Paris, City of Dreams

by Mary McAuliffe

  1. Thiers quoted in Bresler, Napoleon III, 340.

  2. Paléologue, Tragic Empress, 102, 105, 106.

  3. Bresler, Napoleon III, 343, 344. After a subsequent visit to the pope in Rome, during which she screamed that her attendants were trying to poison her, Charlotte was taken back to her native Belgium, where she spent the remainder of her long life in total insanity.

  4. Carmona, Haussmann, 211.

  5. Manet to Zacharie Astruc, [23? August 1865], in Manet by Himself, 34.

  6. Quoted in Adler, Manet, 135.

  7. Brown, Zola, 135; Cachin, Manet 69.

  8. Manet to Emile Zola, 7 May [1866], in Manet by Himself, 38.

  9. Butler, Hidden in the Shadow of the Master, 116; introduction, Manet by Himself, 8.

  10. Brown, Zola, 135.

  11. Monet to Amand Gautier, [early April 1866] and 22 May 1866, in Monet by Himself, 23.

  12. Quoted in Rewald, History of Impressionism, 142.

  13. Du Camp, Recollections of a Literary Life, 2:268.

  14. Michel, Memoirs, 45, 47–49.

  15. A Setting Sun (1867)

  Plessis, Rise and Fall of the Second Empire; Carmona, Haussmann; Pinkney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris; Bresler, Napoleon III; Philip Guedalla, The Second Empire: Bonapartism, the Prince, the President, the Emperor (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1922); Goncourt, Journals; Macdonald, Bizet; Gold and Fizdale, Divine Sarah; Bernhardt, Memories of My Life; Manet, Manet by Himself; Adler, Manet; Brown, Zola; Camille Pissarro, Letters to His Son Lucien (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Peregrine Smith, 1981); Wildenstein, Monet, vol. 1; Butler, Hidden in the Shadow of the Master; Morisot, Correspondence; Bresler, Napoleon III; Harvie, Eiffel; Begley, Great Nadar; McAuliffe, Dawn of the Belle Epoque; Ferguson, House of Rothschild, vol. 2; Fargette, Emile et Isaac Pereire; Emile Zola, Thérèse Raquin (New York: Penguin, 2004); Zola, Correspondance, vol. 1; Josephson, Zola and His Time; Robb, Victor Hugo; Pinon, Atlas du Paris Haussmannien.

  1. Quoted in Carmona, Haussmann, 357.

  2. Guedalla, Second Empire, 363.

  3. Goncourt, 2 Jan., 23 April, and 4 September 1867, all in Journals, 122, 126, and 129. Jules would die before his turn came.

  4. Bernhardt, Memories of My Life, 132–34, 137, 332.

  5. Manet to Zola, 2 Jan. [1867], in Manet by Himself, 41. Manet toyed with the idea of turning Zola’s article into a pamphlet that he could sell at his exhibition but then decided against it, concluding that it would be in poor taste “to reprint such an outspoken eulogy of me and sell it at my own exhibition” (Manet to Zola, [Feb.– March 1867], in Manet by Himself, 42).

  6. Pissarro to Lucien, 28 Dec. 1883, in Letters to His Son Lucien, 43; Manet quoted in Adler, Manet, 95.

  7. Adler, Manet, 100. Either Zola or Zacharie Astruc may have authored or coauthored this statement with Manet.

  8. Monet to Frédéric Bazille, [20 May 1867], in Monet by Himself, 24.

  9. Butler, Hidden in the Shadow of the Master, 128.

  10. Monet to Frédéric Bazille, [20 May 1867] and 25 June [1867], in Monet by Himself, 24.

  11. Quoted in Butler, Hidden in the Shadow of the Master, 131.

  12. Wildenstein, Monet, 1:67.

  13. Monet to Frédéric Bazille, 12 Aug [1868], in Monet by Himself, 25.

  14. Madame Morisot to Berthe Morisot, 19 Aug. 1867, in Morisot, Correspondence, 29.

  15. This would be the starring attraction of the 1889 exposition. See McAuliffe, Dawn of the Belle Epoque.

  16. Quoted in Carmona, Haussmann, 356.

  17. Goncourt, 3 Feb. 1867, in Journals, 122.

  18. Fargette, Emile et Isaac Pereire, 283, 285; Ferguson, House of Rothschild, 2:158.

  19. The Pereires and Crédit Mobilier would attempt a comeback in the Third Republic, although not with marked success.

  20. Quoted in Josephson, Zola and His Time, 117.

  21. Zola to Albert Lacroix, 13 September 1867, in Correspondance, 1:523.

  22. Manet to Nadar, 10 Sept. 1867, in Manet by Himself, 44.

  23. Manet to Emile Zola, [late 1867], in Manet by Himself, 45.

  24. Carmona, Haussmann, 356.

  25. This now is a gated community, Villa Daumesnil. See chapter 4 for the Cité Napoléon (9th).

  26. Bresler, Napoleon III, 347.

  16. Twenty Years Later (1868)

  Bresler, Napoleon III; Paléologue, Tragic Empress; Plessis, Rise and Fall of the Second Empire; Goncourt, Journals; Carmona, Haussmann; Pinkney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris; Carrière, Saga de la Petite Ceinture; Clément and Thomas, Atlas du Paris souterrain; Brown, Zola; Josephson, Zola in His Time; Zola, Correspondance, vol. 2; Manet, Manet by Himself; Adler, Manet; Morisot, Correspondence of Berthe Morisot; Higonnet, Berthe Morisot; Wildenstein, Monet, vol. 1; Butler, Hidden in the Shadow of the Master; Monet, Monet by Himself; Harvie, Eiffel; Du Camp, Recollections of a Literary Life, vol. 2; Ferguson, House of Rothschild, vol. 2.

  1. Bresler, Napoleon III, 327, 348. Lord Lyons, who replaced Cowley as Britain’s ambassador to France, agreed.

  2. Goncourt, 24 Feb. and 14 May 1868, in Journals, 135–37.

  3. Carmona, Haussmann, 363.

  4. Since 1860, Auteuil has been in Paris’s 16th arrondissement.

  5. Goncourt, 4 Aug. and 16 Sept.1868, both in Journals, 139–41.

  6. Goncourt, 17 Sept. 1868, in Journals, 141. See also Carrière, Saga de la Petite Ceinture, 5; and Clément and Thomas, Atlas du Paris souterrain, 173, 174.

  7. Goncourt, 14 Dec. 1868, in Journals, 144, 145. Soon after, Zola would write his first letter to Flaubert, enclosed with a copy of Madeleine Férat, in “homage to your great talent for observation and description” (Zola to Gustave Flaubert, 10 Jan. 1869, in Zola, Correspondance, 2:189–90).

  8. Zola, for L’Evénément illustré, 10 May 1868, in Manet by Himself, 45.

  9. Manet to Zola, [late April–May 1868?] and [Dec. 1868], in Manet by Himself, 45.

  10. Morisot, Correspondence, 30.

  11. In 1867, the Morisots’ eldest daughter, Yves, became engaged to M. Gobillard, who now held the post of tax collector at Quimperlé, in Brittany.

  12. Manet to Henri Fantin-Latour, 26 Aug. [1868], in Manet by Himself, 49.

  13. Manet to Henri Fanti-Latour, [10? Aug. 1868] and 26 Aug. [1868], in Manet by Himself, 47, 49.

  14. Wildenstein, Monet, 1:69.

  15. Monet to Frédérick Bazille, 29 June [1868], in Monet by Himself, 26.

  16. Quoted in Wildenstein, Monet, 1:74.

  17. Monet to Frédéric Bazille, [December 1868], in Monet by Himself, 26.

  18. Goncourt, 3 Jan. and 7 Aug. 1868, both in Journals, 134, 140.

  19. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, 2:155.

  20. Du Camp, Recollections of a Literary Life, 256.

  17. Haussmann in Trouble (1869)

  Haussmann, Mémoires; Pinkney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris; Carmona, Haussmann; Plessis, Rise and Fall of the Second Empire; Bresler, Napoleon III; Paléologue, Tragic Empress; Robb, Victor Hugo; Manet, Manet by Himself; Adler, Manet; Cachin, Manet; Morisot, Correspondence of Berthe Morisot; Higonnet, Berthe Morisot; Macdonald, Bizet; Wildenstein, Monet, vol. 1; Monet, Monet by Himself; Daniel Wildenstein, Claude Monet: Biographie et catalogue raisonné, vol. 1 (Paris: Bibliothèque des Arts, 1974–1991); Goncourt, Journals; Zola, Correspondance, vol. 2; Brown, Zola; Schopp, Alexandre Dumas; Alexandre Dumas, Mon dictionnaire de cuisine (Paris: Bartillat, 2011); Ruth Butler, Rodin: The Shape of Genius (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993); Meade, Charles Garnier’s Paris Opéra; Bernhardt, Memories of My Life; Gold and Fizdale, Divine Sarah.

  1. Haussmann, Mémoires, 557.

  2. Carmona, Haussmann, 364.

  3. Paléologue, Tragic Empress, 17–18.

  4. Quoted in Robb, Victor Hugo, 434.

  5. Manet to Emile Zola, [Jan. 1869]; Manet to Théodore Duret, [early Feb.? 1869], both in Manet by Himself, 50; Adler, Manet, 116.

  6. Manet to Philippe Burty, 18 Feb. [1869
], in Manet by Himself, 50.

  7. Morisot, Correspondence, 34.

  8. Berthe Morisot to Edma Pontillon, 2 May 1869, in Morisot, Correspondence, 35–36.

  9. Edma Pontillon to Berthe Morisot, 21 March 1869, in Morisot, Correspondence, 33. Edma Pontillon’s “infatuation” should only be taken as it was then used, in the lightest sense.

  10. Edma Pontillon to Berthe Morisot, [early March, 1869]; Berthe Morisot to Edma Pontillon, 19 March 1869, both in Morisot, Correspondence, 32–33.

  11. Berthe Morisot to Edma Pontillon, 23 April and 11 May 1869, in Morisot, Correspondence, 34, 38; Edma Pontillon quoted in Higonnet, Berthe Morisot, 53.

  12. See McAuliffe, Dawn of the Belle Epoque, 51–52.

  13. This story was told by Madame Léouzon-Leduc, whose mother had arranged the introduction (see Morisot, Correspondence, 43).

  14. Macdonald, Bizet, 140.

  15. Jean-Léon Gérôme, a new member of the Salon jury, considered Monet and his colleagues a “gang of lunatics” and would continue to mount attacks against them in the years to come (see Wildenstein, Monet, 1:77; and McAuliffe, Dawn of the Belle Epoque).

  16. Wildenstein, Monet, 1:76; Monet to Arsène Houssaye, 2 June 1869, in Monet, Monet by Himself, 27.

  17. Wildenstein, Monet, 1:78.

  18. Monet to Bazille, 25 Sept. 1869, in Wildenstein, Monet, Biographie et catalogue raisonné, 1:427.

  19. Goncourt, 15 Jan. and 22 Feb. 1869, both in Journals, 148, 150.

  20. Goncourt, 15 Jan., 22 Feb., and 1 Nov. 1869, all in Journals, 148, 150, 156.

  21. See chapter 16 note 7.

  22. For keeping eggs fresh: “Bury them in the ashes of new wood in which is mixed branches of juniper, laurel, and other aromatics, along with very dry and fine sand” (Dictionnaire de Cuisine, 451–52).

  23. Schopp, Alexandre Dumas, 483.

  24. Butler, Rodin, 62.

  25. Schopp, Alexandre Dumas, 486.

  26. Bernhardt, Memories of My Life, 142–44, 147.

  27. Bernhardt, Memories of My Life, 157.

  28. Bernhardt, Memories of My Life, 148.

  29. Gold and Fizdale, Divine Sarah, 78.

  18. Finale (1870)

  Bresler, Napoleon III; Plessis, Rise and Fall of the Second Empire; Carmona, Haussmann; Pinkney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris; Robb, Victor Hugo; Manet, Manet by Himself; Morisot, Correspondence of Berthe Morisot; Higonnet, Berthe Morisot; Bernhardt, Memories of My Life; Gold and Fizdale, Divine Sarah; Wildenstein, Monet, vol. 1; Butler, Hidden in the Shadow of the Master; Watson, Georges Clemenceau; McAuliffe, Dawn of the Belle Epoque.

  1. Eugenie quoted in Bressler, Napoleon III, 351.

  2. Ollivier quoted in Carmona, Haussmann, 365–66.

  3. Haussmann, Memoires, 547.

  4. Carmona, Haussmann, 366.

  5. Haussmann, Memoires, 548, 771.

  6. Haussmann, Memoires, 434. Simon published this accolade in the May 1882 Le Gaulois.

  7. Rochefort quoted in Carmona, Haussmann, 368.

  8. Robb, Victor Hugo, 438.

  9. The majority in the largest cities, especially Paris, voted against.

  10. Bressler, Napoleon III, 351–52; Plessis, Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 166.

  11. Bressler, Napoleon III, 353.

  12. As recorded by Antonin Proust, [23 Feb. 1870], in Manet, Manet by Himself, 51.

  13. Berthe Morisot to Edma Pontillon, [May 1870], in Morisot, Correspondence, 51.

  14. Berthe Morisot to Edma Pontillon, [March 1870], in Morisot, Correspondence, 48.

  15. Berthe Morisot to Edma Pontillon, [March and May 1870]; Madame Morisot to Edma Pontillon, 22 March 1870, all in Morisot, Correspondence, 49, 51, 52.

  16. Bernhardt, Memories of My Life, 339.

  17. Bernhardt, Memories of My Life, 299; Gold and Fizdale, Divine Sarah, 80.

  18. Bressler, Napoleon III, 359, 361n.

  19. Bressler, Napoleon III, 366, 368, 369.

  20. Goncourt, 1 and 2 Sept. 1870, in Journals, 168–69. There was a similar, if more massive, evacuation during World War II (McAuliffe, Paris on the Brink, 250–52).

  21. Goncourt, 3 and 4 Sept. 1870, in Journals, 169, 170.

  19. An End and a Beginning (1870–1871)

  Robb, Victor Hugo; Watson, Georges Clemenceau; Carmona, Haussmann; Ferguson, House of Rothschild, vol. 2; Bernhardt, Memories of My Life; Gold and Fizdale, Divine Sarah; Adler, Manet; Manet, Manet by Himself; Macdonald, Bizet; Goncourt, Journals; Begley, Great Nadar; Morisot, Correspondence of Berthe Morisot; Higonnet, Berthe Morisot; Brown, Zola; Wildenstein, Monet, vol. 1; Schopp, Alexandre Dumas; Du Camp, Recollections of a Literary Life, vol. 2; Paléologue, Tragic Empress; Michel, Memoirs.

  1. Robb, Victor Hugo, 44.

  2. Manet to Théodore Duret, [15 or 16 Sept. 1870], in Manet by Himself, 56.

  3. Manet to Eva Gonzalès, 10 Sept. [1870]; Manet to Suzanne Manet, [11 Sept. 1870], 20 [September 1870]; 24 [September 1870], [25 (26?) Sept. 1870], and 30 Sept. [1870], all in Manet by Himself, 55, 57, 58.

  4. Manet to Suzanne Manet, [25 (26?) Sept. 1870] and 30 Sept. [1870], both in Manet by Himself, 58.

  5. Goncourt, 1 and 10 Oct. 1870; 31 Dec. 1870, all in Journals, 174, 175, 179–80; Manet to Eva Gonzalès, 19 Nov. [1870], in Manet by Himself, 60; Macdonald, Bizet, 169.

  6. Goncourt, 31 Oct. 1870, in Journals, 176–77.

  7. Morisot to Edma Pontillon, 18 and 25 Sept. 1870, in Morisot, Correspondence, 53–55. Tiburce was taken prisoner but escaped and returned to France, where he rejoined the army (see letter from Edma Pontillon, 19 Feb. 1871, in Morisot, Correspondence, 60).

  8. Morisot to Edma Pontillon, [mid-September], in Morisot, Correspondence, 54.

  9. Manet to Eva Gonzalès, 19 Nov. [1870], in Manet by Himself, 60. Yet Manet, not one to hold a grudge, immediately wrote a friendly letter to Zola as soon as he heard from him in February, giving him the news and reassuring him that not much damage had been done to his house (Manet to Emile Zola, 9 Feb. 1871, in Manet by Himself, 65).

  10. Manet to Suzanne Manet, 19 and 22 Nov. [1870]; Manet to Eva Gonzalès, 19 Nov. [1870], both in Manet by Himself, 60 and 61.

  11. Sand quoted in Schopp, Alexandre Dumas, 488; Du Camp, Recollections of a Literary Life, II:190.

  12. Manet to Suzanne Manet, 30 Jan. [1871], in Manet by Himself, 65.

  13. Goncourt, 30 Jan. 1871, in Journals, 183.

  14. Du Camp, Recollections of a Literary Life, II:365.

  15. Paléologue, Tragic Empress, 111.

  16. Bernhardt, Memories of My Life, 227, 233–34.

  17. Michel, Memoirs, 87.

  18. Manet to Berthe Morisot, 10 June 1871, in Morisot, Correspondence, 74.

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