Of Orcas and Men
Page 31
pg. 262 The cornerstone of Kwakwaka’waka religious thought: See Irving Goldman, The Mouth of Heaven: An Introduction to Kwakiutl Religious Thought (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975), p. 177.
Bibliography
Adamson, Thelma, ed. Folk-Tales of the Coast Salish. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
Baird, Robin W. Killer Whales of the World: Natural History and Conservation. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 2002.
Beck, Mary L. Heroes and Heroines in Tlingit-Haida Legend. Seattle: Alaska Northwest Books, 1989.
Berta, Annalisa, Sumich, James L., and Kovacs, Kit M., eds. Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology. New York: Academic Press, 2006.
Boas, Franz. Indian Myths and Legends from the North Pacific Coast of America (Dietrich Bertz, translator). Vancouver: Talonbooks, 2002.
Bringhurst, Robert. A Story As Sharp As a Knife: The Classical Haida Storytellers and Their World. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2011.
Brown, Bruce. Mountain in the Clouds: A Search for the Wild Salmon. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.
Chadwick, Douglas H. The Grandest of Lives: Eye to Eye With Whales. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 2006.
Ford, John K.B., Ellis, Graeme M., and Balcomb, Kenneth C. Killer Whales. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994.
Ford, John K.B., and Ellis, Graeme M. Transients: Mammal-Hunting Killer Whales. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999.
Francis, Daniel, and Hewlett, Gil. Operation Orca: Springer, Luna and the Struggle to Save West Coast Killer Whales. Vancouver: Harbor Publishing, 2007.
Fromm, Peter J. Whale Tales: Human Interactions With Whales (Volumes One and Two). Friday Harbor: Whale Tales Press, 1996.
Giraudo Beck, Mary. Shamans and Kushtakas: North Coast Tales of the Supernatural. Seattle: Alaska Northwest Press, 1999.
Goldman, Irving. The Mouth of Heaven: An Introduction to Kwakiutl Religious Thought. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975.
Gregg, Justin. Are Dolphins Really Smart? The mammal behind the myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Hoare, Philip. The Whales: In Search of the Giants of the Sea. New York: Ecco, 2010.
Hoyt, Erich. Orca: The Whale Called Killer. Ontario: Camden House, 1990.
Kirby, David. Death at SeaWorld: Shamu and the Dark Side of Killer Whales in Captivity. New York: St. Martins Press, 2012.
Lichatowich, Jim. Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999.
Mann, Janet, Connor, Richard C., Tyack, Peter L., and Whitehead, Hal. Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Matkin, Craig O. The Killer Whales of Prince William Sound. Valdez: Prince William Sound Books, 1994.
Montgomery, David R. King of Fish: The Thousand-Year Run of Salmon. Boulder: Westview Press, 2003.
Morton, Alexandra. Listening to Whales: What the Orcas Have Taught Us. New York: Ballantine Books, 2002.
Nollman, Jim. The Charged Border: Where Whales and Humans Meet. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.
Obee, Bruce, and Ellis, Graeme. Guardians of the Whales: The Quest to Study Whales in the Wild. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1992.
Parfit, Michael, and Chisholm, Suzanne. The Lost Whale: The True Story of an Orca Named Luna. New York: St. Martins Press, 2013.
Perrin, William F., Wursig, Bernd, and Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. London: Academic Press, 2009.
Pryor, Karen, and Norris, Kenneth, eds. Dolphin Societies: Discoveries and Puzzles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Reid, Bill, and Bringhurst, Rober. The Raven Steals the Light. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996.
Robertson, Dougal. Survive the Savage Sea. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Sheridan House, 1994.
Rothenberg, David. The Thousand Mile Song: Whale Music in a Sea of Sound. New York: Basic Books, 2008.
Saulitis, Eva. Into Great Silence: A Memoir of Discovery and Loss among Vanishing Orcas. Boston: Beacon Press, 2013.
Schusterman, Ronald J., Thomas, Jeanette A, and Wood, Forrest G., eds. Dolphin Cognition and Behavior: A Comparative Approach. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986.
Thompson, M. Terry, and Egesdal, Steven M. Salish Myths and Legends: One People’s Stories. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
Van Ginneken, Dr. Astrid. Togetherness is Our Home: An Orca’s Journey Through Life. Friday Harbor: Booksurge, 2007.
Visser, Ingrid. Swimming with Orca: My Life with New Zealand’s Killer Whales. Auckland: Penguin NZ, 2005.
White, Thomas I. In Defense of Dolphins: The New Moral Frontier. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
Index
Note: Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
A pod
A13, 95
A45, 222
A51, 224
Springer (A73), 152–153, 221–225
A73 (Springer), 152–153, 221–225
Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks (AMMP), 208, 214, 230, 240
see also marine parks
Ambulocetus, 70–71
American Family Association, 126
ancestors, orcas as, 16
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 237–238
Antarctic orcas, 90
Antarctic Type A Killer Whale, 80–81
apex predator status, 29–30, 154–155, 157, 182–184
aquariums. see Seattle Aquarium; Vancouver Aquarium
Are Dolphins Really Smart? (Gregg), 23
Argentina, 90
Ariosto, 100
artiodactyls, 70
attacks on humans
Annette Eckis, 114
and captivity, 231
Daniel Dukes, 125
Dawn Brancheau, 125–129
Hans Krestchmer, 104
Keltie Byrne, 124
Ken Peters, 126
Lucette, 104
Terra Nova Expedition, 104
in the wild, 7, 104
Bain, David, 187–188, 190–191, 193, 197
Bainbridge Island ferry, 20
Baird, Colin, 123–124, 217–219
Balaenidae, 72
Balcomb, Ken
on Bigg, 138
biographical sketch of, 139–140, 139
on boat-engine noise, 189–191, 203
on the Elwha restoration, 181
Free Lolita campaign, 240
on learning from orcas, 152–153
on oil spill risks, 201
photo identification research, 20–21, 73, 217
plan to rehabilitate Keiko, 208
on psychic contact, 18–19
reputation, 229–230
return of Luna (L98), 58–59
Springer (A73), 221
see also Center for Whale Research (CWR)
baleen whales, 72
Barre, Lynne, 237
Barrett-Lennard, Lance, 53–54, 77–78, 90
Basilosauridae, 71
Basilosaurus, 71–72
Basque whalers, 100–101
behavior
aberrant, 231
breaching, 21, 38–39, 40, 149, 151–152, 225, 228
breathing, 46–47
cooperation, 88–92
hunting, 74–75, 88–90
logging, 38
pectoral slaps, 21–22
sleep, 46–48, 47
spyhopping, 8, 84
symbolic interactionism, 158–159
see also social behavior
Bell, Phyllis, 215–216
Berns, Gregory, 249–250
BIAW (Building Industry Association of Washington), 174
Bigg, Mike
behavior of “transient orcas,” 34
biographical sketch of, 136–139
census of killer whale populations, 119
meeting with Morton, 21
photo identification research, 73, 137
speciation research, 73–74
work with Ellis, 145
work with Ford, 141–142
Bigg’s killer whales
(T3), 85–86
Charlie Chin (T1), 85
Chimo (T4), 85, 145
ecotype description, 79
Florencia (T2), 85–86
interactions with resident killer whales, 76, 172
naming of, 76
Nootka (T5), 85–86
social organization, 84–87
subspecies status, 173
T2a, 86–87
T2b, 86–87
T2c, 87
bitumen, 200, 202
Bjossa, 142–143, 225–227, 225
Blackfish
effect of, 232–233
Penn Cove capture (1970), 234–235
SeaWorld’s response to, 127–129
Boas, Franz, 260–262, 261
boat-engine noise, 163–164, 186–191
see also echolocation; whale-watching industry
bonding, 64–65, 84
Bonneville Dam, 168
Borrowman, Jim, 24
Bossert, Greg, 213
bottlenose dolphins, 23, 26
bowhead whales, 72
Boyd, John, 195
brain size
dolphins, 23
orcas, 26–27, 30
brain structure, 30–33, 31
Brancheau, Dawn, 125
breaching, 21, 38–39, 40, 149, 151–152, 225, 228
breathing, 46–47
Brocato, Frank, 106–107
see also Marineland of the Pacific
Building Industry Association of Washington (BIAW), 174
Burke Museum, 20
Byrne, Keltie, 124
CA188, 182–183
CA189 (Hope), 182–183
calls
bottlenose dolphins, 26
dialects, 91–92, 142
dolphins, 26
humpback whales, 26
as indications of intelligence, 24
mimicry, 55, 57–58
Northern Resident population, 35, 44–46, 48–49
orcas, 51–52
S1 calls, 54–55
Southern Resident population, 35, 54–55
understanding, 35, 53–55
variations, 54
see also communication; echolocation
candidate for release, as a Corky, 239
captivity
arguments against, 230–231
arguments in support of, 227
and attacks on humans, 231
average lifespan, 11, 231
birth rates, 212
“Blackfish effect,” 232
Corky, 146
Ford on, 143–144
imitative learning, 23
Morton on, 146–147
release from, 211
“whale laundering,” 230
see also enclosures; marine parks
Center for Whale Research (CWR), 140
see also Balcomb, Ken
Cetacean Research Technology, 222
cetaceans, attributing mystical values to, 19
Cetotehriidae, 72
Charlie Chin (T1), 85
childbirth, death during, 212
Chimo (T4), 85, 145
Chinook salmon, 175–178
see also salmon
Chisholm, Suzanne, 58, 61
chum salmon. see salmon
coincidental events, 20
Columbia River, 176–178
communication
barrier, 26, 158
dolphins, 50–52
Namu, 110
with orcas, 17–19
understanding, 50–55
see also calls; echolocation
Cook, Joseph J., 105
cooperation, 88–92
Corky
as a candidate for release, 239
captivity, 146
Northern Resident population, 21
pectoral slaps, 21–22
Corky II, age, 11
Corral, Karla, 209–211, 210
Cousteau, Jacques, 104
Cowperthwaite, Gabriella, 127, 235
Cramer, Jim, 232
Cranmer, Andrea, 16, 248
creation myths, 67–69
Crossfire, 128
Crozet (Subantarctic) Killer Whales, 82
culture of orcas, 88–93, 153–154
CWR (Center for Whale Research), 140
see also Balcomb, Ken
Dall’s porpoises, 75
dams, 168–171, 179–182
DAT (dolphin assisted therapy), 19
Davy’s Dream (Lewis), 5
Death at SeaWorld (Kirby), 127
Delphinidae, evolution, 72–73
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 56, 136–137
dialects, 91–92, 142
see also calls
diet, salmon, 24
dilbit, 200, 202
dioxins, 184
dolphin assisted therapy (DAT), 19
Dolphin Freedom Foundation, 241
Dolphin Institute, 26
dolphins
Are Dolphins Really Smart? (Gregg), 23
behavior, 251
bottlenose dolphins, 23, 26
brain size, 23
calls, 26
communication, 50–52
dolphin assisted therapy (DAT), 19
echolocation, 251–252
entertainment shows, 106
evolution, 72
Flipper (Tors 1963), 109
intelligence, 22–23, 25
Malia, 251
mythological representations, 99
dorsal fins, 45
The Dorsals, 108
Doyle, Laurance, 25
Dukes, Daniel, 125
Dyes Inlet, 171–172
Earth Island Institute, 208–209
Eastern North Atlantic Killer Whale, Type 1, 80
Eastern North Atlantic Killer Whale, Type 2, 80
echolocation
and boat engine noise, 164
dolphins, 251–252
evolution, 72
examination of signals, 26
as indications of intelligence, 29
sharing, 53–55
as a sixth sense, 31, 41–44
see also boat-engine noise; calls; communication; hearing
Eckis, Annette, 114
ecotypes
Antarctic Type A Killer Whale, 80–81
Bigg’s Killer Whale, 79
Crozet (Subantarctic) Killer Whales, 82
Eastern North Atlantic Killer Whale, Type 1, 80
Eastern North Atlantic Killer Whale, Type 2, 80
Gerlache Killer Whale, 81
Offshore Killer Whale, 79–80
Pack Ice Killer Whale, 81
Resident Killer Whale, 78–79
Ross Sea Killer Whale, 81
Subantarctic (Crozet) Killer Whales, 82
ecotypes study, 77–78
Eden, whaling, 101–103
elephant seals, 90
Ellis, Graeme
biographical sketch of, 144–145
photo identification research, 73
Springer (A73), 222–225
Vancouver Aquarium’s support of, 229
work with Bigg, 145
Elwha River, 179–182
emotions, 249–250
empathy, 48, 61–62
enclosures
Lolita (Tokitae), 12, 233–238, 241–242
Sea World, 121–122
Endangered Species Act, 157, 164, 169
entertainment shows
dolphins, 106
revenue, 229
environmental movement, 134
Essex, 104–105
evolution of whales, 69–73
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 164, 201
Felleman, Fred, 157–158, 199–203, 223
Finna, 142–143, 225–227, 225
Fischer, Bryan, 126
Fisher, Dean, 142
Flipper (Tors 1963), 109
Florencia (T2), 85–86
Foote, Andrew, 57–58
Ford, John K.B.
biographical sketch of, 140–144
on diet of orcas, 24
on dolphin communication, 50–52
early orca encounters, 103–104
on learning from orcas, 154–156
“Linking Prey and Population Dynamics: Did Food Limitation Cause Recent Declines of ‘Resident’ Killer Whales in British Columbia?” study, 175
Morgan, 239
on orca calls, 53–54
on orca dialects, 91
photo identification research, 73
Springer (A73), 224–225
Vancouver Aquarium’s support of, 229
work with Bigg, 141–142
Forsman, Leonard, 20
Fraser River, 90
Free Lolita campaign, 240–242
Free Willy, 117, 206
Free Willy/Keiko Foundation, 208–209, 216
Frontline, 215
furans, 184
Garrett, Howard
culture of orcas, 90–93
diet of orcas, 177, 182
Free Lolita campaign, 240
on the Keiko Project, 216
on lifespans in captivity, 242
symbolic interactionism, 158–159
see also Orca Network
gene pool, 23, 172
general intelligence factor, 30
General Jackson, 62
Georgia (K11), 87
Gerlache Killer Whale, 81
Geronimo, 106–107
Gingrich, Newt, 128
Glenn, Mike, 210
Glines Canyon Dam, 179–181
Gold River, 60
Goldman, Irving, 262
Goldsberry, Don, 112–113, 118, 119, 123
Gorton, Slade, 119, 170
Grand Coulee Dam, 168
Granny (J2)
age, 11
communication with, 18–19
Greenpeace, 134–135
Gregg, Justin, 22–23, 26, 50, 92
Griffin, Jim, 108–110
Griffin, Ted, 108–113, 118, 122
Gudrun, 212
gyrification, 31
Haida, 122, 144–145
Haida 2, 123
Hall, John, 211, 227, 229
Hankins, Shirley, 170
Hanson, Brad, 156–157, 172, 181–182, 258–260
harbor seals, overpopulation in Hood Canal, 74–75
Hardy, Campbell, 166
Haro Strait, boat-engine noise, 195–197
Harris, Michael, 223
Hastings, Doc, 170
hearing, sense of, 28, 40–41. see also echolocation; senses
herring, 89
Hertz, Arthur, 219, 237, 240–242
Herzing, Denise, 26, 251
Hood Canal, overpopulation of harbor seals, 74–75
Hope (CA189), 182–183
Hugo, 236
Human/Dolphin Society, 146
human pregnancy, detection of, 42
Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), 209