by John Keegan
33 Ibid., pp. 218–21
34 McNeill, The Rise of the West, p. 15
35 Saggs, op. cit., p. 169
36 J. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, London, 1991, pp. 9–10
37 Ibid., p. 14; Gernet, op. cit., pp. 4–5
38 W. McNeill, The Human Condition, Princeton, 1980, p. 47
39 D. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, Berkeley, 1973, p. 187
40 Ibid., p. 267
41 Ibid., p. 184
42 Ibid., p. 180
43 J. Jakobsen and R. Adams, ‘Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture’, Science, CXXVIII, 1958, p. 257
44 L. Kwantem, Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500, Leicester, 1979, p. 12
45 A. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, Oxford, 1962, p. 157
46 J. Bury, A History of the Later Roman Empire, 1927, I, p. 300, n. 3
47 R. Lindner, ‘Nomadism, Horses and Huns’, Past and Present, 92 (1981), pp. 1–19
48 J. Lucas, Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army, New York, 1987, p. 149
49 Marquess of Anglesey, A History of British Cavalry, IV, London, 1986, p. 297
50 Maenchen-Helfen, op. cit., pp. 152–3
51 P. Ratchnevsky, Genghis Khan, Oxford, 1991, p. 155
52 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 21; the Ephthalites appear to have spoken Tocharian, an extinct Indo-European language
53 Saunders, op. cit., p. 27
54 Ibid.
55 J. Keegan, The Mask of Command, London, 1988, p. 18
56 Ferrill, op. cit., p. 70
57 A. Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, London, 1991, p. 19
58 Koran 9: 125
59 P.M. Holt and others, Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. IA, Cambridge, 1977, pp. 87–92
60 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 42
61 Sallares, op. cit., p. 27
62 D. Hill, ‘The Role of the Camel and the Horse in the Early Arab Conquests’, in Parry and Yapp, op. cit., p. 36
63 Ibid., pp. 57–8
64 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 60
65 Ibid.
66 Pipes, op. cit., pp. 109–13
67 Ibid., p. 148
68 Saunders, op. cit., p. 37
69 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 61
70 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 150
71 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., p. 109
72 Kwantem, op. cit., pp. 12–13
73 Chen Ya-tien, Chinese Military Theory, Stevenage, 1992, pp. 21–30
74 Gernet, op. cit., p. 309
75 Ibid., p. 310
76 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 194–5
77 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 188
78 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 4–5
79 B. Manz, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge, 1989, p. 4
80 Saunders, op. cit., pp. 196–9
81 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 192
82 Ibid., p. 108
83 Saunders, op. cit., p. 66
84 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 96–101
85 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 158
86 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 159; S. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. II, Cambridge, 1976, p. 184
87 D. Morgan, ‘The Mongols in Syria’, in P. Edburg (ed.), Crusade and Settlement, Cardiff, 1985, pp. 231–5
88 P. Thorau, ‘The Battle of Ain Jalut: A Re-examination’, in ibid., pp. 236–41
89 Ibid., p. 238
90 Manz, op. cit., pp. 14–16
91 B. Spuler, The Mongols in History, London, 1971, p. 80
92 Shaw, op. cit., I, p. 245
93 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 153–4
94 See Keegan, Mask of Command, esp. Chapter 2
95 C. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way to the West, London, 1981, p. 2
96 J. Fairbank, ‘Varieties of Chinese Military Experience’, in F. Kierman and J. Fairbank, Chinese Ways in Warfare, Cambridge, Mass., 1974
97 Ibid., p. 7
98 Ibid., p. 15
99 Ibid., p. 14
100 Gernet, op. cit., p. 493
ARMIES
1 Parkinson, op. cit., p. 176
2 J. Elting, Swords Around a Throne, London, 1989, Chapters 18–19
3 H. Roeder (ed.), The Ordeal of Captain Roeder, London, 1960
4 N. Jones, Hitler’s Heralds, London, 1987, passim
5 S. Andreski, Military Organisation and Society, London, 1968
6 W. McNeill, Plagues and People, New York, 1976
7 Andreski, op. cit., p. 33
8 Ibid., pp. 91–107, 75–90
9 Ibid., p. 26
10 Seaton, op. cit., p. 57
11 Andreski, op. cit., p. 27
12 Ibid., p. 37
13 M. Lewis, The Navy of Britain, London, 1948, pp. 128–44
14 G. Jones, A History of the Vikings, Oxford, 1984, p. 211
15 Manz, op. cit., p. 17
16 Ratchnetsky, op. cit., p. 66
17 Hourani, op. cit., pp. 139–40
18 S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium, Cambridge, 1978, p. 230–5
19 P. Mansel, Pillars of Monarchy, London, 1984, p. 1
20 Garlan, op cit., p. 95
21 M. Mallet, Mercenaries and their Masters, London, 1974, pp. 60–1
22 L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army, London, 1984, p. 17
23 P. Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 19
24 W. Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, 1989, pp. 204–5
4 IRON
1 R.J. Forbes, Metallurgy in Antiquity, London, 1950, p. 380
2 Ibid., pp. 418–19
3 R. Oakeshott, The Archaeology of Weapons, London, 1960, pp. 40–2
4 N. Sandars, The Sea Peoples, London, 1985, pp. 56–8
5 P. Greenhalgh, Early Greek Warfare, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 10–11
6 Ibid., pp. 1–2
7 N. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 BC, Oxford, 1959, p. 73
8 Ibid., p. 81
9 Ibid., p. 99
10 Ibid., p. 100
11 Ibid., p. 101
12 V. Hanson, The Western Way of War, New York, 1989
13 V. Hanson, Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece, Pisa, 1983, p. 59
14 Ibid., pp. 50–4
15 Ibid., p. 42
16 Ibid., pp. 67–74
17 Hanson, Western Way, p. 6
18 Ibid., pp. 4, 34
19 M. Finley and H. Plaket, The Olympic Games, New York, 1976, p. 19
20 D. Sansome, Greek Athletics and the Genesis of Sport, Berkeley, 1988, pp. 19, 50–3, 63
21 M. Poliakoff, Combat Sports in the Ancient World, New Haven, 1987, pp. 93, 96
22 Finley and Plaket, op. cit., p. 21
23 Poliakoff, op. cit., pp. 93–4
24 A. Snodgrass, ‘The Hoplite Reform and History’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 85 (1965), pp. 110–22
25 M. Jameson, ‘Sacrifice before Battle’, in V. Hanson (ed.), Hoplites, London, 1991, p. 220
26 E. Wheeler, ‘The General as Hoplite’, in ibid., pp. 150–4
27 J. Lazenby, ‘The Killing Zone’, in ibid., p. 88
28 Hanson, Western Way, p. 185
29 Ibid., pp. 64–5
30 Ibid., pp. 180–1
31 Ibid., p. 36
32 Ibid., p. 4
33 Roberts, op. cit., p. 178
34 E. Wood, Peasant, Citizen and Slave, London, 1981, pp. 42–4
35 Hanson, Western Way, pp. 10, 16
36 Sandars, op. cit., pp. 125–31
37 Garlan, op. cit., pp. 130–1
38 Hammond, op. cit., pp. 289–90
39 Ibid., pp. 661–2
40 Keegan, Mask of Command, pp. 78–9
41 Ibid., p. 80
42 Ibid., p. 82
43 Hammond, op. cit., p. 615
44 L. Keppie, op. cit.
45 Hammond, op. cit., p. 236
46 Keppie, op. cit., p. 18
47 W. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, Oxford, 1979, p
p. 54–67
48 Ibid., p. 56
49 Ibid., p. 51
50 Ibid., p. 48
51 Keppie, op. cit., p. 18
52 Harris, op. cit., pp. 44–6
53 Ibid., pp. 11–12
54 Keppie, op. cit., p. 53
55 J. Keegan, The Face of Battle, London, 1976, p. 65
56 G. Watson, The Roman Soldier, London, 1985, pp. 72–4
57 Van der Heyden and Scullard, op. cit., p. 125
58 Keppie, op. cit., pp. 61–2
59 J. Balsdon, Rome, London, 1970, p. 91
60 A. Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1986, p. 25
61 Luttwak, op. cit., pp. 191–4
62 D. Breeze and B. Dobson, Hadrian’s Wall, London, 1976, pp. 247–8
63 Balsdon, op. cit., pp. 90–1
64 Ferrill, Fall of the Roman Empire, pp. 48–9
65 Ibid., p. 140
66 Ibid., p. 160
67 J. Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, London, 1954, pp. 307–29
68 A. Jones, The Decline of the Ancient World, London, 1966, pp. 297–9
69 Ibid., p. 102
70 J. Beeler, War in Feudal Europe, 730–1200, Ithaca, 1991, pp. 2–5
71 Ibid., p. 17
72 M. Van Crefeld, Technology and War, London, 1991, p. 18
73 Ibid., p. 20
74 Beeler, op. cit., pp. 228–32
75 Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications, pp. 8–16
76 G. Jones, Vikings, pp. 182–92
77 Ibid., p. 76
78 H. Cowdray, ‘The Genesis of the Crusades’, in T. Murphy (ed.), The Holy War, Columbus, 1976, pp. 17–18
79 Beeler, op. cit., p. 12
80 Runciman, op. cit., pp. 106–8
81 Ibid., pp. 91–2
82 R. Smail, Crusading Warfare, Cambridge, 1956, pp. 115–20
83 Ibid., p. 202
84 G. Sainty, The Order of St John, New York, 1991, pp. 105
85 P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, p. 75
86 Ewart, op. cit., pp. 283–4
87 Smail, op. cit., pp. 165–8
LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY
1 Watson, op. cit., pp. 63–5
2 P. Liddle, The 1916 Battle of the Somme, London, 1992, p. 39
3 J. Thompson, No Picnic, London, 1992, p. 89
4 Keegan, Mask of Command, p. 134
5 Luttwak, op. cit., map 2.2
6 C. Callwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice, London, 1899, p. 40
7 T. Derry and T. Williams, A Short History of Technology, Oxford, 1960, p. 433
8 R. Chevallier, Roman Roads, London, 1976, p. 152
9 Piggott, op. cit., p. 345
10 Keegan, Mask of Command, p. 114
11 D. Engels, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, Berkeley, 1978, p. 112
12 M. Grant, The Army of the Caesars, London, 1974, p. xxiii
13 Deny and Williams, op. cit., pp. 691–5
14 B. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, Baton Rouge, 1918, p. 92
15 J. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, New York, 1988, pp. 11–12
16 Ibid., pp. 424–7
17 D. Showalter, Railroads and Rifles, Hamden, 1975, p. 67
18 J. Edmonds, A Short History of World War I, Oxford, 1951, pp. 9–10
19 J. Piekalkiewicz, Pferd und Reiter im II Weltkrieg, Munich, 1976, p. 4
20 J. Beaumont, Comrades in Arms, London, 1980, p. 208
21 J. Thompson, The Lifeblood of War, London, 1991, p. 38
22 McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 322, 324, 329
23 Watson, op. cit., p. 51
24 Derry and Williams, op. cit., p. 269
25 McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 166–7
26 Ibid., p. 170
27 Ibid., p. 238
28 Ibid., p. 290
29 A. Milward, War, Economy and Society, 1939–45, London, 1977, pp. 64–9, 76
30 D. Van der Vat, The Atlantic Campaign, London, 1988, pp. 229, 270, 351
5 FIRE
1 Derry and Wells, op. cit., pp. 268–9, 514
2 J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, I, Cambridge, 1954, p. 134
3 McNeill, Pursuit of Power, p. 39
4 Ibid., pp. 82–3
5 Duffy, Siege Warfare, pp. 8–9
6 Ibid., p. 9
7 Ibid., p. 15
8 Ibid., p. 25