by Will Durant
Index
The main reference to an item is italicized. The articles a, the, al, and el are ignored in alphabetization.
Aachen, 465, 469, 470, 471, 474
art of, 845
coronations at, 566
palaces at, 467, 479
Aama, et-Toteli, el-, 320
Aaron of Lincoln, 377
Aaron ben Meshullam, 991
abacus, 989, 990
Abba Areca, see Rab
Abbad, Sahib ibn, 237
Abba Umna, 361
Abbas, uncle of Mohammed, 187
Abbas I, 148
Abbasa, 199
Abbasids, 206, 218, 225, 226, 240, 292
Abbaye aux Dames (La Trinité), Caen, 869
Abbaye aux Hommes (St. Étienne), Caen, 479, 482, 668, 869, 871
abbeys, 847, 883
income of, 767
abbots, 564, 661, 786, 871
elections of, 760
Abd al-Aziz, 291-292
Abdallah, 162, 284
Abdallah, son of al-Mansur, 295
Abdallah, son of Zobeir, 193-194
Abdallah, uncle of Abu al-Abbas, 196
Abdallah ibn Qaddah, 261
Abdallah ibn Tumart, 314
Abdallah ibn Zobeir, 219, 229
Abd al-Latif, 282
Abd-al-Malik, Amarid, 295, 296
Abd-al-Malik, Umayyad, 193, 194, 195, 208, 219, 228, 229
Abd al-Mumin, 314
Abd al-Muttalib, 162
Abd-er-Rahman I, 292, 302, 303
Abd-er-Rahman II, 292, 301
Abd-er-Rahman III, 293, 297, 302, 371
Abd-er-Rahman V, 296
Abd-er-Rahman ibn Awf, 190
Abd-er-Rahman Shandjul, 296
Abd-er-Rahman, son of Hakam II, 294
Abel, 1028-1029
Abélard, Peter, 66, 255, 450, 479, 595, 697, 707, 746, 754, 790, 806, 808, 903, 907, 914, 920, 923, 931-948, 949, 951. 953, 959, 974, 983, 984, 996, 1004, 1009, 1018, 1029
followersb of, 1082
Abi’l-Khayr, Abu Said ibn, 256-260, 261, 322
abortion, 76-77, 223, 360, 824, 844
Abou ben Adhem, 261
Abraham, 161, 184, 211, 216, 229, 414, 417
Abraham ben David, 415, 417
Abraham, father of Omar Khayyam, 321
Abraham ibn Daud, 407
Abraham ibn Ezra, 403
Abraham al-Fari, 396
Abraham ben Hiyya (Savasorda), 403, 911, 991
Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 397-398
Abraham ben Moses, 414
Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia, 417
Abraham (Hroswitha), 515
Absalon of Lund, 665, 1019
absolution, 544, 741, 760, 782, 815
absolutism, 504, 656, 674, 726
Abul-Faraj, see Bar-Hebraeus
Abul-Faraj, see Isfahani, al-
Abu Zaid, 320
Abubacer, 334-335
Abulcasis, see Zahrawi, Abul Qasim al-
Abulfeda, 233
Abydos, 425
Abyssinia, 49, 146, 156, 165, 349, 993
Negus of, 172
academies, 383
Jewish, 366, 400, 401
Acarnania, 605
accountants and accounting, 629, 757, 908
Accursius, elder, 908, 917, 918
acolytes, 749, 896, 1027
Acre (Aqqa), 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 599, 601, 602, 607, 608, 609, 610, 616, 620, 713, 716, 717
siege of, 822
actors, 157, 643, 840, 841, 1028, 1029
Actus Beati Francisci, 798
Ad Carolum regem (Theodulf), 470
adab, 264
Adalbero, Archbishop of Reims, 475, 540, 778, 856
Adam, 15, 68, 69, 161, 238, 354, 412, 950, 1028
Adam of Bremen, 619
Adam de la Halle, 1029
Adam de Ros, 1068
Adam of St. Victor, 750
Adamnan, 532
Adams, Henry, 879
Adelaide, wife of Otto II, 511, 512
Adelard of Bath, 342, 911, 1003-1004, 1009, 1016
Ademar, Guillem, 1038
Aden (Adana), 156, 207, 208
Adeodatus, 65, 66, 67
Adham, Ibrahim ibn, 261
adban, 212
Adhemar of Monteil, 591
Adhemar, Viscount of Limoges, 673
Adid, al-, 311
Adil, al-, 366, 598, 600
Adonai, 354
adornment, 273, 847-848, 850
administration, 126, 308, 442, 464, 467, 653, 1083
ecclesiastical, 521, 754
treatises on, 429
Adrianople, see Hadrianople Adriatic, 454, 616, 617, 708, 812
Adud al-Dawla, 203, 271
adultery, 113, 137, 181, 355, 362, 431, 465, 575, 825, 842, 1049
laws on, 755
Advent, Second, 809, 1008
Aeneid (Virgil), 134, 270, 987, 1018, 1068
aeromancy, 987
Aeschylus, 283
Aesculapius, 75
Aëtius, 38, 40, 41, 91, 117
Aëtius of Amida, 120, 121
Afak, 168-169
Affonso II, 702
Affonso III, 702
Aflah, Jabir ibn, 329
Afghanistan, 136, 196, 203
Africa, 22, 29, 37-38, 46, 47, 48, 65, 72, 108-109, 117, 209, 242, 264, 275, 282-286, 286-291, 292, 307, 310, 320, 330, 371, 372, 405, 423, 457, 464, 521, 525, 530, 554, 590, 615, 663, 703, 705, 992
Islamic, 286-289, 410, 616, 980
“Against the Galileans” (Julian), 15
Against Those Famous Men in Philosophy, Albert and Thomas (Siger of Brabant), 957
Agathias, 124
Agapetus II, 538
Agha Khan, 310
Aghmat, 307
Agnes of Meran, 689
Agnus Dei, 749
agnosticism, 264, 301, 331
Agobard, St., 531, 985
Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 495
agriculture, 140, 298, 330, 371, 375, 429, 435, 445, 475, 521, 558-559, 645, 652, 666, 669, 689, 700, 702, 710, 753, 949, 975, 1007
organization of, 560
treatise on, 359
Agrippa von Nettesheim, Cornelius, 418
Agron (Saadia), 368
agronomy, 298, 330
A Guide to the Solitary (Ibn Bajja), 334
Ahmar, Muhammad ibn al-, 316
Ahriman, 137, 139, 140
Aidan, St., 534
Ailly, Pierre d’, 1010
Ain-Jalut, 312, 313, 340
Ainnle, 498, 499
Akiba, 351, 355, 362-365, 416
Aisha, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 191, 220, 221, 276
Aisne River, 37, 876
Aistulf, 452
Aix-en-Provence, 688
Aix-la-Chapelle, see Aachen
Akkad, 343
Ala ad-Dawla, 248
Ala al-Din Muhammad, 339
Alain of Lille, 955
Alamut, 262, 309, 310, 340
Alani, 24, 26, 28, 37, 38
Alaric, 9, 26, 27-28, 35-37, 38, 40, 41, 69, 72, 111, 817
Alaric II, 88, 91, 95
Alban, St., 533
Albania, 657
Albategnus, see al-Battani
Alberic, opponent of Abélard, 940
Alberic, Roman patrician, 538
Alberigo, 725, 1080
Albert of Aix, 822
Albert, Bishop, 659
Albert the Great. See Albertus Magnus
Albertus Magnus, 124, 257, 402, 414, 803, 838, 879, 912, 923, 941, 949, 953, 955, 957, 960-961, 962, 965, 969*, 977, 988, 991, 992, 995, 1003-1005, 1010, 1016, 1077
Albigensians, 47, 612, 708, 764, 770-772, 907
Albinus, 100, 101
Albrecht III, 375
Alcantara, Knights of, 697
Alcazar, 271, 302, 315, 892
alchemy, 122, 244-245, 249, 305, 328, 720, 988, 996-997, 1007, 1072
alcohol, 244*, 997, 1084
Alcuin, 465-468, 4
70, 483, 497, 514, 564, 579, 742, 914, 1018
alembic, 244
Alemanni, 12, 22, 687
Alençon, 481
Aleppo, 202, 230, 271, 273, 312, 317, 318, 319, 429, 592, 595, 596, 652
Alexander the Great, 108, 128, 142, 147, 673, 933, 934, 989, 1044
Alexander II, Pope, 494
Alexander III, Pope, 370, 388, 631, 662, 671, 672, 702, 745, 758, 761, 766, 768, 770
Alexander III, King of Scotland, 683
Alexander IV, Pope, 725, 759, 765, 922, 957
Alexander VI, Pope, 735
Alexander of Aphrodisias, 240, 337, 720, 911
Alexander of Bernay, 1044
Alexander, Patriarch of Constantinople, 7
Alexander of Hales, 406, 414, 802, 922, 941, 955, 958, 959
Alexander Nevsky, 655
Alexander Severus, 19
Alexander of Tralles, 121
Alexandria, 9, 18, 33, 45, 58, 61, 106, 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 132, 147, 201, 208, 218, 239, 282, 283, 289, 311, 349, 369, 399, 408, 432, 530, 616, 710, 909, 949, 1047
library, 282-283
lighthouse, 272
museum, 122
Alexandreis (Walter of Châtillon), 1022
Alexiad (Anna Comnena), 650
Alexians, 1002
Alexis, Patriarch, 430
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, 431, 453, 586, 598, 590, 591, 592, 650
Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor of Trebizond, 651
Alexius III, Byzantine Emperor, 603, 604
Alexius IV, Byzantine Emperor, 603, 604
Alexius V. Ducas, Byzantine Emperor, 604
Alfarabius, see Farabi, al-
Alfonso I, 458, 697, 702
Alfonso II, 458, 701, 1037
Alfonso VI, 306-307, 373, 398, 459, 700, 701, 892
Alfonso VII, 373, 702
Alfonso VIII, 697
Alfonso IX, 690, 762
Alfonso X the Wise, 373, 568, 698, 699, 901, 919, 955, 984, 991, 1085
“Alfonsine Tables,” 698, 991
Alfred the Great, 483-485, 491, 496, 500
algebra, 241, 912, 990, 995
Algebra (Omar Khayyam), 321
Algeria, 230, 314
Algorismus vulgaris (Sacrobosco), 991
Algoritmi de numero lndorum (al-Khwarizmi), 241
Alhambra, 270, 271, 315, 316
Alhazen, see Haitham, Muhammad ibn al-
Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, 162, 164, 177, 187, 191-192, 193, 217, 222, 254, 366, 1072
Ali, slave leader, 210
Ali Baba, 263
Alighieri, Dante, see Dante Alighieri
Alighieri, Alighiero, 1058
alkalis, 244
All Souls’ Day, 75
Allah, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 182, 183, 184, 192, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 235, 250, 258, 259, 260, 264, 333
allegiance, oaths of, 566
military, 553
allegory, 867, 907, 1051-1052
Almagest (Ptolemy), 240, 244, 912, 991
Almanzor, see Amir, Muhammad ibn Abi
Almeria, 304, 315
Almohads, 314, 315, 372, 697
Almoravids, 314
alms, 214, 518, 693, 803, 831
Alp Arslan, 308, 312, 318
Alpetragius, see Bitruji, al-, 329, 911, 991
alphabet, 1067
Arabic, 277
Hebrew, 406, 417
Latin, 897, 906
Slavonic, 535
Alphonse, brother of Louis VIII, 776
Alps, 616, 617, 687, 839
Alptigin, 203
Alrui, David, 385
Alsace, 12, 444, 663
altars, 863, 866, 1085
Althing, 1083
Alypius, 66, 67, 135
Amalasuntha, 102, 109
Amalfi, 290, 434, 436, 586, 593, 612, 616, 703, 989
Cathedral, 439
Amalric of Bene, 954, 955-956
Ambrose, St., 26, 34, 35, 42, 45, 47, 54, 55-56, 66, 69, 76, 78, 79, 81, 87, 135, 457, 630, 749, 750, 896, 933, 964, 1008
“Ambrosian chant,” 896
America, 156*, 241, 270, 504, 990, 1082
amethysts, 992
Amfortas, 1047, 1048
Amida (Diarbekr), 13, 121, 312, 340, 874
Amiens, 37, 474, 623, 639, 647, 648, 690, 876
Cathedral, 579, 697, 743, 846, 853, 859, 861, 865, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 887, 889, 983, 1085
Amin, 235, 280
Amir, Caliph, 319
Amir, Muhammed ibn Abi, 294-295
Amirid family, 296
Amleth (Hamlet), Prince of Jutland, 1019
Ammar, ibn, 297
Ammianus Marcellinus, 3, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 24, 31-32, 33, 51, 78, 136, 141, 515
amoraim, 351, 352
Amr, mosque of, 286
Amr ibn al-As, 170, 192, 282-283, 369
Amstel River, 686
Amsterdam, 686, 695
amulets, 417, 433, 986
Anabaptists, 809
Anacharsis, 446
Anacletus II, 760, 791
Anacreon, 907, 1086
Anagni, 706, 815, 962, 1000
Anan ben David, 367
Anastasius I, 55, 103
anathema, 755, 780
Anatoli, Jacob, 386, 910, 961
anatomy, 266, 720, 994
Anatomy of Melancholy (Burton), 403
Anaxagoras, 1070
anchorites, 788*, 792
Ancient Chronicle (of Russia), 448
Ancona, 616, 708, 714, 725
Ancren Riivle, 806
Andalusia, 292, 297, 306, 307, 314, 315
Andrea Pisano, 890
“Andreas” (Cynewulf), 491
Andreas Capellanus, 577
Andrew I, 658
Andrew II, 607, 658, 810
Anécdota (Procopius), 106, 107, 120, 125
anemia, 693
anesthesia, 246, 1001
Aneurin, 495
angels, 325, 416, 524, 977, 1079
Angers, 475, 697, 916, 923
Angles, 22, 43, 80, 89, 450, 483, 489, 492, 501, 522, 532, 683, 905
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Alfred), 483*, 491, 625*
Anglo-Saxons, 114, 487, 495, 568, 667*, 668
Angoulême, 91, 393
Cathedral, 868
Ani, 205
mosque of, 317
Aniene River, 737
animals, 357, 797, 853, 859, 994, 1005, 1054, 1055
Anjou, 393, 480, 671, 688, 689, 791
Anna, sister of Basil II, 448
Anna Comnena, 650, 827
Annals of the Apostles and Kings (al-Tabari), 238
Annibaldi, 706
Annunciation, 747, 881, 885
Anselm of Aosta, St., 669, 734, 808, 916, 932-933, 949, 969, 979
Anthemius, Emperor, 42
Anthemius, mathematician, 130
Anthemius, Patriarch, 107, 113
anthologies, 305, 371-372, 437
Anthony of Egypt, St., 51, 57, 743
Anthony of Padua, St., 802, 904
anthrax, 1002
anthropomorphism, 250, 314
Antichrist, 772
anticlericalism, 769-784, 1052
Antidotary (al-Razi), 910
Antigone (Sophocles), 89
Antioch, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 21, 31, 45, 49, 51, 52, 59, 119, 121, 128, 132, 143, 145-146, 190, 201, 218, 230, 239, 375, 404, 429, 586, 590, 591, 592, 593, 595, 596, 598, 608, 663, 827, 949
public buildings of, 440
see of, 530
Antiochus Epiphanes, 359
Antiphonary of St. Gall, 852
antipodes, 992, 1073
anti-Semitism, 385-394
Antonina, 108
Antonines, 114, 1002
Antoninus Pius, 14, 77, 114
Antwerp, 618, 686
Anwari, 232, 320
Apamea, 145, 147
Apennines, 549, 553, 802
Aphorisms (Hippocrates), 240, 910
&nbs
p; aphrodisiacs, 220
apocalypses, 732
Apocrypha, Christian, 416
Hebrew, 416
Apollinaris, St., 30, 112
Apollinaris Sidonius, 57, 78, 85, 86-88, 93, 531, 539, 552, 1018
Apollinia, St., 743
Apollo, 5, 19
Apollonius of Perga, 122, 240, 854, 911
Apology for Christianity (al-Kindi), 251
Apostles, 132, 739, 759, 770, 794, 802, 1079
Apostles’ Creed, 479
Apostolic See, 50, 952, 1079
appeal, right of, 525, 692, 693, 780
appeals, court of, 759
appointments, 756, 762, 828
lay, 546-547
apprentices, 634, 635, 636, 914, 915
apses, 865, 885
Apuleius, 466, 1018, 1022-1023
Apulia, 453, 717, 724, 812, 861, 1056
Aqqa, see Acre
Aqsa, mosque of el-, 874
aqueducts, 313, 456, 531, 713, 1003
Aquileia, 26, 35, 40, 55, 453
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 94, 124, 252, 255, 257, 338, 407, 412*, 414, 554, 611, 632, 733, 734, 751, 752, 785, 803, 822, 824, 825, 838, 897*, 912, 913, 921, 923, 933, 940, 941, 949, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961-967, 968-972, 976-977, 980, 981, 991, 995, 1005, 1009, 1014, 1026, 1030, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1074, 1077, 1078
style of, 964-965
Aquitaine, 37, 461, 475, 480, 671, 672, 688, 690, 828, 1039
duchy of, 689, 827, 828
Ara pads, Ravenna, 132
Rome, 861
Arab conquests, 187-196
arabesques, 270, 273, 287, 876
Arabi, Muyhi al-Din, 333, 462, 1068
Arabia, 119, 143, 146, 155-162, 187, 188, 190, 195, 200, 206, 215, 218, 219, 223, 238, 264, 273, 282, 284, 349, 358, 367, 369, 596, 617, 847
Arabia Deserta (Doughty), 155*
Arabs, 4, 22, 48, 49, 109, 115, 117, 140, 144, 146, 148, 151-344, 349, 357, 370, 371, 372, 423, 425, 544, 624, 629, 645, 831, 874, 913, 1085
Aragon, 402, 698, 699, 700, 701, 762
Arbogast, 26
Arbre de sciencia (Lully), 979
arcades, 457, 874, 881, 882, 884
Arcadius, 26, 27, 64, 103
Arch of Khosru, 148-149
archbishops, 511, 525, 564, 667, 758, 763, 802, 914
archery, 570, 678, 840, 1050
arches, 303, 304, 455, 873, 874
converging, 899
diagonal, 866, 872
half, 873
horseshoe, 286
longitudinal, 866
pointed, 286, 872, 873, 874, 882, 883, 884, 887, 888, 890
principle of, 866
ribbed, 867
Romanesque, 457, 861, 892
round, 268, 286, 870, 871, 872, 874, 877, 889, 891
transverse, 866, 872
triumphal, 432
archimagus, 139
Archimatheus, 998
Archimedes, 99, 911, 912, 990
Archipoeta, 1025-1026
architects, 457, 467, 491, 846, 847, 864, 889
English, 864, 883
French, 875, 882
Gothic* 864, 865, 873, 881
Greek and Saracen, 704
Seljuq, 317