by John Keegan
55 F. Deakin, The Embattled Mountain, London, 1971, p. 55
56 N. Beloff, Tito’s Flawed Legacy, London, 1985, p. 75
57 K. McCormick and H. Perry, Images of War, London, 1991, pp. 145, 326, 334
58 Deakin, op. cit., p. 72
59 M. Djilas, Wartime, New York, 1977, p. 283
60 Spence, op. cit., p. 405
61 A. Horne, A Savage War of Peace, London, 1977, pp. 64, 537–8
62 R. Weigley, The Age of Battles, Bloomington, 1991, p. 543
63 J. Mueller, ‘Changing Attitudes to War. The Impact of the First World War’, British Journal of Political Science, 21, pp. 25–6, 27
LIMITATIONS ON WARMAKING
1 Mariner’s Mirror, Vol. 77, no. 3, p. 217
2 A. Ferrill, The Origins of War, London, 1985, pp. 86–7
3 See J. Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys, Cambridge, 1974, especially Chapter 1, for argument that the galley’s usefulness was not immediately extinguished by the appearance of cannon
4 J. Keegan, The Price of Admiralty, London, 1988, p. 137
5 O. Fames, War in the Arctic, London, 1991, pp. 39 ff.
6 See ‘Adrianople’ in index of R. and T. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History, London, 1986
7 J-P. Pallud, Blitzkrieg in the West, London, 1991, p. 347
8 J. Keegan, The Second World War, London, 1989, p. 462
9 Punch, 1853, quoted in T. Royle, A Dictionary of Military Quotations, London, 1990, p. 123
10 The Times Atlas (Comprehensive Edition), London, 1977, plate 5
11 I. Berlin, Karl Marx, Oxford, 1978, p. 179
12 A. Van der Heyden and H. Scullard, The Atlas of the Classical World, London, 1959, p. 127, and C. Duffy, Siege Warfare, London, 1979, pp. 204–7, 232–7
13 N. Nicolson, Alex, London, 1973, p. 10
14 See A. Fraser, Boadicea’s Chariot, London, 1988
2 STONE
1 J. Groebel and R. Hinde (eds.), Aggression and War, Cambridge, 1989, pp. xiii–xvi
2 A. J. Herbert, ‘The Physiology of Aggression’, in ibid., p.67
3 Ibid., pp. 68–9
4 R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford, 1989
5 A. Manning, in Groebel and Hinde, op. cit., pp. 52–5
6 Groebel and Hinde, op. cit., p. 5
7 A. Manning, in Groebel and Hinde, op. cit., p. 51
8 R. Clark, Freud, London, 1980, p. 486 ff.
9 K. Lorenz, On Aggression, London, 1966
10 R. Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative, London, 1967
11 L. Tiger, Men in Groups, London, 1969
12 M. Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory, London, 1968, pp. 17–18
13 D. Freeman, Margaret Mead and Samoa, Cambridge, Mass., 1983, pp. 13–17
14 Ibid., Chapter 3
15 Harris, op. cit., p. 406
16 A. Kuper, Anthropologists and Anthropology, London, 1973, p. 18
17 Ibid., pp. 207–11
18 A. Mockler, Haile Selassie’s War, Oxford, 1984, p. 219
19 A. Stahlberg, Bounden Duty, London, 1990, p. 72
20 H. Turney-High, Primitive War: Its Practice and Concepts (2nd edition), Columbia, SC, 1971, p. 5
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid., p. 55
23 Ibid., p. 142
24 Ibid., p. 14
25 Ibid., p. 253
26 Ibid., p. v
27 R. Ferguson (ed.), Warfare, Culture and Environment, Orlando, 1984, p. 8
28 M. Mead, ‘Warfare is Only an Invention’, in L. Bramson and G. Goethals, War: Studies from Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, New York, 1964, pp. 269–74
29 R. Duson-Hudson, in Human Intra-specific Conflict: An Evolutionary Perspective, Guggenheim Institute, New York, 1986
30 Ferguson, op. cit., pp. 6, 26
31 M. Fried, M. Harris and R. Murphy (eds.), War: The Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, New York, 1967, p. 132
32 Ibid., p. 133
33 Ibid., p. 128
34 US News and World Report, 11 April 1988, p. 59
35 W. Divale, War in Primitive Society, Santa Barbara, 1973, p. xxi
36 A. Vayda, War in Ecological Perspective, New York, 1976, pp. 9–42
37 Ibid., pp. 15–16
38 Ibid., pp. 16–17
39 J. Haas (ed.), The Anthropology of War, Cambridge, 1990, p. 172
40 P. Blau and W. Scott, Formal and Informal Organisations, San Francisco, 1962, pp. 30–2
41 M. Fried, Transactions of New York Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 28, 1966, pp. 529–45
42 J. Middleton and D. Tait, Tribes Without Rulers, London, 1958, pp. 1–31
43 R. Cohen, ‘Warfare and State Formation’, in Ferguson, op. cit., pp. 333–4
44 P. Kirch, The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms, Cambridge, 1984, pp. 147–8
45 Ibid., p. 81
46 Ibid., pp. 166–7
47 Vayda, op. cit., p. 115
48 Kirch, op. cit., pp. 209–11
49 Vayda, op. cit., p. 80
50 Turney-High, op. cit., p. 193: ‘The Caytes of the Brazilian coast ate every wrecked vessel’s crew. At one meal they ate the first Bishop of Bahia, two Canons, the Procurator of the Royal Portuguese Treasury, two pregnant women and several children.’
51 Ibid., pp. 189–90
52 I. Clendinnen, Aztecs, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 87–8
53 R. Hassing, ‘Aztec and Spanish Conquest in Mesoamerica’, in B. Ferguson and N. Whitehead, War in the Tribal Zone, Santa Fe, 1991, p. 85
54 Ibid., p. 86
55 Clendinnen, op. cit., p. 78
56 Ibid., p. 81
57 Ibid., p. 116
58 Ibid., p. 93
59 Ibid., pp. 94–5
60 Ibid., pp. 95–6
61 Ibid., pp. 25–7
62 I. Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1515–70, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 144, 148–9
63 J. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World, London, 1987, p. 21
64 Ibid., p. 31
65 H. Breuil and R. Lautier, The Men of the Old Stone Age, London, 1965, p. 71
66 Ibid., p. 69
67 Ibid., p. 20
68 Ibid., p. 69
69 A. Ferrill, op. cit., p. 18
70 W. Reid, Arms Through the Ages, New York, 1976, pp. 9–11
71 Breuil and Lautier, op. cit., p. 72
72 C. Robarchak, in Papers Presented to the Guggenheim Foundation Conference on the Anthropology of War, Santa Fe, 1986; also Robarchak, in Haas, op. cit., pp. 56–76
73 H. Obermaier, La vida de nuestros antepasados cuaternanos en Europa, Madrid, 1926
74 F. Wendorf, in F. Wendorf (ed.), The Prehistory of Nubia, II, Dallas, 1968, p. 959
75 Ferrill, op. cit., p. 22
76 M. Hoffman, Egypt Before the Pharaohs, London, 1988, pp. 87–9
77 Roberts, op. cit., p. 51
78 J. Mellaert, ‘Early Urban Communities in the Near East, 9000–3400 BC’, in P. Moorey (ed.), The Origins of Civilisation, Oxford, 1979, pp. 22–5
79 H. de la Croix, Military Considerations in City Planning, New York, 1972, p. 14
80 Y. Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, London, 1963, p. 34
81 Mellaert, op. cit., p. 22
82 B. Kemp, Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilisation, London, 1983, p. 269
83 S. Piggott, ‘Early Towns in Europe’, in Moorey, op. cit., pp. 3, 44
84 H. Thomas, An Unfinished History of the World, London, pp. 19, 21
85 J. Bottero et al. (eds.), The Near East: The Early Civilisations, London, 1967, p. 44
86 Ibid., p. 6
87 Roberts, op. cit., p. 131
88 Hoffman, op. cit., pp. 331–2
89 Kemp, op. cit., pp. 168–72
90 Ibid., pp. 223–30
91 Ibid., p. 227
92 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 192–3
93 Kemp, op. cit., pp. 43, 225
94 Hoffman, op. cit., p. 116
95 W. Hayes, ‘Egypt from the Death of Ammanemes II to S
eqenenre II’, in Cambridge Ancient History (3rd edition), Vol. II, Part 1, p. 73
96 Kemp, op. cit., p. 229
97 The first of the intermediate periods (2160–1991 BC) between the Old and Middle Kingdoms is held to have been an era of warmaking between local strongmen: a text of the period (quoted Bottero, op. cit., p. 337) reads, however, as follows: ‘I armed my bands of recruits and went into combat … There was no one else with me but my own troops, while [the mercenaries from Nubia and elsewhere] were united against me. I returned in triumph, my whole city with me, with no losses’; scarcely evidence that Egyptian domestic warfare was hard-fought.
98 Bottero, op. cit., pp. 70–1
99 W. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, Oxford, 1983, p. 5
100 J. Laessoe, People of Ancient Assyria, London, 1963, p. 16
101 Yadin, op. cit., p. 130
102 G. Roux, Ancient Iraq, New York, 1986, p. 129
103 P.J. Forbes, Metallurgy in Antiquity, Leiden, 1950, p. 321
104 Ibid., p. 255 and fig. 49
105 W. McNeill, A World History, New York, 1961, p. 34
106 R. Gabriel and K. Metz, From Sumer to Rome, New York, 1991, p. 9
FORTIFICATION
1 D. Petite, Le balcon de la Côte d’azure, Marignan, 1983, passim
2 A. Fox, Prehistoric Maori Fortifications, Auckland, 1974, pp. 28–9
3 F. Winter, Greek Fortifications, Toronto, 1971
4 N. Pounds, The Mediaeval Castle in England and Wales, Cambridge, 1990, p. 69
5 S. Johnson, Roman Fortifications on the Saxon Shore, London, 1977, p. 5
6 Kemp, op. cit., pp. 174–6
7 S. Piggott, ‘Early Towns in Europe’, in Moorey, op. cit., pp. 48–9
8 A. Hogg, Hill Forts of Britain, London, 1975, p. 17
9 Piggott, op. cit., p. 50
10 W. Watson, in Moorey, op. cit., p. 55
11 S. Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications, London, 1983, p. 20
12 E. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Baltimore, 1976, pp. 96, 102–4
13 B. Isaac, The Limits of Empire, Oxford, 1990; A. Horne, A Savage War of Peace, London, 1987, pp. 263–7
14 Q. Hughes, Military Architecture, London, 1974, pp. 187–90
15 C. Duffy, Siege Warfare, London, 1979, pp. 204–7
16 J. Fryer, The Great Wall of China, London, 1975, p. 104; A. Waldron, The Great Wall of China, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 5–6
17 O. Lattimore, ‘Origins of the Great Wall’, in Studies in Frontier History, London, 1962, pp. 97–118
18 J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, I, Cambridge, 1954, p. 144
19 S. Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications, Maps 25, 44, 46
20 P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1984, p. 108
21 Ibid., p. 46
22 Pounds, op. cit., p. 19
23 Winter, op. cit., pp. 218–19
24 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 158–9, 393, 409
25 S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, I, Cambridge, 1951, pp. 231–4
26 Pounds, op. cit., p. 115
27 Ibid., p. 213
3 FLESH
1 A. Azzarolli, An Early History of Horsemanship, London, 1985, pp. 5–6
2 S. Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport, London, 1983, p. 87
3 Ibid., p. 39
4 Azzarolli, op. cit., p. 9
5 R. Sallares, The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World, London, 1991, pp. 396–7
6 Piggott, op. cit., pp. 64–84
7 W. McNeill, The Rise of the West, Chicago, 1963, p. 103
8 A. Friendly, The Dreadful Day, London, 1981, p. 27
9 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 150, 187
10 J. Guilmartin, op. cit., p. 152; P. Klopsteg, Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow, Evanstown, 1947
11 Yadin, op. cit., p. 455
12 Y. Garlan, War in the Ancient World, London, 1975, p. 90
13 O. Lattimore, op. cit., pp. 41–4
14 Piggott, op. cit., pp. 103–4
15 H. Creel, The Origins of Statecraft in China, Chicago, 1970, pp. 285–6
16 Guilmartin, op. cit., p. 157
17 Lattimore, op. cit., p. 53
18 Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 1, Cambridge, 1973, pp. 375–6
19 Laessoe, op. cit., pp. 87, 91
20 Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 1, pp. 54–64
21 J. Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilisation, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 40–5
22 H. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria, London, 1984, p. 197
23 Ibid., pp. 199, 255
24 Ibid., p. 100
25 Ibid., p. 101
26 Ibid., p. 258
27 Creel, op. cit., pp. 258, 265
28 Ibid., p. 259
29 Ibid., pp. 266, 264
30 Robert Thurton, ‘The Prince Consort in Armour’, in M. Girouard, The Return of Camelot, New Haven, 1981; Hubert Lanzinger, ‘Hitler in Armour’, in P. Adam, The Arts of the Third Reich, London, 1992
31 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 100–3; Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 1, pp. 444–51
32 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 103–14