The Age of Faith

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The Age of Faith Page 178

by Will Durant


  architecture, 127-134, 267, 270, 286, 311, 312, 313, 341, 440, 441, 450, 452, 491, 492, 653, 704, 752, 846, 856, 861, 866, 895, 899, 915, 1028, 1085

  Byzantine, 441

  cathedral, 864, 894

  civic, 886, 888

  classic, 893, 894

  Coptic, 132

  ecclesiastical, 516, 847, 870-871

  in England, 494

  Gothic, 148, 692, 858, 872-875, 893, 894, 906

  Islamic, 273

  medieval, 892, 926

  military, 271, 316

  Moslem, 271-274

  Norman, 669, 870

  Persian, 274

  Renaissance, 894

  Sasanian, 148-149, 272

  Seljuq, 317

  Spanish, 700

  tower, 272

  Western, 845, 846, 868

  archives, 278, 909

  keeper of, 908*

  Arctic, 655, 666

  Ardagh chalice, 499

  Ardan, 478, 499

  Ardashir I, 142, 148

  Ardashir III, 151

  Ardistan, 274

  Areca, Rab, 362

  Arezzo, 638, 779, 898, 919, 1062

  Argenteuil, 914, 942

  Arians, 46-47, 58, 62-63, 91, 92, 100, 101, 108, 451

  Ariosto, Lodovico, 1054

  Aristippus of Catania, 912

  aristocracy, 7, 275, 303, 423, 432, 433, 464, 486, 497, 506, 552, 577, 639, 660, 683, 707, 711, 840, 975, 1037

  Arab, 293, 295-296

  of birth, 647, 710

  of the East, 120

  English, 578, 675-676, 679, 905

  feudal, 552, 560-564, 826, 836

  Florentine, 1061

  French, 840, 858

  German, 661, 665

  Ghibelline, 729

  Greek, 432

  Hungarian, 658

  Islamic, 197, 237, 342

  Jewish, 372

  ladies of, 578, 1039

  landed, 560

  mercantile, 641

  Roman, 512, 537-538

  Viennese, 1040

  Aristotle, 9, 99, 122, 123, 138, 240, 241, 250, 251, 253, 255, 257, 288, 335, 336, 337, 342, 405, 406, 407, 412, 476, 554, 606, 611, 630, 720, 804, 820, 860, 879, 911, 912, 913, 915, 925, 928, 931, 938, 949, 953-955, 959, 960, 961, 962, 964, 968, 969, 972, 973, 974-975, 977, 978, 981, 982, 988, 994, 1005, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1014, 1017, 1070

  commentaries on, 910, 957, 1004

  banned, 415, 954

  interpretation of, 336-338, 929

  translated, 49, 336

  Aristoxenus of Tarentum, 135

  Arius, 7-8, 946

  Arles, 85, 474, 648, 688, 869

  kingdom of, 513

  Armagh, 84, 500

  arme Heinrich, Der (Hartmann von Aue), 1049

  Armenia, 3, 13, 49, 64, 128, 143, 146, 147, 156*, 196, 204-205, 242, 308, 317, 340, 366, 430, 440, 528, 530, 590, 762

  Armenians, 140, 432, 436, 619, 652-653

  armillary spheres, 242, 244

  armies, 23-25, 41, 294, 307, 340, 423, 424, 500, 566, 569, 619, 651, 655, 678, 683-686, 725, 793, 799, 822

  armor, 342, 570, 848

  Arnaud of Cîteaux, 774, 775, 803

  Arno River, 616, 645, 728, 1080

  Arnold of Brescia, 707-708, 767, 790, 945

  Arnold of Cologne, 391

  Arnold of Villanova, 987, 988, 1000, 1016

  Arnolfo di Cambio, 811, 861-862, 889-890

  Arnstadt, 838

  Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims, 511, 540

  Arras, 37, 476, 627, 643, 771, 851, 1029

  arrengo (popular assembly), 709

  Ars cantus mensurabilis (Franco of Cologne), 898

  Ars magna (Raymond Lully), 418

  Arsacids, 142, 149

  art, 292, 310, 311, 312, 432, 450, 455, 456, 457, 501, 544, 578, 652, 653, 657, 669, 704, 748, 750, 752, 827, 845, 846, 857-858, 869, 876, 893, 910, 1015, 1084-1085

  Byzantine, 126-135, 439-442, 846

  calligraphic, 853

  Chinese, 273

  Christian, 150, 700, 747

  classic, 719, 861

  Dutch, 686

  German, 515-516

  Gothic, 205, 701, 846, 847, 875, 880, 1086

  Greek, 150, 444, 1086

  Irish, 499

  Islamic, 237, 270-278, 286, 315-319, 341, 342, 343, 441

  Italian, 456, 802, 855, 890

  military, 892

  miniature, 479

  Moorish, 315-319

  pictorial, 851-857

  purpose of, 847

  religious, 441-442

  rewards of, 854

  Sasanian, 148-150, 270

  Serbian, 657

  teaching of, 920

  Art of Love (Ovid), 939, 1018

  Artabanus V, 142

  Arte della Lana, 623, 624, 728

  Arte de’ Calimala, 624, 728

  Artemis-Diana, 48, 746

  arthritis, 999

  Arthur, Count of Brittany, 674

  Arthur, King, 81, 496, 575, 673, 822, 1019, 1045-1048

  Arthurian cycle, 1045-1047

  artisans, 270, 278, 350, 553, 579, 688, 864, 875, 876

  Byzantine, 455

  Greek and Saracen, 704

  Hebrew, 376

  Moslem, 342

  artists, 270, 276, 278, 293, 309, 440, 479, 516, 757, 854, 864, 876

  Byzantine, 128-129, 455, 846, 851

  French, 880

  Gothic, 455

  Greek, 449, 704, 845

  Italian, 852

  Moslem, 273, 857, 908

  Renaissance, 862

  secular, 847

  Artois, 475

  count of, 814

  arts, 285, 287, 857, 923, 924, 994

  Byzantine, 133-135

  ceramic, 849

  and crafts, 491, 847

  domestic, 807

  French, 476-479

  German, 512

  home, 505

  Islamic, 318

  metal, 848

  patronage of, 724

  resurrection of, 845-862

  schools of, 917, 919, 923

  seven, 920

  in Spain, 96

  training in, 914

  aruspex, 987

  Aryans, 136, 141

  Asaf-ha-Jehudi, 403

  Asal, 334-335

  Ascalon, 592, 613

  asceticism, 258, 259, 260, 358, 518, 520, 527, 790, 799, 802

  asepsis, 1001

  Asgard, 507

  Ashari, Abul-Hasan al-, 252, 405

  Ash down, battle of, 483

  Asher ben Yehiel, 380, 415, 416

  Ashi, Rab, 351

  Ashkenazim, 370*

  Ashoka, 58

  Ashot III, 205

  Ashraf, Kab ibn al-, 169

  Asia, 4, 13, 49, 107, 128, 192, 218, 219, 270, 275, 285, 298, 312, 330, 369, 371, 383, 393, 423, 434, 525, 586, 610, 612, 616, 658, 673, 857, 993

  Byzantine, 155

  Central, 119, 238, 339, 992

  Islamic, 249, 616

  Roman, 146

  Western, 147, 187, 192, 207, 218, 227, 242, 312, 341, 423, 554, 638

  Asia Minor, 3, 46, 128, 130, 147, 150, 151, 156*, 191, 200, 206, 308, 311, 317, 318, 329, 348-349, 369, 370*, 431, 440, 590, 603, 616, 652, 769

  Askold, 448

  Asma, 168

  Aspasia, 319

  Assandun, 485, 492

  assassination, 285, 292, 295, 296, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 368, 396, 428, 433, 501-502, 529, 568, 671, 783, 952, 958

  Balkan, 657

  Assassins, 262, 309-310, 340

  assemblies, 463, 467, 718, 814, 839

  Asser, 483, 484, 491, 496

  Assisi, 753, 792, 793, 794, 796, 798, 799, 800, 801, 854, 855

  basilica of, 802

  Cathedral, 888

  Assyria, 343

  Astarte, 746

  Astrakhan, 208, 446

  astrolabe, 242, 244, 305, 937, 991

  astrology, 121, 122, 139, 217, 244, 352, 364, 409, 417, 433, 438, 720, 911, 956, 970, 9
84, 987, 991, 996, 1000, 1005, 1007, 1016, 1067

  astronomers, 309, 403, 991

  Christian, 698

  Irish, 533

  Islamic, 242, 288

  Jewish, 402-403

  Astronomical Canon (Ptolemy), 122

  astronomical tables, 241, 244, 305, 911

  astronomy, 139, 240, 241, 242, 244, 288, 322, 329, 336, 343, 352, 372, 398, 402-403, 408, 437, 438, 460, 497, 698, 911, 913, 915, 919, 987, 990, 991, 1007, 1067, 1077, 1084

  Asturias, 462

  King of, 458, 459

  asylum, right of, 753

  asylums, 693, 823

  for insane, 331

  poor, 293

  Ataulf, 36-37

  Athanagild, 92, 95

  Athalaric, 102

  Athanaric, 46

  Athanasius, St., 7-8, 18, 55, 57, 58, 115

  atheism, 331, 334, 336, 674

  atheists, 725, 955-956

  Athens, 9, 11, 27, 33, 61, 62, 73, 99, 121, 123, 138, 258, 446, 654, 845, 893

  University of, 9

  Athos, Mt., 440, 530

  Atiyya, Abu’l, 223

  Atlantic Ocean, 196, 462, 596, 695, 752, 845

  atomism, 905, 955

  atonement, 359, 523, 740, 964*

  Day of, 384

  Attalia (Antalya), 595

  Attica, 128, 434

  Attila, 38-41, 41-42, 97, 443

  also see Etzel

  Attis, 75

  Aucassin, 1050-1051

  Aucassin et Nicolette, 697, 736, 1049-1051

  Audovera, 92

  Augsburg, 444, 549, 619, 809

  Augusteum, Constantinople, 5, 129, 130

  Augustine, St., 30, 31, 38, 45, 48, 54, 55, 56, 64-75, 76, 78, 121, 122, 177, 260, 332, 522, 523, 524, 533, 630, 734, 735, 737, 738, 744, 750, 788, 808, 822, 896, 932, 959, 961, 964, 967, 971, 976, 977, 980, 984, 986, 992, 1013

  Augustinian Canons, 788

  Augustus, 23, 34, 132, 156, 428, 1063, 1085

  Aurelian, 23, 88, 108

  Ausculta fili (Boniface VIII), 814

  auscultation, 998

  Ausonius, 56, 57, 75, 78, 85-86

  Austin Friars, 804

  Austrasia, 92, 93, 460

  Austria, 607, 658, 660, 663, 664

  authors, 236, 293-294, 322, 757, 908, 1016

  autocracy, 425, 525, 526, 706

  auto-da-fé, 782, 783

  Auvergne, 87, 475

  Auxerre, 83-84, 466, 476, 479, 670, 951

  Cathedral, 857, 860

  Avars, 4, 423, 424, 443, 446, 451, 462, 660

  Ave Maria, 693, 742, 985

  Avempace (Abu Bekr ibn Bajja), 333-334, 337, 957

  Avenzoar, see Zuhr, Abu Marwan ibn

  Averroës (Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd), 123, 249, 251, 255, 257, 258, 330, 332, 333-338, 342, 343, 407-408, 415, 606, 910, 913, 954, 955, 957, 961, 963, 964*, 909, 971, 977, 978, 982, 984, 1005, 1068, 1070

  Averroism, 337-338, 370, 955-958, 979

  Aversa, 452

  Avesta, 89, 141, 142, 186*, 269

  aviaries, 840

  Avicebron, see Gabirol, ibn

  Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husein ibn Sina), 203, 223, 243, 244, 247-249, 251, 255-257, 259, 276, 279, 322, 325, 334, 336, 337-338, 342, 407, 412*, 898, 910, 911, 913, 954, 955, 957, 961, 963, 982, 1011, 1014, 1068, 1070

  Avignon, 292, 389, 577, 610, 621, 648, 688, 695, 706, 822, 919

  Council of, 387

  papacy to, 729, 815

  Avila, 701, 890

  Cathedral, 890-891

  Avitus, 42, 86, 87

  Avranches, 671, 939

  Awan, ibn al-, 330

  Awfi, Muhammad, 319

  Aw ja, ibn Abi al-, 212

  Aybak, 312

  Ayyub, 310

  Ayyubids, 311, 312

  Azbar, el-, 273

  mosque of, 286, 287-288

  Azerbaijan, 210, 328, 340

  Aziz, 284, 287

  Aziz, ibn, 276

  Azriel, Jewish mystic, 417

  Baalbek, 230, 271, 310, 319, 404

  Babik al-Khurrani, 210

  Babylon, 157, 191, 232

  Babylonia, 185, 241, 343, 366, 367, 369, 384, 402, 405, 417, 989

  Babylonian Captivity, 365, 815

  backgammon, 838

  Bacon, Francis, 243, 336, 981, 982, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1015

  Bacon, Roger, 249, 251, 257, 288, 289, 338, 733, 802, 804, 831, 843, 899, 912, 913, 923, 925, 953, 958, 980, 982, 988, 991, 992, 995, 1003, 1006-1015, 1016, 1082

  badges, 387, 388, 392, 764

  yellow, 394

  Badi al-Hamadhani, 263

  Badia y Leblich, Domingo, 155*

  Badoer, Agnello, 454

  Badon, Mt., battle of, 81

  Baghdad, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 222, 223, 226, 227, 232-234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 264, 265, 268, 273, 278, 285, 297, 302, 304, 308, 309, 310, 312, 317, 330, 331, 338, 340, 366, 369, 404, 432, 436, 438, 440, 447, 457, 467, 597, 719

  Christians in, 333

  Great Mosque of, 593

  colleges in, 319

  Bagratuni family, 205

  Bahram I, 149

  Bahram II, 149

  Bahram V Gur, 144

  Bahram Cobin, 146

  Bahya, 386, 910

  Baibars, 312-313, 340, 607, 608

  Baitar, Abu Muhammad ibn, 329, 330

  Bajazet, 840

  Bajja, ibn, see Avempace

  bakers, 625

  Bakhtisha, Jibril ibn, 246

  Balas, 144

  Baldur, 507

  Baldwin I, Latin Emperor, 603, 605

  Baldwin II, Latin Emperor, 652, 694, 849

  Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 590, 592

  Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 593

  Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 595

  Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 1020

  Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, 481, 482, 493

  Balearic Islands, 698, 919

  Balian, Lord of Nablus, 598

  Balkans, 23, 25, 39-40, 43, 47, 98, 118, 150, 432, 443-446, 462, 528, 553, 586, 657-659, 665, 769, 779, 832, 903, 992

  Balkash, Lake, 993

  Balkh, 49, 136, 144, 152, 191, 194, 323, 324, 337, 340, 993

  ballads, 268, 508, 1030, 1031, 1033

  Balliol, John, 924

  Balliol, John, King of Scotland, 683, 924

  Baltic Sea, 443, 447, 448, 462, 514, 618, 645, 654, 658, 664, 665

  ports, 376

  states, 616, 659, 832

  Baluchistan, 136, 196

  Bamberg Cathedral, 886, 909

  Bangor, 497, 500

  banishment, 335, 374, 393, 427, 525, 528, 529, 533, 730, 777, 779, 1061

  bankers and banking, 120, 379, 436, 613, 627, 628, 710, 729, 730, 839, 1084

  Cahorsian, 628

  Christian, 377, 385, 392

  Florentine, 728-729

  French, 767

  Italian, 628

  Jewish, 378, 385, 393, 395

  Bannockburn, 682, 684

  banquet, 836

  baptism, 462, 467, 475, 528, 738, 740, 769, 821

  compulsory, 389, 390, 393

  Bar Cocheba, 347

  bar mizvah, 382*

  Barbad, 138

  barbarians, 22-43, 314, 434, 444, 473, 519, 754, 818, 829-830, 843, 893, 906, 930, 1039

  barbarism, 79, 423, 443, 445, 464, 470, 514, 520, 893, 984, 1036, 1073, 1082, 1084

  barbers, 1000-1001

  Barcelona, 372, 400, 402, 403, 404, 459, 462, 571, 612, 615, 617, 623, 638, 699, 857, 892, 979, 1000, 1085

  Cathedral, 909

  Count of, 460

  Bardas, the Caesar, 428, 430, 437, 528, 529

  Bardesanes, 528

  Bardi family, 628, 629

  bards, 495-496

  Irish, 901, 1054

  Islamic, 263-270

  Welsh, 684, 901, 1054

  Bar-Hebraeus (Abu-’l-Faraj), 282, 283, 984

  Bari, 290, 369, 440, 453, 616<
br />
  Barmakids, 197, 199, 246, 308

  barons, 472, 560, 566, 691, 774, 822

  robber, 565, 614, 688

  baroque, 894

  Bar-sur-Aube, 615

  Bartholomew of England, 1006, 1015

  Bartholomew, St., 743

  Basel, 619, 641, 642, 687

  Cathedral, 848

  Bashin, 200

  Basil I the Macedonian, 428-429, 432, 435, 439, 529

  Basil II, Bulgaroctonus, 430, 435, 444, 448

  Basil, St., 9, 55, 62, 78, 792, 895, 896, 1002

  Basilica (Leo VI), 434

  basilicas, 127, 129, 132, 450, 479, 864-865, 876, 895

  Basina, 91

  Basques, 458, 462, 1030

  Basra, 175, 191, 207, 208, 210, 232, 237, 252, 254, 259, 262, 273, 320

  bathing, 271, 356-357, 379, 835

  baths, 5, 67, 129, 130, 293, 302, 313, 456, 611, 718, 835

  Battani Abu Abdallah, al- (Albategnus), 241, 242, 991

  Batu, 655, 656, 658

  Batuta, ibn, 339

  Bavaria, 39, 92, 444, 462, 511, 556, 906

  Bavarians, 510, 665, 905

  Bayeux, 474

  Cathedral, 851

  Tapestry, 851

  Bazh, 268

  beards, priests’, 528, 529

  Beatific Vision, 258, 807, 973, 1069, 1079

  Beatitudes, 742, 1073

  Beatrice, 729, 1037, 1058-1061, 1065, 1067-1069, 1075-1079

  Beauvais, 474, 475, 481, 623, 639, 643, 648, 841

  Cathedral, 865, 873, 881-882, 890

  Bede, St., 80, 83, 483, 484, 488-489, 491, 522, 533, 534, 542, 872, 902, 1077

  Bedouins, 22, 157-158, 216, 219-220, 263

  Bee, 479, 482, 494

  Becket, Thomas à, 486, 669-672, 684, 739, 743, 744, 753, 761, 768, 784, 871, 951, 987

  Beghards, 769, 809

  Béguines, 769, 809

  Beirut (Berytus), 132, 239, 592, 600, 609

  Bekr, Abu, caliph, 165, 166, 175, 187, 188, 189, 215, 227, 228, 258, 334-335, 336

  Bela IV, 658

  belfries, 342, 754, 865

  Belgium, 622, 648, 685

  Belgrade (Singidunum), 13, 39

  Belisarius, 47, 102, 106, 107-111, 115, 116, 117, 125, 132, 146

  Benedict I, 520

  Benedict V, 539

  Benedict VI, 539

  Benedict VIII, 540

  Benedict IX, 540

  Benedict XI, Blessed, 815

  Benedict XV, 978

  Benedict of Aniane, St., 536

  Benedict Biscop, 488, 491

  Benedict of Nursia, St., 57, 517-519, 522, 524, 527, 536, 742, 805, 909, 1078

  Benedictine order, 457, 545, 785, 958

  Benedictine Rule, 517-519, 536

  Benediktbeuren, 1024

  Benevento, 440, 451, 452, 538, 706, 723

  duchy of, 543

  Duke of, 290

  Benjamin of Tudela, 366, 375, 376, 404, 433

  Benoît de Ste. Maure, 1044-1045

  Benveniste, Sheshet, 404

  Benvenutus Grassus, 403

  Beowulf, 489-491, 504, 1030, 1044

  bequest, rules of, 754, 766

  Berbers, 22, 23, 117, 202, 283, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 295-296, 299, 371, 372, 408, 458

  Berengar II, 511-512

 

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