Stalingrad

by Antony Beevor

  Leningrad, 6, 20, 28, 32–3, 37, 42, 63, 100

  Lenski, General Arno von, 393, 429

  Leyser, General, 250–51

  List, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 78, 123, 145

  Luchinsky, 102, 243, 262

  Luftwaffe: and National Socialism, 18f, 41, 267;

  and Stalingrad air-bridge, 270, 275, 280–81, 291–2, 300–301, 333–5, 344;

  evacuation of wounded, 340–41; air-drops, 374;

  losses, 398

  Formations: Second Air Fleet, 34

  Fourth Air Fleet, 103–5, 192

  VIII Air Corps, 69, 115 –16, 138–9, 216, 230, 267, 322, 333–4, 374

  9th Flak Division, 18, 254, 268, 280, 341, 364, 370

  Lunovo camp, 415, 423 Lvov, 22–3

  Lyudnikov, Colonel I. I., 196, 216

  Mäder, Lieutenant-Colonel, 353, 355, 359, 365f

  Maikop, 2, 69–70

  Malinin, General M. S., 323, 388

  Malinovsky, General Rodion, 106, 298, 309

  Malenkov, Georgy, 9, 37, 133, 234

  Manstein, Field Marshal E. von, 16–17, 22, 55, 61, 70, 75, 81, 254, 266, 268, 273–4, 296, 298f, 302,308–10, 315f, 341–2, 343, 347, 368, 403, 425, 430

  Manuilsky, Dmitry, 197, 422, 425–6

  Marinovka, 346, 354, 356

  Melnikov, General, 422f, 425

  Milch, Field Marshal Erhard, 345;

  and ‘Special Staff’, 359, 368–9, 370, 383, 396, 398, 403

  Millerovo, 78, 295

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 5, 9f, 37f, 234, 417

  Morozovsk, 64, 78, 114, 179

  Moscow, 5–6, 9, 72;

  advance on, 32f, 34, 36;

  state of siege, 38

  Myshkova, river, 295, 299, 301, 309, 311, 314, 320

  NKGB see NKVD (security police) NKVD, 19, 22, 28, 36–7, 157, 419;

  propaganda and POW Department, 86, 180, 182, 279, 286, 307–8,319, 322, 350, 378, 400, 412–13;

  Volga crossing and 71st Special Service Coy, 190–91

  NKVD troops, 38, 79, 88, 106, 110, 167;

  10th NKVD Rifle Div., 75, 109, 128, 131–3, 159–60, 174, 385

  NKVD Special Detachments (later SMERSH) xiii, 79, 86, 168–9, 172–3, 199–200, 213

  SMERSH, 26, 80, 186, 288

  Frontier Troops, 18, 25, 41

  National Committee for Free Germany, 422f, 425f

  Niemeyer, Lieutenant-Colonel, 227, 366

  Nizhne-Chirskaya, 177–8, 254, 263, 267–9, 293, 295

  Novocherkassk, 274, 294, 301,316, 341

  Operation Barbarossa, 3–6, 8ff, 12–14, 16, 18, 20, 33, 53f, 68, 75, 77

  Operation Blue, 63, 64, 69–74, 77–8;

  rewritten, 80, 124 Operation Fridericus, 65, 70–71

  Operation Northern Light, 63

  Operation Ring, 321f, 353–62

  Operation Saturn, 292–3, 299;

  ‘Little Saturn’, 299, 310, 398

  Operation Thunderclap, 296, 299, 309

  Operation Torch, 214, 229f

  Operation Typhoon, 33, 40

  Operation Uranus, 130–31, 179;

  planning and preparation, 220–23, 225–8, 230, 232–5;

  execution, 236–63;

  effect, 281, 292, 398

  Operation Winter Storm, 296–300, 309

  opolchentsy (militia), 28, 35

  Order No. 227, 84–5, 97, 144

  Order No. 270, 84, 169, 172

  Orel, 34, 72

  Organisation Todt, 255, 340

  Oster, General Achim, 431

  Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 17, 33, 35, 40, 51–54;

  takes over Sixth Army, 61, 65, 67;

  and Stalingrad, 103, 113, 119, 129f, 140, 145–6, 183, 191, 210, 216, 218;

  and Uranus, 228, 245, 247, 251, 253;

  and encirclement, 227, 267–9, 271–2, 275–7, 299, 302, 308–9, 314f, 317ff, 320, 324n, 342–3;

  and last resistance, 360, 366, 370, 377, 380, 381–2;

  and Schmidt’s influence, 379, 382f, 388n, 422;

  after surrender, 387f, 389–91, 396f, 400, 403;

  and fate of sons, 427;

  imprisonment, 422, 427f, 431

  Paulus, Elena, 53, 314, 427f

  Pavlov, General D. G., 21, 25

  Pavlov, Sergeant Jakob, 198

  Perelazovsky, 232, 242, 252, 267

  Peskovatka, 247, 258–9

  Pickert, General Wolfgang, 267–8

  Pieck, Wilhelm, 407

  Pitomnik airfield, 281, 304, 334f, 338, 340, 343, 346, 357ff, 360, 361–2, 363f

  Pfeffer, General, 62, 65, 381,382, 426

  Plievier, Theodor, 377

  Political department see Commissars Poltava, 2, 52f, 69, 74

  Rastenburg, Wolfsschanze HQ, 44, 63, 79, 129, 267, 270, 272, 297, 316, 343–7, 391,393

  Rattenhuber, Hans, 80

  Raus, General Erhard, 296f, 301–2

  Red Army: Armies: 1st Guards, 118;

  2nd Guards, 293, 298f, 309;

  3rd Guards, 300f;

  1st Shock, 41–2;

  2nd Shock, 44;

  5th Tank Army, 227f, 230, 241, 245, 252, 296;

  4th Army, 19;

  6th Army, 67, 300;

  16th Army, 41;

  21st Army, 203, 252, 325, 355, 357, 359, 377;

  24th Army, 118, 243, 323;

  28th Army, 147;

  51st Army, 85, 147f, 169, 172, 211, 223, 243, 248, 298;

  57th Army, 67, 147f, 211f, 223, 243, 248, 278, 298, 310, 321, 359;

  62nd Army, 90f, 96, 114, 118, 125–6, 128–9, 136, 144, 147, 154, 157, 190, 192, 196, 201, 212, 216, 243, 247, 264, 302–3, 359, 377, 394, 431;

  64th Army, 90f, 114f, 118, 125, 147, 169, 186, 197, 202f, 211,223, 248f, 355, 359;

  65th Army, 251, 257,353,355,357,359, 370;

  66th Army, 243, 355

  Corps: 3rd Guards Cavalry, 241, 251, 253f;

  4th Cavalry, 227, 232, 248, 297;

  8th Cavalry, 241, 252;

  1st Tank, 246, 252;

  4th Tank, 227, 241, 244, 246, 251, 253, 256;

  13th Tank, 298, 356;

  16th Tank, 259;

  24th Tank, 300–301;

  26th Tank, 246, 252, 255f;

  4th Mechanized, 227, 248, 250, 254, 256, 298;

  13th Mechanized, 227, 248, 250

  Divisions: 13th Guards Rifle, 131–2, 133–5, 138, 140–41, 150, 163, 171, 198, 204, 215, 377;

  15th Guards Rifle, 168;

  33rd Guards Rifle, 91–2;

  35th Guards Rifle, 138f;

  36th Guards Rifle, 356;

  37th Guards Rifle, 177, 191, 193f, 195–6;

  38th Guards Rifle, 186;

  39th Guards Rifle, 163, 189;

  1st Rifle, 113;

  38th Rifle, 170–71;

  45th Rifle, 168–9, 212–13,

  64th Rifle, 116;

  93rd Rifle, 232;

  95th Rifle, 138, 161f, 196, 205, 216;

  96th Rifle, 325;

  112th Rifle, 136, 190, 193, 195, 196–7;

  138th Rifle, 196, 216;

  157th Rifle, 249;

  173rd Rifle, 233, 320;

  181st Rifle, 96;

  193rd Rifle, 164, 189;

  196th Rifle, 170f;

  204th Rifle, 169, 172;

  214th Rifle, 115, 157;

  221st Rifle, 222;

  245th Rifle, 201;

  248th Rifle, 213;

  284th Rifle, 142–3, 150, 154, 170, 203;

  302nd Rifle, 169;

  308th Rifle, 187–8;

  347th Rifle, 215;

  422nd Rifle, 356;

  81st Cavalry, 232, 297

  Red Army Aviation, 92–3, 110;

  8th Air Army, 133, 138, 162, 195

  Red October metalworks, 161, 163, 187, 189, 198, 204, 211f, 217, 303, 377

  Reichel, Major Joachim, 71–2, 73

  Reichenau, Field Marshal Walter von, 16, 22, 35, 47, 52, 53–4;

  Reichenau order, 16, 53, 55, 56–57

  Renoldi, General Dr Otto, 304,
315, 377

  Reuber, Dr Kurt, 256, 283f, 312, 348, 421

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 4, 6–8, 214

  Richthofen, General Baron W. von, 69, 96, 103–5, 113, 119, 216, 230, 233, 244, 246–7, 270, 292, 334, 360

  Rodenburg, General Carl, 423, 426, 430

  Rodimtsev, General A. I., 106, 131–2, 134–5, 138, 141, 163

  Rodin, General A. G., 246, 252, 255

  Rogatin, General, 132–3, 190f, 303

  Rokossovsky, Marshal Κ. K., 23, 39, 106, 225, 298, 320–2, 324, 353, 365, 388, 396

  Romanenko, General P. L., 241, 245, 296

  Romanian armed forces, 20, 83, 87, 183–4;

  in Kessel, 319, 355, 365, 377, 386

  Third Army, 81, 184, 225, 226, 229, 230, 233–4, 239, 247, 252f

  Fourth Army, 81, 147, 232, 248–9, 250

  Divisions: 1st Panzer, 231,245, 252;

  1st Cavalry, 239, 244;

  6th Cavalry, 250;

  1st Inf., 183, 211;

  2nd Inf., 211;

  5th Inf., 183;

  13th Inf., 241, 244;

  20th Inf., 211, 248

  Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 53, 81

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 402, 419

  Roske, General, 377–8

  Rostov-on-Don, 2, 51, 75, 77, 79, 84, 125, 293

  Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von, 20, 29, 31, 51–2, 53, 81, 369, 425

  Rynok, 107, 114, 116, 147, 167, 212, 247,346

  Salsk airfield, 295, 334f

  Sanne, General, 382

  Saratov, 2, 226

  Sarayev, Colonel A. A., 109, 132–3

  Sarpa, lake, 113, 147, 243, 248

  Schlömer, General, 377, 396f, 405, 426

  Schmidt, General Arthur, 62, 228f, 239f, 251, 253;

  and encirclement, 267–9, 271, 299, 320, 324n;

  and surrender, 377, 379, 382f, 387f;

  after surrender, 397, 422, 430f

  Schmundt, General Rudolf, 267, 272, 345, 366, 425

  Schulenberg, Count F. W. von der, 5, 9

  Secret Field Police, 14, 60, 177, 263, 384, 428

  Selle, Colonel Herbert, 276

  Serafimovich, 226

  Sevastopol, 2, 9, 61, 70, 75, 133, 253

  Seydlitz-Kurzbach, General Walther von, 44, 63–4, 95, 102, 113, 117, 130, 145, 216, 218, 247, 269, 271–2,316,381,396, 398, 423ff, 426, 429ff

  Shakhty, 88, 335

  Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, xiii–xiv, 37f, 114, 143, 159, 186, 202, 204, 216, 425f

  Shumilov, General Mikhail, 106, 383, 389, 398

  Simonov, Konstantin, 91, 125–6, 156, 158n, 167, 176

  SMERSH see NKVD Smyslov, Major Aleksandr, 322–30, 379

  Smolensk, 28, 33, 47, 273

  ‘Sniperism’, 203–5, 285–6

  Sodenstern, General Georg von, 244, 267

  Sorge, Richard, 37

  Soviet citizens in German uniform see ‘Hiwis’ Spartakovka, 109,126, 190, 211, 271

  Speer, Albert, 335f, 359

  SS SD-Einsatzkommandos, Sonderkommando 4a, 15, 55–6, 177–8

  Waffen SS divisions: Leibstandarte, 52, 81, 352;

  Das Reich, 36f;

  Wiking, 79

  Stahlberg, Lieutenant Alexander, 14–15, 273f, 341, 368

  Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich, 4ff, 8f, 21, 27, 29, 45, 66, 72;

  purge of Red Army, 23;

  and Stavka, 24;

  and son Yakov, 26;

  and Moscow, 38–9, 42;

  and generals, 88–9, 99, 221–2, 233, 250n, 301, 321–2, 405;

  and defence of Stalingrad, 109, 117–18, 130, 137–8, 173, 191. 197;

  and Uranus, 130–31, 220–22, 233–4, 240;

  and Saturn, 292–3, 298, 301;

  and crushing of Kessel, 320f, 385;

  after surrender, 397, 404;

  and Tehran conference, 418–19

  Stalin, Major Vasily, 133

  Stalingrad tractor factory, 10, 98, 109, 161, 189, 191f, 195f, 206, 392

  Stamenov, Ivan, 9

  Stauffenberg, Colonel Claus Count von, 67–8, 275n

  Stavka (Soviet Supreme General Staff), 24f, 34f, 42, 63, 74, 79, 84, 220–21, 292, 320, 328, 389

  Stempel, General, 377, 381

  Stock, Lieutenant Gerhard, 229, 239

  Strachwitz, Lieutenant-Colonel Hyazinth Count von, 66f, 107, 109, 124

  Strecker, General Karl, 58, 76, 87, 113, 146f, 149, 195, 229, 244, 246, 251, 254, 269,290, 308,313, 318–19, 339, 357,366, 392–3, 423, 426, 428, 430

  Stülpnagel, General Otto von, 369

  Surkov, Alexey, 125, 289

  Suzdal camp, 415, 422

  Taganrog, 2, 294, 343, 360

  Tanashchinshin, Colonel, 250

  Tatsinskaya airfield, 295, 300,313, 334

  Tehran conference, 418–19

  Telegin, General Konstantin F., 388, 389n

  Thomas, General, 424

  Thunert, Colonel, 261

  Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon, 42, 51f, 59, 61, 63, 65–6, 67, 74f, 99

  Tresckow, Colonel Henning von, 14–15, 273, 275n

  Tukhachevsky, Marshal M., 23

  Tula, 2, 36, 90

  Ukrainians in German uniform, 179, 185–6, 263

  Ulbricht, Walter, 307, 322, 407, 410, 426

  Uman, 29, 31

  Univermag, 140, 377, 383 Ural mountains, 9, 224

  United States Embassy, Moscow, 137

  Vasilevsky, Marshal Aleksandr, 84–5, 99, 117–18, 131, 220–23, 233f, 250n, 293, 298

  Vatutin, General Nikolay, 182, 225

  Vertyachy, 102, 243, 247, 257f

  Vinnitsa, Werwolf HQ, 79–80, 123, 129, 220

  Vinogradov, General I. V., 281, 321, 322–3, 324–5,330

  Vishnevsky, Colonel Timofey, 155

  Vitebsk, 26, 266

  Vlasov, General Andrey, 44

  Voikovo camp, 422f

  Volchansk, 64, 65, 70

  Volga, river, 2, 11f, 36, 70, 75, 81, 97f, 100–101, 106f, 110–11, 126, 127f, 152, 159–60;

  crossing of 13th Guards Div, 133–5;

  central landing stage, 141;

  civilian evacuation across, 174–5;

  crossing and NKVD control, 190–91;

  Hitler’s boasts, 213;

  Volga becomes unnavigable, 214, 217;

  frozen solid, 302–3

  Volga flotilla, 134, 160, 162, 212, 214, 394

  Volsky, General Vasily Timofeyevich, 250, 255, 437

  Vorkhuta camps, 428 Voronezh, 2, 70, 74–5, 78, 129, 293

  Voronov, Marshal Nikolay, 106, 233, 320ff, 323f, 349, 353, 360, 382, 388–91,396

  Voroponovo, 178, 315, 346, 350–51

  Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 23, 234, 418

  Warlimont, General Walther, 123–4

  Weichs, General Baron Maximilien von, 129, 247, 274, 425

  Weinert, Erich, 307f 324, 350, 356, 362, 371, 407, 410, 426

  Weizsacker, Baron Ernst von, 3

  Werth, Alexander, 393, 397

  White Rose group, 403

  Wietersheim, General Gustav von, 102, 112f

  Witzleben, Field Marshal Erwin von, 56, 426

  women in Red Army, 66, 87, 91, 96, 106–8, 109f, 140–41, 154, 157–8, 160, 207, 224

  Yakimovich, Colonel, 388, 396

  Yelabuga camp, 415, 421

  Yeremenko, General Andrei Ivanovich, 34, 99–100, 108, 112, 115, 125, 127, 130f, 138, 147, 189, 196, 230, 255, 298f, 321–2

  Zaitsev, Vasily, 154, 203–4

  Zavarykino (Don Front HQ), 320f, 387, 397f

  Zeitzler, General Kurt 266, 270, 297,313, 320, 335, 357, 365, 391–2, 401

  Zholudev, General V., 193f, 196

  Zhukov, Marshal Georgy, 25, 35, 39, 42, 89, 117–18;

  at Khalkin-Gol, 24;

  and Order No. 227, 85

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Antony Beevor was educated at Winchester and Sandhurst. A regular officer in the 11th Hussras, he served in Germany and England. He has published several novels, while his works of non-fiction include The Spanish Ci
vil War; Crete: The Battle and the Resistance, which won the 1993 Runciman Award; and Berlin: The Downfall, 1945. With his wife, the writer Artemis Cooper, he wrote Paris After the Liberation: 1944-1949. Antony Beevor is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France. Most of his titles are published by Penguin.

  Stalingrad was awarded the Samuel Johnson Proze for Non-fiction, the Wolfson History Prize and the Hawthornden Prize in 1999. It became a number-one bestseller both in hardback and paperback, the UK edition alone selling half a million copies, and has been published around the world in eighteen translations.

  * Hitler had his revenge in the end. Schulenburg, chosen in 1944 by the July plotters as their Foreign Minister after the planned assassination at Rastenburg, was hanged by the Nazis on 10 November of that year.

  * ‘I do not understand,’ a Red Army intelligence officer has written at the bottom of the translation. ‘Where does this come from?’

  * There were other echoes of the Spanish Civil War. Rubén Ruiz Ibarruri, the son of La Pasionaria, was killed commanding a machine-gun company of 35th Guards Rifle Division south of Kotluban. Four subsequent Marshals of the Soviet Union closely linked to the battle of Stalingrad – Voronov, Malinovsky, Rokossovsky and Rodimtsev – had been Soviet advisers in Spain, as had General Shumilov, the commander of 64th Army. Voronov had directed the Republican artillery during the siege of Madrid against Franco’s Army of Africa.

  * Few members of the Sixth Army seem to have heard about the Sarmatae of the lower Volga – an interbreed of Scythians and Amazons, according to Herodotus – who allowed their women to take part in war.

  * There can be little doubt that the ‘violation’ propaganda in the late summer of 1942 contributed significantly to the mass rape committed by the Red Army on its advance into German territory in late 1944 and 1945.

  * Two other sons of Soviet leaders, Vladimir Mikoyan and Leonid Khrushchev, served in Red Army aviation at Stalingrad. Vasily Stalin, who was much more of a playboy, soon escaped combat duties to make a propaganda film about the air force.

  * The list of nicknames and slang is almost endless. Bullets were ‘sunflower seeds’ and mines were ‘gherkins’. A ‘tongue’ was an enemy sentry captured for interrogation purposes.

  * Apart from one well-known member of a tank crew, Yekaterina Petlyuk, very few women served as combat soldiers in the city. In the air armies supporting Stalingrad Front, however, there was a women’s bomber regiment led by the famous aviator, Marina Raskova. ‘I had never seen her close to,’ Simonov wrote in his diary after meeting her at the Kamyshin aerodrome, ‘and I did not realize that she was so young and so beautiful. Maybe I remember it so well because soon afterwards I heard that she was killed.’