hitler und ich, 697n.
Straubing, Lower Bavaria, 472
Strausberg, 483
Strauß, Johann, 42
Strauß, Richard, 480
Streicher, Julius, 225, 226, 263, 267, 270, 272, 559, 680n.; antisemitism, 179, 208, 472, 563–4; appearance, 179; arrested after the putsch attempt, 211; bullying style, 233; in charge of NSDAP organization and propaganda, 208–9; and counter-boycott of Jewish stores, 473, 474; a founder member of the German-Socialist Party, 179; Goebbels makes his peace with, 276; and the GVG, 226, 233, 234; H criticizes, 232; H’s gratitude to, 179; power-struggle with Kellerbauer, 179–80; Strasser and, 234, 270; supporters, 264; transfers his Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft (Nuremberg branch) to the NSDAP, 178–9
Stresa Front, 555, 558, 580, 583
Stresemann, Gustav, 310, 490, 492, 494; death, 311, 323; and the German economy, 306, 307; ‘grand coalition’, 201; as Reich Chancellor, 200, 257
Strones, Waldviertel, Austria, 3
Stuck, Franz von, 615n.
Stuckart, Wilhelm, 567, 571
student unions, 79
Stülpnagel, Otto, 728n.
Stumpergasse, 31, Vienna, 37, 38, 43, 46, 47, 48, 615n.
‘Sturm’ cigarettes, 348
Der Stürmer, 179, 560, 564, 566
Stuttgart, 362
Styria, 8
Sudetenland: German Radical Party based in, 55; Volksdeutsche in, 248
Sutzken, East Prussia, 484
Swabia, 202, 212
swastika: the Bremen incident, 569; List and, 50; New Templar Order and, 50; and the NSDAP banner, 147; as part of the Nazi image, 320
Switzerland, 572
Tägliche Rundschau, 414
Tannenberg Memorial, East Prussia, 526
Tannenbergbund, 269
‘Tat Circle’, 397, 398, 414
Die Tat, 482, 716n.
Tenner, Oberregierrungsrat Friedrich, 235–6
Terboven, Gauleiter, 512
Teutoburger Wald, 77
Thälmann, Ernst, 269, 334, 362, 363
Theisenort, 479
Thierschstraße 41, Munich, 158, 159, 160, 206, 239, 342
Third Reich: agrarian policy, 446–7; Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), 556–8; conflict with Italy over Austria, 555, 583; defensive weakness, 542; Diplomatic Corps, 567; diplomatic isolation, 542, 543, 553, 580; economy, 446–52, 507, 576–80; emergency decree, 459, 460, 463; and the First World War, 80; food crisis, 577–81, 581; Foreign Ministry, 551, 566, 572, 582; Foreign Office, 501, 531, 543, 548, 556, 557, 584, 589, 739n.; foreign policy, 441, 490–94, 527, 531, 542–58; four-year plans, 440, 446, 539, 763n.; ‘guidelines for action’, 244; Ministry of Economics, 537, 572; Ministry of the Interior, 567, 569, 571, 572; Ministry of Justice, 564, 569; Ministry of Labour, 476, 537, 581; moral indifference to violence, 170; and ‘national community’, 332; near deification of H, 260; non-aggression pact with Poland (1934), 494, 543–4; plebiscites, 493, 495, 524, 526, 546–7, 559, 560; rearmament, 443–6, 449, 450, 491, 492, 493, 521, 542, 543, 548, 549, 551, 552, 555, 556, 565, 576, 578–81; Reich Flag, 567; Reichsrat, 467; Reichstag, 435, 438, 439, 461, 464–8, 492, 493, 494, 518, 519, 555, 564, 567, 568, 569, 586, 587; Reichstag elections, 439, 447, 452, 456, 461–2, 493, 494, 495, 586, 590–91; reordering of German cultural life, 480–81; and the Second Reich, 73, 75; strikes, 762–3n.; wages, 576; Wagner and, 617n.; War Ministry, 580
Thule-Gesellschaft, 113, 138–9
Thüringer Wald, 319
Thuringia, 201, 210, 265, 298, 300, 319–20, 322, 396, 708n.
Thuringian Gau, 510
Thyssen, Fritz, 190, 310, 356, 357, 358, 359, 392
Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von, 556
Todt, Fritz, 451, 452
Toller, Ernst, 98, 113, 118, 336
Torgler, Ernst, 385
trade unionism, 53, 58, 61, 196, 272, 286, 379, 395, 398, 405, 435, 448, 475–6, 738n.;see also ADGΒ
Traunstein prisoner-of-war camp, Bavaria, 110, 116–17, 120
Trautenau, 135
Travemünde, 494
Treblinka, 434
Treitschke, Heinrich von, 76, 240
Treviranus, Reich Minister, 339
Triumph of the Will, 526
Troeltsch, Ernst, 171–2
Trotsky, Leon, 84
Trustees of Labour, 537, 578
Tschirschky und Boegendorff, Fritz Günther von, 512, 743n.
Tubeuf, Major von, 96
Tucholsky, Kurt, 482
The Tunnel, 624n.
UFA film company, 310
Uffing, 211
unemployment, 202, 305, 306, 317, 318, 323, 355, 369, 404–5, 433, 444, 451, 467, 503, 504, 507–8, 574, 581, 731n.
Union of Revolutionary National Socialists, 328–9
United Racist-Ethnic Associations see Vereinigte Völkische Verbände
United States of America (USA): as the economic model for Germany, 258; economic power of, 292; and the eugenics movement, 79; and the Rhineland, 589; short-term loans to Germany, 306, 307, 318; survival of democracy, 317, 318
United Steel Works, 356
universal male suffrage, 33, 36
University of Jena, 319
University of Marburg, 509
Unternehmen Reichsautobahnen (Enterprise Reich Motorways), 452
Untersberg, 282
Upper Bavaria, 212, 303
Upper Franconia, 329, 479, 672n.
Upper Silesia, 172, 444, 484
upper classes, and the SPD, 76
upper-middle class, in the NSDAP, 190
Urfahr, Linz, 23, 25, 26, 39, 614n.
USPD, 99, 112, 113, 118, 651n.
V-Men (V-Leute, V-Männer), 122, 123, 126
Vahlen, Theodor, 272
‘value of personality’, 289
van der Lubbe, Marinus, 456–7, 458
Vaterländische Vereine Münchens (VVM, Patriotic Associations of Munich), 172
Vatican, 487, 488
VB see Völkischer Beobachter
Venice, 510, 523
Verdi, Giuseppe, 42
Vereine (clubs and associations), 321
Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände (United Patr
iotic Associations), 310
Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände Bayerns (VVVB; United Patriotic Associations of Bavaria), 177, 662n.
Versailles Treaty (1919), 136, 145, 148, 150, 153, 155, 174, 246, 257, 307, 310, 316, 330, 424, 441, 443, 491, 542, 543, 546, 549–52, 556, 558, 574, 580–83, 587, 589, 590
Vertrauensräte see‘Councils of Trust’
Veterans’ Association, 479
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 180
Vienna, 22, 81; antisemitism in 31, 32, 65, 66; Brigittenau, 32, 621n.; Burgtheater, 41; Central Cemetery, 354; Court Museum, 22; Court Opera, 23, 37, 39, 42, 43; described, 30–31; growth of, 31; gutter press, 31; H leaves for Munich (1913), 29, 68–9; H lives rough, 52; H moves to (1908), 36–7; H sells paintings in, 53, 54–5; Hof Library, 41; Hofburg, 32, 40; Hofoper, 42; housing problems, 40; H’s father’s employment, 5; H’s financial situation, 46–8; H’s first trip (1906), 22–3; H’s hatred for, 15, 32, 49, 68, 81; H’s indolent lifestyle, 25–6, 38, 39, 48, 534; H’s lack of sexual experience in, 44; H’s ‘projects’, 39–41; influence on H, 26, 29, 30; Jewish population, 31–2, 61; Kubizek starts his music studies, 37–8; Leopoldstadt, 32; Men’s Home, Meldemannstraße, 44, 51, 54–9, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 85, 132, 352, 616n., 619n., 620n., 623n.; Papen as German ambassador, 524; Parliament, 40; as a political and social melting pot, 26; Popular Opera House, 42; prostitution, 31, 44, 46; the question of H’s antisemitism in 61–7; Rathaus, 40; Reichsrat, 36, 61; Ringstraée, 23, 40; St Maria am Gestade church, 38; St Stephen’s cathedral, 37–8; Schönbrunn Palace, 32, 38; Schönerer’s bill to block Jewish immigration into, 34; and Social Democracy, 35, 36; worker demonstrations against inflation (1911), 626n.
Vienna Conservatoire, 38, 39, 48
Vienna Sezession, 31, 40
Viennese Academy of Fine Arts, 20, 23–4, 26, 37, 38, 39, 43, 48, 54, 57
Vier Jahreszeiten hotel, Munich, 139
Vilsbiburg, Lower Bavaria, 292
Vimy, Flanders, 95
Vögler, Albert, 393
Volck, Dr Adalbert, 230, 232, 272
Volk, 136, 332, 364
Volksdeutsche, 248
völkisch movement, 148, 150, 239; adulation of H, 131–2; demonstration while H in prison, 217–18; divided, 29, 212, 223, 224, 225, 233, 251, 263, 265, 266, 269, 277, 294; electoral participation, 227, 228, 229, 234; and Frontbann, 231; hatred of the Bolshevik/‘Marxist’ Left, 115; H’s claim to supremacy, 142, 253; H’s pre-eminence, 142, 223, 236, 253, 263; H’s scorn for völkisch sects, 51–2; ideology, 133, 135, 137, 138, 150; internal squabbles, 169; loses its figurehead, 269; mass audience v. inner circle, 143; Münchner Beobachter, 139; speakers’ repertoire, 150; twelve-point programme, 647n.
Völkischer Beobachter (VB), 139, 146, 155–6, 157, 159, 160, 165, 183, 189, 190, 201, 206, 225, 226, 242, 263, 265, 288, 293, 298, 318, 349, 350, 360, 362, 383, 389, 401–2, 451, 459, 516, 693n., 694n.
Völkischer Block, 212, 228, 233, 234, 267, 303, 672n., 681n.
Volksgemeinschaft,see‘national community’
Volunteer Associations, 170
Wachenfeld, Frau, 283
Waffen-SS, 119, 545
Wagener, Otto, 341, 342, 348, 398
Wagner, Adolf, 462, 513, 562, 565, 568, 569
Wagner, Cosima, 660n.
Wagner, Dr Gerhard, 564, 567, 571
Wagner, Otto, 31, 40, 341
Wagner, Richard, 188, 252; and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, 629n.; H’s admiration for, 21, 55, 184, 251; H’s drama and opera ‘projects’, 39–40; music transforms H’s mood, 261; the Wagner cult, 43; Wagnerian themes, 43; The Flying Dutchman, 23; Götterdämmerung, 617n.; Lohengrin, 21–2, 42; Rienzi, 610n.; Tristan und Isolde, 23, 47, 261, 370, 617n.; Wieland the Smith (sketch), 40
Wagner, Siegfried, 189, 685n.
Wagner, Winifred, 189, 310, 352, 610n., 685n., 755n.
Wagner family, 188–9
Wahrmund, Adolf, 151
Waldviertel, Lower Austria, 3, 33, 37, 48, 55
Wall Street Crash, 307, 309, 318
Walter, Bruno, 480
Warmbold, Hermann, 370
Watzmann (mountain), 282
Weber, Christian, 158, 159, 178, 675n.
Weber, Dr Friedrich, 204–5, 216, 236, 237, 238
Weber, Max, xiii
Wedekind, Frank, 81; Frühlings Erwachen (Spring Awakening), 46
Wehrmacht, 505, 741n.; conscription, 742n.; first on show at a Nuremberg Rally, 567; H declares his faith in, 546; and intermarriage, 564; the new, 551
Weill, Kurt, 480
Weimar: antisemitism, 307; conferences, 232, 233; as Germany’s literary capital, 307; Party Rally (July 1926), 278–9, 280, 282, 288, 298; völkisch nationalism, 307
Weimar Republic, 286, 322, 407, 453, 480; alienation of middle-class youth, 408; Constitution (1919), 324, 338, 349, 372, 384, 385, 386, 417, 418, 421, 422, 423, 435, 439, 459, 462, 525, 670n.; crisis-ridden nature of, 181, 295, 331, 358, 379, 435; culture, 258, 306; democracy, 73–4, 137, 169, 259, 269, 306, 307, 309, 317, 360, 693n.; deteriorating relations with Russia, 544; disintegration of, 358; dislike of, 316, 321, 355, 406; DVP attacks the welfare-state, 323; end of, 434; ‘golden years’, 257–8, 302, 306, 307, 317; H pillories the Weimar system, 330, 335, 339; Kahr and, 159; putsch attempt see Putsch attempt; rift within the working-class movement, 111–12; self-destructiveness, 322–3; start of, 102; vote of no confidence in the government, 385–6; wages, 576
Weitra, 5, 7
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 554
Wels, Otto, 468, 476, 477
Weltbühne, 331, 336
Weltpolitik, 79, 248
Wendt, Hans Friedrich, 337
Wervick, 97
Weser-Ems, 303
Wessel, Horst, 325–6, 697n., 722n.
Westarp, Graf, 323
Westenkirchner, Ignaz, 95, 636n.
Western League (Abendländischer Bund), 164
Westphalia, 264
White Book (British Government), 549
Wiedemann, Fritz, 91, 534, 535, 536, 560, 578, 591, 635n., 637n.
Wiener Tagblatt, 616n.
Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 544
Wikingbund, 172, 193, 197
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 556, 567; abdication, 102, 111, 493; disappointment in 77, 80, 180; dismisses Bismarck, 77; exaggerated hopes invested in, 180; in exile, 465; in the First World War, 89, 99, 636n.; and Schönerer’s programme, 34
Wilhelmshaven mutiny, no
Willikens, Werner, 527, 529, 532
Wilson, Woodrow, 111
Winter, Anni, 705n.
Winter Olympics (Garmisch-Partenkirchen), 572, 584
Wirth, Reich Chancellor Joseph, 159, 663n.
Wirtschaftliches Sofortprogramm (Economic Emergency Programme), 398
Wismar, 494
Wittelbach, House of, 82, 111
Wohlrab, Maria (née Kubata), 620n.
Wöhrden, 308
Wolf (H’s dog), 239
Wolf, Karl Hermann, 55
Wolf, Paula (née Hitler; H’s sister), 14, 706n.; birth (1896), 11; on her parents, 12–13; on H’s antisemitism, 627n.; on H’s care for his dying mother, 24; and H’s reading, 41; inheritance from her father, 25; the Raubals look after, 37
women: discriminated against in the jobs market, 408; H’s attitude towards, 44–7, 235, 281, 284, 343, 351–5; subordination of Aryan women to their husbands, 50; voting patterns, 408–9
‘work-shy’, 541
Workers’ Committee for a Good Peace, 139
Working Community (Arbeitsgemeinschaft) of the North and West German Gaue of the NSDAP (AG), 273–4, 275–6, 277, 278, 329
Working Community of the Patriotic Fighting Associations (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vaterländischen Kampfverbände), 193–4, 195