by Chris Conrad
3. Christensen, et al., Science 172 (1971): 165.
4. E. P. M. de Meijer, “Characterization of Cannabis Accessions with Regard to Cannabinoid Content in Relation to Other Plant Characters,” Euphytica 62 (1992): 187–200.
5. G. Fournier, et al., “Identification of a New Chemotype in Cannabis sativa: Cannabigerol Dominant Plants, Biogenetic and Agronomic Prospects,” 277–80.
6. R. P. Latta and B. J. Eaton, “Seasonal Fluctuations in Cannabinoid Content of Kansas Marijuana,” Economic Botany 29 (1975): 153–63.
7. Mechoulam and Feigenbaum, “Progress Towards Cannabinoid Drugs,” 159–207.
8. Thanks to Eric Skidmore for helping research this information.
9. Formukong, Evans, and Evans, “Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Constituents of Cannabis sativa L.”
10. I. G. Karniol and E. A. Carlini, “Pharmacological Interaction between CBD and -9-THC,” Psychopharmacologia 33 (1973): 53–70.
11. Karniol, et al., “Cannabidiol Interferes with the Effects of THC in Man,” European Journal of Pharmacology 28 (1974): 172–77.
12. A. W. Zuardi, et al., “Action of Cannabidiol on the Anxiety and Other Effects Produced by 9–THC in Nor mal Subjects,” Psychopharacology 76 (1982): 245–50.
13. J. M. Cunha, et al., “Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol to Healthy Volunteers and Epileptic Patients,” Pharmacology 21 (1980): 175–85; Consroe, et al., “Open Label Evaluation,” 277–82; Sandyk, et al., “Effects of CBD in Huntington’s Disease,” 342; Formukong, Evans, and Evans, “Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Constituents of Cannabis sativa L.,” 361–71; M. Carlini, et al., “Possivel Efeito Hipnotico do Cannabidiol no ser Humano,” Ciencia e Cultura 3l (1979): 315–22; Zuardi, Rodrigues, and Cunha, “Effects of CBD in Animal Models Predictive of Anti-psychotic Activity,” 260–64.
14. Formukong, Evans, and Evans, “Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Constituents of Cannabis sativa L.,” 361–71.
15. Consroe, et al., “Open Label Evaluation” 277–82.
16. Sandyk, et al., “Effects of CBD in Huntington’s Disease,” 342.
17. Cunha, et al., “Chronic Administration of CBD to Healthy Volunteers and Epileptic Patients,” 175–85.
18. E. A. Carlini and J. A. Cunha, “Hypnotic and Anti-epileptic Effects of CBD,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21 (1981): 417S–427S.
19. Zuardi, Rodrigues, and Cunha, “Effects of CBD in Animal Models Predictive of Anti-psychotic Activity,” 260–64.
20. Sandyk and Awerbuch, “Marijuana and Tourette’s Syndrome,” Journal of Clinical Psycho Pharmacology 8 (1988): 444–45; Conti, et al., “Antidyskinetic Effects of Cannabidiol,” Proceedings of the International Congress on Marijuana (Melbourne, Australia, 1987).
Marijuana Classification
1. The 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court in Timothy Leary’s case that applying for a tax stamp to handle an illegal substance was unconstitutional self-incrimination forced some revisions to the law at the time that early proselytizers for LSD were active. When hallucinogens were added to the index, marijuana was transferred to that category.
2. H. Isbell and D. R. Jasinski, “A Comparison of LSD-25 with -9-THC and Attempted Cross Tolerance between LSD and THC,” Psychopharmacologia 14 (1969): 115–23; Isbell, et al., “Effects of -9-THC in Man,” Psychopharmacologia 11 (1967): 184–88; L. D. Clark, R. Hughes, and E. N. Nakashima, “Behavioral Effects of Marihuana: Experimental Studies,” Archives of General Psychiatry 23 (1970): 193–98; Melges, et al., “Marihuana and temporal disintegration,” Science 168 (1970): 1118–20.
3. L. E. Hollister and F. Moore, “Urinary Catecholamine Excretion Following LSD in Man,” Psychopharmacologia 11 (1967): 270; Melges, et al., “Marihuana and Temporal Disintegration,” 1118–20.
4. L. E. Hollister, “Steroids and Moods: Correlations in Schizophrenics and Subjects Treated with LSD, Mescaline, THC, and Synhexyl,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 9 (1969): 24–29; L. E. Hollister, R. K. Richards, and H. K. Gillespie, “Comparison of THC and Synhexyl in Man,” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9 (1968): 783–91; L. E. Hollister and F. Moore, “Urinary Catecholamine Excretion Following Mescaline in Man,” 2015.
5. Isbell and Jasinski, “A Comparison of LSD-25 with -9-THC and Attempted Cross Tolerance between LSD and THC,” 115–23.
6. L. E. Hollister, S. L. Sherwood, and A. Cavasino, “Marihuana and the Human Electroencephalogram,” Pharmacological Research Communications 1971; R. Jones and G. Stone, “Psychological Studies of Marijuana and Alcohol in Man,” Psychopharmacologia 18 (1970): 108–17; E. Rodin, E. F. Domino, and J. P. Porzak, “The Marihuana-induced ‘Social High’—Neurological and Electroencephalographic Concomitants,” JAMA 213 (1970): 1300–1302.
7. Brill, et al., “The Marijuana Problems. UCLA Interdepartmental Conference,” Annals of Internal Medicine 73 (1970): 449–65.
8. L. E. Hollister, “Hunger and Appetite after Single Doses of Marihuana, Ethanol and Dextroamphetamine,” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1972); L. E. Hollister and H. K. Gillespie, “Marihuana, Ethanol and Dextroamphetamine: Mood and Mental Function Alterations,” Archives of General Psychiatry 23 (1970): 199-203; R. Jones and G. Stone, “Psychological Studies of Marijuana and Alcohol in Man,” 108–117; J. E. Manno, “Clinical Investigations with Marihuana and Alcohol” (unpublished paper, Indiana University, 1970).
9. J. M. Ritchie, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Goodman and Gilman, eds., 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan Company, 1965), 143–53.
10. Hollister and Gillespie, “Marihuana, Ethanol and Dextroamphetamine; Mood and Mental Function Alterations,” 199–203; Hollister, “Hunger and Appetite after Single Doses of Marihuana, Ethanol and Dextroamphetamine.”
11. Jones and Stone, “Psychological Studies of Marijuana and Alcohol in Man,” 108–17.
12. Ohlsson, et al., “Plasma -9-THC Concentrations and Clinical Ef fects after Oral and Intravenous Administration and Smoking,” Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics 28 (1980): 409.
13. Peat, Jones, et al., “The Disposition of -9-THC . . . In fr equent and Infrequent Marijuana Users,” Journal of Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. (1987).
The Resinant Brain
1. M. Leveritt, “Reefer Madness; While Courts Send Users to Prison, Scientists . . . Find Little to Support Dangers of Pot,” Arkansas Times (Sept. 16, 1993): 11.
2. R. Mestel, “Cannabis: The Brain’s Other Supplier,” New Scientist (July 31, 1993).
3. L. Wallach, “The Chemistry of Reefer Madness,” Omni (August, 1989):18.
4. R. Mechoulam, Interview by David Pate. Journal of the International Hemp Association 1 (1994): 21–23.
5. Johnson, et al., “Selective and Potent Analgesics Derived from Cannabinoids,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21 (1981): 271S–282S; D. B. Clifford, “Tetrahydrocannabinol for Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis,” Annals of Neurology 13 (1983): 669–71.
6. H. Meinck, P. W. Schonle, and B. Conrad, “Effect of Cannabinoids on Spasticity and Ataxia in Multiple Sclerosis,” Journal of Neurology 230 (1989): 120–22.
7. D. Petro and C. Ellenberger, “Treatment of Human Spasticity with delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21 (1981): 413S–416S.
8. H. A. Hare, Practical Therapeutics (Philadelphia, 1922), 181.
9. Malec, Harvey, and Cayner, “Cannabis’ Effect on Spasticity in Spinal Cord Injury,” Archive of Physical and Medical Rehab 35 (1982): 198.
10. Cunha, et al., “Chronic Administration of CBD to Healthy Volunteers and Epileptic Patients,” 175–85; D. Feeney, “Marijuana Use Among Epileptics,” JAMA 235 (1976): 1105; R. Karler and S. A. Turkanis, “The Cannabinoids as Potential Antiepileptics,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21 (1981): 437S–448S.
11. Maurer, et al., “Delta-9-THC Shows Antispastic and Analgesic Effects in a Single Case Double-Blind Trial,” European Archive of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 240 (1990): 1–4.
12. H. A. Hare, Practical T
herapeutics, 181.
13. S. Benet, “Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp,” Cannabis and Culture, V. Rubin, ed. (The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton, 1975), 43, 46.
14. “20 drops gelsemium tincture in full dose, followed by 10–20 drops active fluid extract of cannabis. After this, the patient should be watched, lest he suffer from depression.” H. A. Hare, Practical Therapeutics, 181.
15. W. E. Dixon, The Pharmacology of Cannabis indica,” British Medical Journal (Nov. 11, 1897): 1354–57.
16. S. Allentuck and K. M. Bowman, “The Psychiatric Aspects of Marihuana Intoxication,” American Journal of Psychiatry 99 (1942): 248–51.
17. G. T. Stockings, “A New Euphoriant for Depressive Mental States,” British Medical Journal (1947): 918–22.
18. Kotin, Post, and Goodwin, “Delta-9 THC in Depressed Patients,” Archives of General Psychiatry 28 (1973): 345–48.
19. L. Grinspoon and J. B. Bakalar, Marijuana: The Forbidden Medicine (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993): 124–26.
20. J. R. Hubbard, Investigation of marijuana use across psychiatric diagnosis, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Research and development information system. Project data sheet RCS 100159 (March 1, 1995).
21. Zuardi, et al., “Effects of Cannabidiol in Animal Models Predictive of Anti-Psychotic Activity,” 260–64.
22. L. Sloman, The History of Marijuana in America: Reefer Madness (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1979): 152–58.
23. Grinspoon and Bakalar, Marijuana, 124–26.
24. T. H. Mikuriya, “Cannabis Substitution, an Adjunctive Therapeutic Tool in the Treatment of Alcoholism,” Medical Times 98 (1970): 187–91.
25. C. K. Himmelsbach, “Treatment of the Morphine Abstinence Syndrome with a Synthetic Cannabis-Like Compound,” Southern Medical Journal 37 (1944): 26–29.
Sight for Sore Eyes
1. M. W. Adler and E. B. Geller, “Ocular Effects of Cannabinoids,” R. Mechoulam, ed., Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1986): 51–70.
2. S. Cohen, “Therapeutic Aspects,” Marihuana, NIDA monograph (Washington, DC, 1976), 194–225.
3. K. Green and T. F. McDonald, “Ocular Toxicology of Marijuana: Update,” Journal of Toxicology 6 (1987): 239–382.
4. Grinspoon and Bakalar, Marijuana.
5. F. L. Young, In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition, Docket no 86–22 (Sept. 6, 1988).
6. J. E. Manno, et al., “Comparative Effects of Smoking Marihuana and Motor and Mental Performance in Humans,” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11 (1970): 808–15.
7. J. E. Manno, “Clinical Investigations with Marihuana and Alcohol.”
8. Weil, Zinberg, and Nelsen, “Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man,” 1234–42.
9. D. F. Caldwell, S. A. Myers, and E. F. Domino, “Effects of Marihuana Smoking on Sensory Thresholds in Man,” Psychotomimetic Drugs, D. Efron, ed. (New York: Raven Press, 1970), 299–321; Caldwell, et al., “Auditory and Visual Threshold Effects of Marihuana in Man,” 755–59; Addendum, Perceptual and Motor Skills 29 (1969): 922.
10. W. Mayer-Gross, et al., Clinical Psychiatry (London: Cassell, 1969); Mayor’s Committee on Marihuana, The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York: Sociological, Medical, Psychological and Pharmacological Studies (Lancaster, PA: Cattell Press, 1944).
11. R. S. Hepler, I. M. Frank, and J. T. Ungerleider, “The Effects of Marijuana Smoking on Pupillary Size,” American Journal of Opthalmology (1971).
12. Brill, et al., “The Marijuana Problems. UCLA Interdepartmental Conference,” 449–65; Frank, et al., “Marihuana, Tobacco and Functions Affecting Driving,” Paper presented at American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. (Washington, D. C.: May 1971).
13. He joined a night fishing crew and studied how they navigated without lights in treacherous waters. M. E. West, Nature (July 1991); “Marijuana may aid night vision,” Los Angeles Times (July 1, 1991).
14. I. C. Chopra and R. N. Chopra, “The Use of the Cannabis Drugs in India.” UN Bulletin on Narcotics 9 (1957): 4–29.
15. F. Ames, “A Clinical and Metabolic Study of Acute Intoxication with Cannabis Sativa and its Role in the Model Psychoses,” Journal of Mental Sciences 104 (1958): 972–99; Isbell, et al., “Studies on THC,” Bulletin: Problems of Drug Dependence (Washington, D. C.: Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, National Academy of Sciences, 1967), 483246; S. Allentuck and K. M. Bowman, “The Psychiatric Aspects of Marihuana Intoxication,” American Journal of Psychiatry 99 (1942): 248–51.
16. Rx—Tincture nucis vomicæ, f3ij (8.0); Tincture cannabis, f3ij (8.0).—M. S.—15 drops (1.0), in water, twice or thrice a day. de Schweinitz. In Hare, Practical Therapeutics, 181.
Eating and Digestion
1. Benet, “Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp,” 43, 46.
2. S. E. Sallan, et al., “Antiemetics in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 302 (1980): 135–38; S. E. Sallan, N. E. Zinberg, and E. Frei, “Antiemetic Effect of -9-THC in Patients Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy,” New England Journal of Medicine 293 (1975): 795–97.
3. Nelson, et al., “A Phase II Study of -9-THC for Appetite Stimulation in Cancer-Associated Anorexia,” Journal of Palliative Care 10 (1994): 14–18.
4. R. Doblin and M. Kleiman, “Marihuana as Anti-emetic Medicine: A Survey of Oncologists’ Attitudes and Experiences.” Journal of Clinical Oncology (1991): 1275–80; R. Ostrow, “48% of Cancer Specialists in Study Would Prescribe Pot,” Los Angeles Times (May 1, 1991).
5. V. Vinciguerra, T. Moore, and E. Brennan, “Inhalation Marijuana as an Antiemetic for Cancer Chemotherapy,” NY State Journal of Medicine (1988): 525–57.
6. Case History, Human Rights 95: Atrocities of the Drug War.
7. L. S. Harris, A. E. Munson, and R. A. Carchman, “Antitumor Properties of Cannabinoids,” The Pharmacology of Marihuana, Braude and Szara, eds. (New York: Raven, 1976), vol. 2, 773–76.
8. S. J. Bell, Positive Nutrition for HIV Infection and AIDS (Chronimed Publishing, 1996).
9. F. Ames, “A Clinical and Metabolic Study of Acute Intoxication with Cannabis Sativa and Its Role in the Model Psychoses,” Journal of Mental Sciences 104 (1958): 972–99.
10. E. Lindemann, “The Neuro-Physiological Effects of Intoxicating Drugs,” American Journal of Psychiatry 90 (1933–1934): 1007–1037; Mayor’s Committee on Marihuana, The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York; Hollister, “Hunger and Appetite After Single Doses of Marihuana, Ethanol and Dextroamphetamine”; Weil, Zinberg, and Nelsen, “Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man,” 1234–42; C. J. Miras, “Some aspects of cannabis action,” Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology, G. E. W. Wolsten-holme and J. Knight, eds., (London: Ciba Foundation, 1965).
11. Hollister, “Hunger and Appetite After Single Doses of Marihuana, Ethanol and Dextroamphetamine.”
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems
1. Ohlsson, et al., “Plasma -9-THC concentrations and clinical ef fects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking,” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy 28 (1980): 409.
2. Isbell, et al., “Studies on THC,” 4832–46; R. E. Meyer, et al., “Administration of Marihuana to Heavy and Casual Users,” Paper presented at American Psychiatric Association Meeting (Washington, D. C.: May 1971).
3. Crancer, et al., “Simulated driving performance,” Science 164 (1969): 851–54; Domino, E. F. “Human Pharmacology of Marihuana Smoking,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics (1971); Hollister, Richards, and Gillespie, “Comparison of THC and Synhexyl in Man,” 783–91; Manno, et al., “Comparative Effects of Smoking Marihuana and Motor and Mental Performance in Humans,” 808–15; Mayor’s Committee on Marihuana, The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York; Waskow, et al., “Psychological Effects of THC,” Review of General Psychiatry 22 (1970): 97–107; Weil, Zinberg, and Nelsen, “Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man,” 1234–42. While smoked doses
of 4 and 15 mg THC caused pulse rate increases averaging 22 and 34 beats per minute, respectively, oral doses of 8 and 34 mg produced respective increases of 18 and 33 beats per minute. The two studies used doses up to 70 mg 9-THC and an extract containing 255 mg.
4. Cone, Welch, and Lange, “Clonidine Partially Blocks the Physiologic Effects but not the Subjective Effects Produced by Smoking Marijuana,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 29 (1988): 649–652
5. Dixon, “The Pharmacology of Cannibis indica.”
6. Hare, Practical Therapeutics, 181. Up to 5 drams of 3 fluid extract, equivalent to l0 minims to man, injected into the jugular vein of a small dog did not produce death.
7. Tobacco is a vasoconstrictor.
8. V. Sim, “Proceedings of a Workshop on Psychotomimetic Drugs,” Psychotomimetic Drugs, D. Efron., ed. (New York: Raven Press, 1970).
9. 15–70 mg THC or 50–150 mg synhexyl. Hollister, “Steroids and Moods: Correlations in Schizophrenics and Subjects Treated with LSD, Mescaline, THC, and Synhexyl,” 24–29; Hollister, Richards, and Gillespie, “Comparison of THC and Synhexyl in Man,” 783–91.
10. Mayor’s Committee on Marihuana, The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York.
11. J. D. P. Graham, “The Bronchodilator Action of Cannabinoids,” Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents, R. Mechoulam, ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1986), 147–58.
12. D. Cooley, ed., “After-40 Health and Medical Guide,” Better Homes and Gardens (1980): 24.
13. D. P. Tashkin, B. J. Shapiro, and I. A. Frank, “Acute Pulmonary Physiologic Effects of Smoked Marihuana and Oral -9-THC in Healthy Y oung Men,” New England Journal of Medicine 289 (1973): 336–41; Tashkin, et al., “Effects of Smoked Marihuana in Experimentally Induced Asthma,” American Review of Respiratory Disease 112 (1975): 377–86.
14. Case history, Human Rights 95: Atrocities of the Drug War.
15. P. E. G. Mann, T. N. Finley, and A. J. Ladman, “Marihuana Smoking: a Study of Its Effects on Alveolar Lining Material and Pulmonary Macrophages Recovered by Bronchopulmonary Lavage,” Journal of Clinical Investigations (1970): 60a–61a.