24. S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1997), pp. lix, 250–92.
25. Blanning, Culture of Power, p. 21; Koht, “Dawn of Nationalism,” p. 277; L. Scales, The Shaping of German Identity, Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414 (Cambridge, 2012), passim.
26. Blanning, Culture of Power, p. 21; M. G. Dietz, “Patriotism,” in T. Ball, J. Farr, and R. L. Hanson, eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, 1989), p. 181.
27. Davies, “Identities,” p. 10.
28. J. Gillingham, “1066 and All That Elton,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 7 (1997): 330; Gillingham, English in the Twelfth Century, p. xvi.
29. Davies, “Identities,” pp. 19–20; Davies, “Names, Boundaries, and Regnal Solidarities,” pp. 16–17; Reynolds, “Idea of the Nation,” p. 58.
30. Blanning, Culture of Power, p. 21; Koht, “Dawn of Nationalism,” p. 279; P. Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Los Angeles, 1989), p. 271.
31. O. Ranum, introduction to O. Ranum, ed., National Consciousness, History and Political Culture in Early-Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1975), p. 1.
32. T. C. W. Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe, 1648–1815 (London, 2007), pp. 306–07.
33. Ranum, introduction to National Consciousness, p. 5; Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, pp. 99, 114.
34. Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, pp. 56–57; L. Greenfield, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 60–70. There is, of course, a problem about Shakespeare’s claim that England occupied the whole of the “sceptered isle” of Great Britain, since large parts of it were inhabited by the Scots and the Welsh.
35. Blanning, Culture of Power, p. 22; J. O. Bartley, Teague, Shenkin, and Sawney: Being an Historical Study of the Earliest Irish, Welsh and Scottish Characters in English Plays (Cork, 1954), passim.
36. M. J. Rodriguez-Salgado, “Christians, Civilized and Spanish: Multiple Identities in Sixteenth-Century Spain,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 8 (1998): 237–38.
37. Blanning, Culture of Power, pp. 290–301; Blanning, Pursuit of Glory, pp. 305, 310–12.
38. For which see Greenfield, Nationalism, chs. 2–4; Blanning, Culture of Power, chs. 6–7.
39. Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 111–12; but cf. D. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680–1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), pp. 5–6.
40. Ranum, introduction to National Consciousness, pp. 12–13; Blanning, Pursuit of Glory, p. 307.
41. But cf. Turville-Petre, England the Nation, p. 40.
42. Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, pp. 185–200.
43. J. H. Elliott, Spain, Europe and the Wider World, 1500–1800 (London, 2009), pp. 3–24.
44. Blanning, Pursuit of Glory, p. 307.
45. Ranum, introduction to National Consciousness, pp. 2–5, Elliott, Spain, Europe and the Wider World, p. xvi.
46. C. Tilly, “Reflections on the History of European State-Making,” in C. Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, 1975), p. 15.
47. M. Howard, War in European History, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2009), pp. 11, 20–21.
48. Ibid., pp. 20–37, 70–73, 110–11.
49. Ibid., pp. 72–73.
50. R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization, and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (Princeton, 1993), p. 196.
51. R. J. W. Evans, The Language of History and the History of Language (Oxford, 1998), pp. 13–20.
52. Bell, Cult of the Nation, pp. 16, 171–73; Blanning, Culture of Power, pp. 234–36.
53. D. Armitage and M. Braddick, introduction to D. Armitage and M. Braddick, eds., The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800 (Basingstoke, UK, 2002), pp. 6–7; Elliott, Spain, Europe and the Wider World, pp. 173–210; Rodriguez-Salgado, “Multiple Identities in Sixteenth-Century Spain,” pp. 238–51.
54. Blanning, Pursuit of Glory, pp. 319–21; Bell, Cult of the Nation, pp. 9–14; Elliott, Spain, Europe and the Wider World, pp. 211–29; J. Adelman, “An Age of Imperial Revolutions,” American Historical Review 113 (2008): 319–40.
55. Howard, War in European History, pp. 93–115.
56. C. S. Maier, “Consigning the Twentieth Century to History: Alternative Narratives for the Modern Era,” American Historical Review 105 (2000): 807–8.
57. Ibid., p. 814.
58. Ibid., pp. 816, 819, 823.
59. E. W. Anderson, “Geopolitics: International Boundaries as Fighting Places,” Journal of Strategic Studies 22 (1999): 127–28; Lord Curzon of Kedleston, Frontiers: The Romanes Lecture of 1907 (Oxford, 1908), p. 7.
60. Maier, “Consigning the Twentieth Century to History,” pp. 820–21; N. Faith, The World the Railways Made (London, 1990), pp. 58–70.
61. G. L. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars Through the Third Reich (New York, 1975), esp. pp. 1–3; E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, 1975), esp. pp. ix–xi, 485–86.
62. Hobsbawm, Age of Empire, pp. 84–111, 142–64; Howard, War in European History, pp. 110–11; Howard, War and the Nation State, pp. 8–12.
63. Cannadine, Making History Now and Then, pp. 173–78; G. G. Iggers, “Nationalism and Historiography, 1789–1996: The German Example in Historical Perspective”; B. Stuchtey, “Literature, Liberty and the Life of the Nation: British Historiography from Macaulay to Trevelyan”; C. Crossley, “History as a Principle of Legitimation in France (1820–48)”; P. Bahners, “National Unification and Narrative Unity: The Case of Ranke’s German History,” all in Berger, Donovan, and Passmore, Writing National Histories, pp. 15–29, 30–46, 49–56, 57–68; Elliott, National and Comparative History, pp. 17–24.
64. Blanning, Culture of Power, p. 20; Grosby, Nationalism, p. 76; H. Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism: From the Middle Ages to the Present (Oxford, 1996), pp. 95–96; A. D. Smith, “Memory and Modernity: Reflections on Ernest Gellner’s Theory of Nationalism,” Nations and Nationalism 2 (1996): 383; Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, 1986), p. 2; P. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton, 2002), pp. 15–40.
65. Hobsbawm, Age of Empire, p. 149; R. N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus 96 (1967): 1–21; Bellah, “American Civil Religion,” in R. E. Richey and D. G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York, 1974), pp. 255–72.
66. Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism, p. 104; Bell, Cult of the Nation, p. 6.
67. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 44, 60–61; Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism, p. 161; Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, pp. 67–70.
68. Evans, Language of History, pp. 25–28; I. Deak, Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 56–58, 99–102; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 94–100.
69. In which regard, see A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Harmondsworth, 1970), p. 25: “Until August 1914, a sensible, law-abiding Englishman could pass through his life and hardly notice the existence of the state, beyond the post office and the policeman.” But cf. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 80–81, where he argues that “a family would have to live in some very inaccessible place if some member or other were not to come into regular contact with the national state and its agents.”
70. D. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), pp. 35–36; N. Blewett, “The Franchise in the United Kingdom, 1885–1908,” Past and Present 32 (1965): 27–56; Reynolds, “Idea of the Nation,” p. 56.
71. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 105–6. For another example, see O. Zimmer, A Contested Nation: History, Memory and Nationalism in Switzerland, 1761–1891 (Cambridge, 2003).
72. Schultz, States, Nations and Nationalism, p. 231.
&n
bsp; 73. J. Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 144–79.
74. J. L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain (London, 1934), vol. 6, p. 564.
75. C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914 (Oxford, 2004), pp. 451–87.
76. Faith, World the Railways Made, pp. 254–56, 279–81, 326–29.
77. D. Cannadine, “The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the “Invention of Tradition,” c. 1820–1977,” in E. J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 120–38; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 84–85.
78. D. Cannadine, “Kaiser Wilhelm II and the British Monarchy,” in T. C. W. Blanning and D. Cannadine, eds., History and Biography: Essays in Honour of Derek Beales (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 188–94.
79. N. Ferguson, The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild (London, 1998), pp. 1–33.
80. D. E. D. Beales, From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885 (London, 1969), p. 294.
81. J. Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (London, 1999), pp. 159–89.
82. C. A. Jones, International Business in the Nineteenth Century: The Rise and Fall of a Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie (Brighton, 1987), p. 88.
83. Quoted in Tyrrell, Transnational Nation, p. 6.
84. This argument has been made with particular force in recent years in regard to the United States: see Tyrrell, Transnational Nation, pp. 1–9; T. Bender, A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History (New York, 2006), pp. 1–14; Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, pp. 1–3.
85. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, p. 44; M. Harper, “Migration from Africa, Asia and the South Pacific,” in A. Porter, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 73–100; Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, pp. 134–43.
86. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, pp. 33–52.
87. N. Faires, “Immigrants and Industry: Peopling the ‘Iron City,’ ” in S. P. Hays, ed., City at the Point: Essays in the Social History of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, 1989), p. 10; Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, p. 50.
88. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, p. 59.
89. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
90. F. J. Turner, “The Significance of History,” in R. A. Billington, ed., Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1961), pp. 20–21.
91. Quoted in I. Tyrrell, “Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire,” Journal of American History 86 (1999): 1031; Bender, Nation Among Nations, p. 299.
92. R. Reinalda, The Routledge History of International Organizations (London, 2009); J. F. Chown, A History of Monetary Unions (London, 2003); C. Moorehead, Dunant’s Dream: War, Switzerland, and the History of the Red Cross (London, 1998); p. T. Marsh, Bargaining on Europe: Britain and the First Common Market, 1860–1892 (New Haven, 1999).
93. Further examples of internationalist collaboration are fully explored in M. Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (London, 2012); A. Swenson, The Rise of Heritage: Preserving the Past in France, Germany and England, 1789–1914 (Cambridge, 2013).
94. Z. Steiner, The Lights That Failed: European International History, 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005), pp. 1–6.
95. Ibid., pp. 9, 36–37, 84.
96. Ibid., p. 69; M. MacMillan, The Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War (London, 2001), p. 19.
97. Steiner, Lights That Failed, pp. 91–92.
98. M. Heimann, Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed (London, 2009), p. 47; Steiner, Lights That Failed, pp. 51–53, 96, 151–52; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 131–33.
99. Steiner, Lights That Failed, p. 109.
100. E. Rogan, The Arabs: A History (London, 2009), p. 191.
101. Steiner, Lights That Failed, p. 105.
102. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 165.
103. Steiner, Lights That Failed, p. 40.
104. Ibid., pp. 602–32; C. Mulley, The Woman Who Saved the Children: A Biography of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of Save the Children (London, 2009), p. 274.
105. W. R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay: The U.S. and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (New York, 1978); D. Mack Smith, Mussolini’s Roman Empire (New York, 1976); M. Mazower, Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe (New York, 2008).
106. S. Williams, R. Holland, and T. A. Berringer, preface to R. Holland, S. Williams, and T. A. Berringer, eds., The Iconography of Independence: “Freedoms at Midnight” (London, 2009), pp. xi–xix.
107. Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, pp. 160–62; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 153; C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, 1973), pp. 234–310.
108. R. L. Watts, New Federations: Experiments in the Commonwealth (Oxford, 1966), passim.
109. D. Cannadine, “Introduction: Independence Day Ceremonials in Historical Perspective,” in Holland et al., Iconography of Independence, p. 8; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 154.
110. T. Garton Ash, “1919!” New York Review of Books, November 5, 2009, pp. 4–8; M. Kramer, “The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions Within the Soviet Union (Part I),” Journal of Cold War Studies 5 (2003): 217–24; A. L. Brown, The Rise and Fall of Communism (London, 2009), pp. 564–65.
111. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 166–67.
112. Kramer, “Collapse of East European Communism (Part I),” pp. 205–16; T. Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (London, 2005), pp. 644–46; S. Rausing, History, Memory, and Identity in Post-Soviet Estonia: The End of a Collective Farm (Oxford, 2004), pp. 146–52.
113. Brown, Rise and Fall of Communism, pp. 532–33, 549–50, 588, 592–93; D. Priestland, The Red Flag: Communism and the Making of the Modern World (London, 2009), pp. 518–19, 548.
114. Judt, Postwar, pp. 650–51, 659.
115. Heimann, Czechoslovakia, pp. 307–24; Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, pp. 124–47; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 179.
116. Maier, “Consigning the Twentieth Century to History,” pp. 814–15, 823–25.
117. For the growth in the number of multinational agencies since 1945, see Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 181; Cannadine, Making History Now and Then, pp. 178–79.
118. Cannadine, Making History Now and Then, p. 179.
119. S. Berger and C. Lorenz, eds., The Contested Nation: Ethnicity, Class, Religion and Gender in National Histories (Basingstoke, 2008); Berger, “Return to the National Paradigm?” pp. 672–78; T. Todorov, The Fear of Barbarians: Beyond the Clash of Civilizations (Chicago, 2010), pp. 74–75; D. T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge, Mass., 2011), pp. 228–29; C. A. Bayly, “Ireland, India and the Empire, 1780–1914,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th. ser., 10 (2000): 377.
120. N. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe (London, 2011).
121. J. Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire (London, 2007), p. 23; D. Reynolds, America, Empire of Liberty: A New History (London, 2009), pp. 578–80. For recent books on this subject, see N. Ferguson, Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire (London, 2005); C. S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, Mass., 2006); B. Porter, Empire and Superempire: Britain, America and the World (London, 2006).
122. Bell, Cult of the Nation, pp. 211–17; Judt, Postwar, pp. 701–7, 773–74; Todorov, Fear of Barbarians, p. 79; H. James, A German Identity: 1770 to the Present Day (London, 2000), pp. 230–32.
123. J. Cuno, Who Owns Antiquity? Museums and the Battle over Our Ancient Heritage (Princeton, 2008), p. 80.
124. S. Radcliffe and S. Westwood, Remaking the Nation: Place, Identity and Politics in Latin America (London, 1996), pp. 9–28, 160–72.
125. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 186; Todorov, Fear of Barbarians, p. 67.
126. For two contrasting opini
ons on the future of the (European) nation and national identities, see A. S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State (London, 1992), pp. 4, 45; M. Burgess, Federation and European Union: The Building of Europe, 1950–2000 (London, 2000), pp. 56–76. For more balanced views, see N. O’Sullivan, “Visions of European Unity Since 1945,” Proceedings of the British Academy 94 (2007): 119–20; Judt, Postwar, pp. 796–99. For a broader and more skeptical perspective, see P. Kennedy, “Things Fall Apart,” Financial Times, September 28, 2012.
127. C. Geertz, Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics (Princeton, 2000), pp. 229–30.
128. Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 97–98.
129. E. Renan, “What Is a Nation?” in S. Woolf, ed., Nationalism in Europe, 1818 to the Present: A Reader (London, 1996), p. 50; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 12.
130. M. MacMillan, Dangerous Games: The Uses and Abuses of History (New York, 2009), pp. 39, 71.
131. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, p. 363.
132. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 176; Geary, Myth of Nations, p. 54; Galatians 3:28; Matthew 18:18.
133. Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, pp. 31–34.
134. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, p. 123.
135. B. Harrison, Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom, 1951–70 (Oxford, 2009), p. xviii; Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, pp. 113, 183.
136. Davies, “Identities,” p. 1; Hastings, Construction of Nationhood, p. 32.
THREE: CLASS
1. T. Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels (London, 2009), pp. 65–66, 119.
The Undivided Past Page 34