Lost Kingdom
Page 44
“The party triumphantly”: Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Moscow, 1962).
“A new historical community”: XXII s’ezd KPSS—Steniograficheskii orchet (Moscow, 1962), vol. 1, 153.
“The process now taking place”: Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
“The sooner we all speak Russian”: Mamasharif Nishanov, Obnovlenie dukhovnoi zhizni natsii (Tashkent, 1992), 30.
“The Soviet people have one set”: S. T. Kaltakhchian, “Sovetskii narod,” in Bol’shaia sovetskaia ėntsiklopediia (Moscow, 1970), s.v.
CHAPTER 18: RED FLAG DOWN
“We profoundly respect”: Osyp Zinkevych, Ukrains’kyi pravozakhysnyi rukh (Toronto, 1978), 22.
“In the Kyivan period we constituted”: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Arkhipelag Gulag (Moscow, 2000), books 5–7, 47.
“It will be extraordinarily painful”: Ibid., 49.
“The ill-considered collectivization”: Roman Szporluk, Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA, 2001), 194.
“For Russia today, the center”: Serhii Plokhy, The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (New York, 2014), 37.
“Listen, there are tanks there”: Ibid., 95.
“As it seemed to me”: Iegor Gaidar, Dni porazhenii—i pobed (Moscow, 1996), 81.
CHAPTER 19: THE RUSSIAN WORLD
“It is my profound conviction”: Anatolii Chubais, “Missiia Rossii v XXI veke,” Nezavisimaia gazeta, October 1, 2003.
“Have you read Denikin’s diaries?”: Larisa Kaftan, “Pochemu Putin liubit Denikina,” Komsomol’skaia pravda, June 25, 2009.
“No Russia, reactionary or democratic”: Anton Denikin, Kto spas Sovetskuiu vlast’ ot gibeli? (Moscow, 1991), 10.
“Russia will not perish”: Ivan Il’in, Chto sulit miru raschlenenie Rossii? (Moscow, 1992), 15.
“The Russian World”: Marlene Laruelle, The “Russian World”: Russia’s Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination (Washington, DC, 2015), 13.
“trans-state and transcontinental association”: V. A. Tishkov, “Russkii iazyk i russkoiazychnoe naselenie v stranakh SNG i Baltiki,” in Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk 77, no. 5 (2008): 416.
“My opinion”: Ibid.
“The Russian World is more than present-day Russia”: Ibid.
“We understand today’s realities”: “Pravoslavno-slavianskie tsenoosti—osnova tsivilizatsionnogo vybora Ukrainy,” Prezident Rossii, July 27, 2013, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/18961.
CHAPTER 20: THE RUSSIAN WAR
“The big country was gone”: “Address of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin,” Prezident Rossii, March 18, 2014, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603.
“We are one people”: Vladimir Putin, interview with Channel One of Russian TV and the Associated Press, Prezident Rossii, September 4, 2013, http://kremlin.ru/news/19143.
“I start with the conviction”: Oleh S. Ilnytzkyj, “Modeling Culture in the Empire: Ukrainian Modernism and the Death of the All-Russian Idea,” in Culture, Nation, and Identity: The Ukrainian-Russian Encounter (1600–1945), eds. Andreas Kappeler, Zenon E. Kohut, Frank E. Sysyn, and Mark von Hagen (Edmonton, 2003), 308.
“Ninety-five percent of the people”: “Address of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin,” March 18, 2014.
“I want you to hear me”: Ibid.
“The Russian church has blessed”: “Russkaia tserkov’ blagoslovila DNR na voinu,” Vzgliad, June 12, 2014.
“And if there are any here”: “Lukashenko: Schitaiushchie, chto Belorussiia—chast’ russkogo mira—zabud’te,” Regnum, January 29, 2015.
EPILOGUE
“Without Ukraine, Russia ceases”: Zbigniew Brzezinski, “The Premature Partnership,” Foreign Affairs 73 (March–April 1994): 72.
INDEX
Adamovich, Aliaksandr, 241
Aeneid (Virgil), 108
affirmative action, 237
Afghanistan, 300
Ahmed (Khan of the Great Horde), 10–11, 13
Aksakov, Konstantin, 134
Alaska, 122
Aleksandrov, Aleksandr, 269, 271
Aleksandrov, Georgii, 273–274, 279
Alekseev, Mikhail, 186, 188, 199, 206
Aleksei Mikhailovich (Tsar), 30, 33, 38–39
Aleksei (Tsarevich), 187–188
Alexander (Grand Duke of Lithuania), 13
Alexander I (Tsar), 75–77
Alexander II (Tsar), 94, 105, 109, 119–120, 123
assassination of, 152
with language censorship, 140, 145–146
Alexander III (Tsar), 152
Aleksandr Nevsky (film), 254
Andropov, Yurii, 299
Andruzky, Heorhii, 113
Anna Ioannovna, (Empress), 45
Annenkov, Nikolai, 140–141
annexation
of Belarus and Ukraine, 263
of Crimea, viii, 335, 337–341, 349–350
“The Anniversary of Borodino” (Pushkin), 79
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 246, 257
anti-patriotism, 256–258
anti-Semitism, 170, 278, 291
Antonovych, Volodymyr (Włodzimierz Antonowicz), 123
Archeographic Commission, 95
ARCOS, 239
Arsenii (Metropolitan) (Moskvin), 139
assassinations, 152, 240, 257
Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, Sophie Friederike. See Catherine II
Augustus (Roman Emperor), 14, 15, 16
Austria, 63–65, 176–180
Austria-Hungary, 200
Avvakum (Archpriest), 41–42
Balitski, Anton, 241
Baltic Slavic dialect, 125, 126
Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmitrii, 110
Barszczewski, Jan, 131
Báthory, Stephen (King of Poland), 17
Battle of Borodino (1812), 75, 79
Battle of Orsha (1514), 12, 13
Battle of Poltava (1709), 61
Battle of the Kulikovo Field (1380), 292
Batu Khan (Mongol ruler), 5–6
Bedny, Demian, 248, 252, 253
Belarus, 6, 67, 88, 124, 134, 206, 219
annexation of, 263
attitudes toward, 66, 129
dual citizenship and, 319
economy, 294, 323
education, 203
folk culture in, 130
indigenization campaign and, 236–237, 241, 242–243
Jews in, 203, 237
language and, 130–132, 289–290
nationality, 234–235
nationhood and, 202–205
natural gas and, 323
Rada and, 203–205
Roman Catholic Church in, 130–131
takeover of eastern, 60–61
Belarusian Communist Party, 234, 237
Belarusization, 229, 236–237, 241, 289
Belinsky, Vissarion, 115–116
Belov, Vasilii, 306
Berezovsky, Boris, 318, 322–323, 324
Beria, Lavrentii, 278–279, 281, 284
Bezborodko, Oleksandr, 59, 66, 90
Bibikov, Dmitrii, 106, 231
Biblioteka dlia chteniia (Library for Reading), 110
Biren, Ernst Johann von, 46
Black Hundreds, 171
“Bloody Sunday,” 158
Bobrinsky, Aleksei, 231
Bobrinsky, Georgii, 179, 180
Bobrinsky, Vladimir, 179
Bode, Aleksandr, 269
Bodiansky, Osyp, 111, 116, 126
Bogatyri (Heroes) (opera), 252–253
Bogoliubsky, Andrei, 117, 119
Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Korniichuk), 265, 275, 280
Bolshevik Party, 196–197, 200, 218, 271
First All-Union Congress of Soviets and, 211–213, 221, 225
Russian Revolution and, 192–193, 198–199
Twelfth Party Congress and, 223–224, 229, 230
Ukraine and, 214–217
Bolshoi Theater, 2
11
Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I
Book of Royal Degrees, 15
Boretskaia, Marfa, 8, 10
Boretsky, Dmitrii, 9
Borotbists, 216
Brezhnev, Leonid, 243, 283–284, 290, 293–294, 299, 303
Brief Compendium of Teachings on the Articles of Faith, 31
Briullov, Kirill, 109
Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 107, 108, 111–112, 114, 116, 120, 133, 139, 146
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 349
Budilovich, Anton, 171
Bukharin, Nikolai, 251–252, 287
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 253
Buriat-Mongolia, 245–247, 257
Bush, George W., 336
Bykaŭ, Vasil, 294–295
Byzantine Empire, 3
Carew, Richard, 50
Casimir IV (King of Poland), 8, 10–11, 12, 13
Catherine II “the Great” (Empress), 58, 71, 81
expansion and, 60–66
with intellectual elite, 59–60
legacy, 69–70, 100
Orthodox Church and, 66–69
rise to power, 55–57
censorship
culture, 252–253
in language, 130–131, 137–146, 150, 162–163, 173, 179–180, 207–208
of literature, 115
Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA
Chaadaev, Petr, 107, 125
Charlemagne (King of Franks, Holy Roman Emperor), xii
Charles X (King of France), 81
Charles XII (King of Sweden), 42–43, 172
chauvinism, 224, 248, 250
Chechens, 314–315
Chechnia, 320
Chernenko, Konstantin, 299
Chernyshev, Zakhar, 60, 63–64
Chersonesus, viii
Chicherin, Georgii, 217–218
Chizhov, Fedor, 116
chronicle writing, 5
Chubais, Anatolii, 322
Chubar, Vlas, 232
Chubynsky, Pavlo, 146
Church of the Dormition (Kyiv), 5–6
Church of Dormition (Moscow), 20, 27
Church Slavonic language, 48–51, 89, 118
Churchill, Winston, 270, 273
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 299
citizenship, 56, 164, 201, 315, 319
dual, 315, 319
Russian, 290, 314–315, 319, 349
Cold War, 300, 327
collectivization, 239, 241, 243, 246, 269, 291
Columbus, Christopher, 23
Committee on the Western Provinces (Western Committee), 86–87
common citizenship, 290
Commonwealth of Independent States, 313, 318–319, 336
communism, 249, 306
Khrushchev and, 285, 295, 300
nationalism and, 308–309
The Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 249
Communist Party, 243
See also Russian Communist Party; Bolshevik Party
Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), 76
Constantine (Grand Duke), 78
Constantine IX Monomachos (Byzantine emperor), 5, 14
Constantine XI Palaiologos (Byzantine emperor), 3, 22
Constitutional Democratic Party, 166–168, 173, 182, 190, 194
A Conversation Between Great Russia and Little Russia (Divovych), 57–58
conversion, religious, 66–69, 96–97, 160, 180
Cossacks, 32–34, 38, 39, 110
Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, 321–322
Council of Brest (1596), 29
Council of Florence (1431–1449), 21
Council of Trent (1545–1563), 31
coups
Brezhnev and, 290
Catherine II and, 55–56
Kornilov and, 199–200
Lenin and, 193–194
Nicholas II and, 187–190
Yeltsin, B., and, 310–311
Crimea
annexation of, viii, 335, 337–341, 349–350
Ukraine and, 283, 284, 319
Crimean War of 1853–1856, 121–122
culture, 6, 91–92, 130, 207, 288, 347–348
attacks on, 279–281
censorship, 252–253
Edict of Ems influencing, 145–146, 151–152, 161, 167
with history as inspiration, 271–272
indigenization campaign and, 229, 231–232, 234, 236–237, 241
language and, 165–167, 229, 231–232, 234, 236–237, 241, 287, 307, 340–341
revival, 254–255, 263, 265–266
Russification and, 87, 290
Ukrainization and, 233, 265
Cyrillic, 131
Cyrillo-Methodian Brotherhood. See Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius
Czacki, Tadeusz, 93
Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, 92, 93, 96
Czechoslovakia, 262
Danylo of Halych (Prince), 271–272, 274
Darius the Great of Persia, 75
Decembrist Uprising (1825), 87
Denikin, Anton, 206–207, 216, 326–327
dialects, 124–127, 132, 135
Didytsky, Bohdan, 148–149
Divovych, Semen, 57–58
Dmitrii (Prince), 26
Dmowski, Roman, 159
Dobriansky, Adolf, 148–149
Dolgoruky, Yurii (Prince), vii, 117, 118
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 328
Dovzhenko, Oleksandr, 272, 280, 293
Drach, Ivan, 293
Drahomanov, Mykhailo, 143–144, 146, 150, 167
Dugin, Aleksandr, 336
Duma
elections, 159, 163, 167–168, 171, 187, 189
First (1906), 163, 164, 165, 168
Fourth (1912–1917), 165, 167–168, 171
Second (February–June 1907), 165, 168, 187
Third (1907–1912), 165
Dunin-Marcinkiewicz, Wincenty, 131
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 221
Easter (Orthodox), 184, 185
economy
Belarus, 294, 323
oligarchs, 322–323, 335
Olympic Games and, 334
with sanctions, 346
Soviet Union, 299–300, 301
Ukraine, 287, 323
US, 300
Ecumenical Council, 20, 24
Edict of Ems (1876), 145–146, 151–152, 161, 167
education, 81, 106, 203, 266
affirmative action and, 237
“historiography crisis” and, 47–48
with history, revival, 249–250, 252–253, 265
language and, 159, 165, 173, 179, 230, 233, 234, 288–289
Poland, 92–94, 96, 159
Eisenstein, Sergei, 254, 279–280
elections, 27, 29, 200, 330
Duma, 159, 163, 167–168, 171, 187, 189
poisonings in, 324
Putin and, 320–321, 323–324
reform, 301–302, 308, 314
stolen, 324, 337
Yeltsin, B., and, 309–310
elite
intellectual, 47, 59–60, 242, 292, 306
oligarchs, 322–323, 335
in Poland, 72, 86–87
purge of, 288
Elizabeth (Empress), 46
Eneïda (Kotliarevsky), 108, 126, 131, 148
Engels, Friedrich, 249–250
Enlightenment, 56
Epistle on the Excellencies of the English Tongue (Carew), 50
Estonia, 306, 307, 320
ethnicity
identity and, 319–320
marriage and, 303
patriotism and, 256
EU. See European Union
Eurasian Economic Community, 323
Eurasian Union, 335–337, 338
European Union (EU), 325, 336
Evlogii (Archbishop (Georgievsky) 161, 179, 180, 184–185
Exposition of the Easter Cycle, 23
famine, 186, 241–242, 269
fatherland (otechestvo), 268
Federal Security Service, 317
Fedor Ivanovich, (Tsar), 17, 19–20, 24, 26
Filaret (Patriarch of Moscow). See Romanov, Fedor
Filofei (monk), 24, 26, 34
Finland, 200, 267
First All-Union Congress of Soviets, 211–213, 221, 225
First Congress of Compatriots Living Abroad, 327–328
flags, 259, 319, 338
Florinsky, Timofei, 171
folk culture, Belarus, 130
forced-labor camps (Gulag), 241, 256, 293–294, 305–306, 334
Foreign Affairs (Brzezinksi), 349
foreign policy, 250, 267, 321–322, 329
“The Foreign Policy of Russian Tsardom” (Engels), 250
Four-Year Diet, 62
France, x, 325
Franko, Ivan, 266
Frederick II (King of Prussia), 61
Frunze, Mikhail, 218
Fund for Historical Perspective, 330
Gagarin, Yurii, 286
Gaidar, Yegor, 311, 312
Galician-Volhynian princes, 6
Gapon, Grigorii, 158
Gazprom, 323, 335
Gellner, Ernest, x
Genghis Khan (Mongol ruler), 5, 10
genocide, 242, 342
Georgia, 325, 326
Georgian language, 303
Germany, 200, 201, 246, 257, 351
with Belarus and nationhood, 202–204
Treaty of Rapallo, 217–218
Girkin, Igor, 342
glasnost, 301
Glinka, Mikhail, 321
Glinka, Nikolai, 253
Godunov, Boris, 26–27, 29
Gogol, Nikolai (Hohol’, Mykola), 94, 110, 148
Gogotsky, Sylvestr, 123–124
Golden Gate, in Kyiv, 94
Golden Horde, 7, 9, 11, 14–15
Gorbachev, Mikhail
economy and, 301
legacy, 313
perestroika and, 301, 302
as president, 301–302
rise of, 299–300, 310
role of, 292, 309
Yeltsin, B., and, 310, 311–312
Gorchakov, Aleksandr, 147
GPU (Soviet secret police), 228, 238, 241, 242, 253, 256
Grand Army, 74–76
Great Britain, x, 239, 270–271
Great Horde, 9, 10
Great Northern War (1700–1721), 42, 44
German-Soviet War (1941–1945) (“Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People”)
influence, 268–269, 274–275
Stalin and, 269–273
“Great Rus’,” 38, 58, 117, 271, 281, 326–327
Great Russia
dialect, 125, 126
tribe, xi, 88, 124, 129, 135
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 290
Great Terror (1937–1938), 256–257
Great Ukrainian Famine (Holodomor), 241–242
Great War (1914–1918), 174, 175–176, 183–186
Gubarev, Pavel, 343, 344–345