by Will Durant
Ceuta, 284, 329
Ceylon, 208, 238, 242, 993
Chalcedon, 147, 424
Council of, 49, 61, 64
Chalcis, 9, 51
Chalcondylas, Demetrius, 907
Chama ben Ilae, 361
Champagne, 401, 480, 615, 695
champions, paid, 568
champlevé, 849
Champollion, Jean François, 237
Chananya, 367
chancery, papal, 545, 768
chandeliers, 287, 303
Chang-an, 198, 241
Chanoch, 369
Chanson de Roland, 462, 576, 578, 697, 1030-1031
chansons de geste, 697, 1042, 1044-1051, 1054
chants, Ambrosian, 896
Gallican, 897
Greek and Syrian, 895
Gregorian, 895, 896-897, 899, 1085
Mozarabic, 897
chapels, 863, 891
chapter house, 883
Charibert, 94
charity, 77-78, 360, 379, 433, 470, 521, 785, 805, 820, 844, 1060, 1083
administration of, 831
Christian, 1002
communal, 382-383
ecclesiastical, 706
Jewish, 361
of St. Francis, 796
organized, 378, 818
Charlemagne, 93, 150, 198, 200, 207, 370, 443, 450, 452, 459, 461-471, 476, 479, 480, 483, 484, 492, 500, 510, 525, 526, 528, 535, 541, 544, 547, 564, 579, 587, 626, 660, 662, 663, 673, 763, 765, 817, 831, 845, 848, 897, 913, 914, 1019, 1030, 1031, 1044, 1063, 1078
capitularies of, 630, 633
court of, 1018
law of, 824
truce of, 837
“Charlemagne’s cloak,” 440
Charles IV, 696
Charles V, 315, 316
Charles of Anjou, 694, 699, 726, 727, 912, 963
Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor, 472, 473, 474, 476-479, 497, 515, 531, 833, 904, 914
Charles the Fat, Holy Roman Emperor, 472, 474
Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, 568
Charles Martel, 292, 461, 463, 766
Charles III the Simple, King of France, 275, 472
Charles, son of Charlemagne, 470, 471
Charles of Valois, 730-731, 812
Charter of Love, 788
charters, 389, 638, 690, 699, 828, 882
Chartres, 474, 475, 476, 481, 695, 753, 846, 863, 914, 923, 1023
school of, 949-953
Cathedral, 132, 317, 579, 691, 697, 753, 858, 859, 860, 861, 865, 873, 874, 875, 877-880, 882, 883, 892, 1084
chastity, 76, 527, 798, 804, 805, 824, 1026, 1038
Châteaudun, 892
Château Gaillard, 892
châteaux, 850, 892
libraries in, 909
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 343, 681, 805, 806, 830, 904, 905, 1019, 1045, 1052*, 1054
chauvinism, 458
cheating, 829
checkers, 838
chemistry, 122, 244-245, 305, 720, 911, 994, 996-997, 1000, 1012
Chernigov, 448, 653, 656
cherubim, 354, 1079
chess, 342, 838, 928
Chester, 487
Chevalier de la charette, Le (Chrétien), 1045
Chichester Cathedral, 871
Childebert I, 92
Childebert II, 92
Childeric I, 91
Childeric III, 461
childlessness, voluntary, 360
children, 138, 381, 466, 821, 825, 826, 864, 1007
of aristocracy, 562-563
care of, 360
Christian, 388
German, 838
of heretics, 781
illegitimate, 529, 822
Jewish, 360-361, 380, 390
peasant, 557
poor, 914
of priests, 542
sacrifice of, 386
school, 360
unbaptized, 984-985
Chilperic, 92-93, 94, 370, 530-531
China, 49, 118, 140, 150, 152, 219, 236-238, 242, 263, 277, 285, 376, 441, 616, 617, 655, 658, 993
Chinchilla, 851
Chinese, 209, 216, 236, 328, 658, 989, 996
Chinon, 672
Chintila, 370
Chioggia, 713
Chios, 440
Chirurgia (Salicetti), 1001
Chirurgia magna (Lanfranchia), 1001
chivalry, 459, 496, 551, 552-579, 651, 669, 698, 748, 844, 1018, 1039, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1084
Chivi al-Balchi, 367
Chlodio, 91
Chlodomer, 92
Chlotar I, 92, 94
Chlotar II, 93, 460
Chlotar IV, 461
Choice of Pearls (ibn Gabirol), 406
choirs, 859, 885, 886, 896, 1027
cholera, 379
Chosroes, see Khosru
Chrétien de Troyes, 81, 1045-1046, 1049, 1086
Christ, 18, 30, 53, 58, 59, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74-75, 81, 83, 103, 123, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 139, 147, 161, 167, 184, 185, 186, 211, 214, 215, 229, 230, 231*, 238, 254, 342, 353*, 362, 367, 386, 401, 426, 439, 442, 477, 496, 508, 518, 523, 526, 528, 529, 546, 585, 591, 592, 593, 606, 630, 649, 705, 719, 720, 732, 733, 734, 737, 739, 740, 742, 743, 744, 759, 769, 772, 776, 787, 790, 793, 794, 796, 802, 808, 820, 860, 887, 889, 908, 942, 944, 945, 946, 976, 977, 994, 1017, 1018, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1028, 1031, 1046, 1063, 1066, 1070, 1078, 1079
blood of, 741, 744, 1020
divinity of, 7-8, 47, 48, 49, 62, 385, 418
horoscope of, 988
mosaic of, 439, 440
nature of, 107, 115, 116, 205, 249, 524
Vicar of, 551
visions of, 799, 855
“Christ” (Cynewulf), 491
Christ in Glory (Cimabue), 855
Christendom, 72, 75, 121, 127, 138, 186, 209, 217, 223, 239, 249, 253, 267, 311, 332, 337, 338, 341, 342, 343, 347, 403, 405, 406, 414, 441, 444, 512, 529, 554, 572, 586, 588, 602, 607, 608, 626, 671, 738, 787, 808, 811, 819-844, 914, 929, 949, 951, 987, 1006
East and West, 544
evils of, 763
intellectual center of, 434
and Islam, 376
Jewish life in, 374-385
Jews of, 366, 380, 395
Latin, 221, 257, 298, 517, 526, 627, 765, 817, 868, 982, 990
literature of, 1049
united, 763, 777, 817
Western, 1009, 1022
Christian belief, 338
conquest of Europe, 530-537
Fathers, 985
shrines, 858
Christianity, 15-16, 17, 21, 30, 32, 44-79, 81, 83, 88, 90, 91, 93, 95, 99, 101, 111, 112, 123, 126, 127, 128, 132, 139, 143, 145, 156, 163, 170, 176, 178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 200, 204, 252, 258, 289, 290, 305, 333, 340, 341, 343, 347, 356, 360, 370, 386, 388, 389, 390, 402, 415, 425, 426, 442, 443, 444-445, 456, 470, 477, 483, 489, 492, 496, 497, 502, 503, 504, 505, 508, 511, 523, 535, 551, 569, 575, 576, 579, 585, 586, 608, 658, 659, 710, 714, 721, 732, 733, 736, 737-738, 769, 777, 786, 801, 802, 807, 811, 820, 821, 825, 843, 844, 857, 867, 905, 930, 932, 939, 949, 955, 958, 962, 966, 974, 977, 978, 980, 982, 983, 1010, 1012, 1022, 1036, 1068, 1082, 1083
Armenian, 204-205
British, 533-534
challenge to, 530
doctrines of, 735
early, 835
Eastern, 74, 116
German, 534-535, 665
Gnostic, 251
Greek, 426, 432, 442, 446, 655, 808
Greek and Roman, 103, 140, 205, 528, 530, 535, 544
hatred for, 364
heretical, 530
Oriental, 70
rationale of, 941
Roman, 116, 445, 446, 468, 535, 655, 659, 660, 706, 783, 816
Spanish, 459
Christians, 7-9, 18, 21, 34, 35, 38, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 56, 58, 62, 63, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78 112, 122, 142, 147, 156, 163, 164, 180, 182, 190, 194, 202, 208, 216, 218, 222, 233, 243, 252, 285, 289, 290, 292, 299, 300, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309, 312, 314, 315, 316, 333, 334, 338, 343, 347, 348, 349, 355, 356, 360, 371, 372, 373, 3
74, 375, 377, 379, 380, 385, 389, 401, 404, 407, 408, 410, 416, 447, 458-460, 464, 467, 481, 517-551, 564, 572, 575, 588, 590, 591, 593, 596, 597, 598, 600, 607, 608, 612, 616, 645, 652, 697, 705, 711, 725, 732, 734, 770, 777, 780, 792, 802, 820, 829, 831, 895, 910, 929, 938, 939, 980, 984, 985, 1008, 1014, 1018, 1023, 1027-1028, 1041
in Arabia, 171
Coptic, 440
Damascene, 230
Eastern, 219
islamic, 300
and Jews, 370
laws for, 755
Monophysite, 282
Nestorian, 138, 240, 993
persecution of, 554, 784, 844
in Persia, 139-140
Spanish, 955
Christmas, 797, 841
mythology, 62*
Christopher, St., 743, 1021-1022
Christos Pantocrate, 705
Chrobati, 446
Chronica maiora (Matthew Paris), 1020
Chronicle (Jocelyn), 926
Chronicle (Nennius), 1045
Chronicle (Salimbene), 804
Chronicle of the XXIV Generals of the Order, 1014
chroniclers, 429, 674, 767, 1019, 1045, 1084
chronicles, 308, 851, 854, 1019, 1044
Chronicles (Froissart), 822
Chronicon (Cassiodorus), 99
Chronographia (Psellus), 438
chronology, 1009, 1067
Chrysanthius, 11
Chrysoloras, 1082, 1086
Chrysostom, St. John, 9, 54, 55, 57, 63-64, 78, 120, 825, 842
Church, the, 18, 44-46, 68, 73, 75-78, 79, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 113, 300, 341, 353*, 364, 377, 392*, 401, 404, 416, 425, 429, 430, 431, 450, 456, 461, 462, 464, 467, 468, 471, 480, 514-516, 517-551, 554, 556, 557, 559, 566, 568, 571, 572, 574, 575, 576, 586, 600, 612, 621, 626, 628, 630. 632, 664, 668, 671, 672, 675, 690, 694, 695, 698, 699, 701, 707, 722, 754, 763, 772-774, 777, 779, 780, 785, 786*, 791, 801-804, 809, 810, 811, 812-813, 816, 818, 819, 820, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 829, 830, 831, 835, 841, 842, 845, 848, 854, 865, 881, 903, 906, 907, 913, 917, 925, 926, 930, 931, 932, 937, 945, 947, 952, 953, 958, 968, 978, 980, 981, 985, 986, 987, 988, 996, 1012, 1014. 1022, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1036, 1038, 1041, 1055, 1063, 1083, 1085
Armenian, 205
benefices, 542
British, 534
Christian, doubts of, 769
creed of, 857, 1083
and dancing, 838
doctrines, 47-49, 929, 941
dogmas of, 957, 1052
Eastern, 50, 64, 74, 124, 426, 525, 527, 581, 765
Eastern and Western, 107, 108, 115-116
English, 676, 766
Fathers, 55, 426, 630, 921, 933, 939, 944, 959, 967, 975
feudalized, 564
French, 571, 697, 864, 923, 976
German, 511, 535, 543
Greek, 424, 431, 469, 527-533, 536, 544, 592, 605, 651, 652, 762, 765
Irish, 682
Italian, 1086
and Jews, 387, 393
Monophysite, 107
role of, 917
Roman, 51, 88, 112, 434, 469, 529, 605, 611, 651, 765, 817, 923
Roman Catholic, 539*, 732-768
Russian, 536, 653, 656
in Scotland, 683
secular heirarchy of, 537
Spanish, 370
and state, 45-46, 364, 468, 472, 547-551, 760, 923, 976
wealth of, 631, 767, 1026
Church of the Apostles, Constantinople, 441
Church History of the English Nation (Bede), 488
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, 285
churches, 93, 218, 230, 272, 285, 289, 300, 404, 408, 426, 429, 432, 435, 440, 444, 449, 456, 474, 476, 479, 484, 492, 500, 503, 529, 532, 631, 636, 652, 666, 703, 753-754, 767, 785, 863, 895, 914
abbey, 846, 863
Eastern, 867
English, 870
Greek Christian, 348
Milan, 896
pre-Gothic, 873
Roman, 127, 812
Romanesque, 869-870
Sienese, 727
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 15, 32, 52, 72, 76, 78, 85, 87, 93, 100, 120, 860, 879, 915, 1014, 1018, 1022, 1070
letters of, 439
orations of, 539
Cid, 701, 1030
Cid, El, 459-460, 1031
Cilicia, 13, 425, 599, 652, 663
Cimabue, 802, 846, 852, 855-856, 888, 1085
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintius, 34
Cino da Pistoia, 1057
Cinque Ports, 617, 677
cipher, 241
Circumcelliones, 48
circumcision, 233, 299, 357, 379, 382, 418, 751
circuses, 127, 450, 840
Cistercians, 621, 792, 805, 812, 909
Cîteaux, 789
monastery at, 788
monks of, 602
cities, 293, 295, 296, 347, 374, 456, 484, 572, 618, 637, 639, 642-643, 645, 685, 766, 797, 803, 913, 915, 916, 1018, 1084
Baltic, 915
Chinese, 710
Dutch, 640
English, 842
Flemish, 621, 640
free, 699
French, 690, 841, 842
German, 511, 665, 710, 842
holy, 264
Islamic, 227-234, 291
Italian, 474, 662-663, 712, 724, 888, 918, 919, 1062, 1085
Lombard, 638, 664, 713, 716, 721, 723, 791, 916, 1063
Moorish, 304
Portuguese, 702
Roman, 637
Russian, 653, 656
Spanish, 295, 297, 459, 699, 701
Western, 846
of Western Asia, 341
citizenship, 388, 712
City of God (Augustine), 30, 72-73
city-states, Italian, 762
of Moslem Spain, 306
Spanish, 296
Ciullo d’Alcamo, 1056
civilization, 206, 278, 282, 332, 343-344, 405, 445, 451, 459, 464, 470, 475, 534, 579, 788, 819, 820, 844, 852, 854, 900, 1063, 1083, 1085, 1086
Anglo-Saxon, 485-491
Byzantine, 118-135, 427-428, 442, 450
Christian, 697
classic, 894
European, 646, 656
French, 575, 771
German, 514-516
Greek, 442
Irish, 496-501
Islamic, 153-344, 609, 611, 1082*
Italian, 456-458
Judaic, 345-419
Roman, 23, 107, 843
Sasanian, 243
Spanish, 701
Viking, 504-510
Clairvaux, 594, 789-791, 792
clans, 495, 497, 501
Serb, 657
Clara, St., 798, 805-806
Clarendon, 671
Assize of, 680
Constitutions of, 671, 672
class, artisan, 619
mercantile, 618, 631
differences, 379, 839, 840
feeling, in Britain, 648
raiment, 833
war, 209-210, 295-296, 306, 646-649, 685, 729
classes, 637, 646, 695, 756, 845, 934
business, 908
educated, 263, 294, 307, 954
in Florence, 729
university, 921
upper, 280, 302
classics, 365, 477, 724, 907, 939, 944, 952, 1018, 1027
Confucian, 265
copies of, 906
Greek, 239, 497, 907, 1086
Latin, 466, 915, 1023, 1086
classrooms, 927
Claudian, 30, 33, 56, 75, 78
Claudius, Bishop of Turin, 743
cleanliness, 356-357, 386, 456, 835, 836, 1001
Clement I, St., 525
Clement II, 540
Clement III, 550-551
Clement IV, 726, 765, 993, 1007, 1014
Clement V, 610, 680, 695, 755, 782, 783, 815-816, 1000, 1072
Clement of Alexandria, 630
Cleopatra, 1070
clerestory, 867, 873
clergy, 53, 426, 429, 434, 441, 463, 465, 466, 467, 468, 472, 481, 500, 515, 521, 53
7, 541-542, 546, 551, 553, 559, 640, 646, 653, 696, 706, 754, 756-760, 763, 768, 769, 784, 812, 813, 817, 847, 878, 900, 904-905, 908, 915, 916, 921, 927, 941, 998, 1000, 1013, 1029-1030
Anglo-Saxon, 668
Christian, 18, 373, 389, 596, 763
of Constantinople, 529
Dutch, 686
English, 668, 671, 675, 676, 677, 679, 683
French, 694, 814, 815
Gallic, 531, 533
German, 543, 663
Greek, 528, 604, 605
Irish, 682
Italian, 540
Latin, 528, 652
Norman, 668
Russian, 653
secular, 404, 521, 757, 785, 787, 802, 914
Spanish, 95, 700
Clericos laicos (Boniface VIII), 813, 815
Clermont, 86, 87, 586
Council of, 387
Clichy, Council of, 630
Cligès (Chrétien), 1045
clinics, 330
clocks, 995, 1084
cloisonné, 847
Clonard, school at, 497
Clonmacnois, 500
school at, 497
Clontarf, 500
Clorumia, 147
Clotaire, see Chlotar
Clothilde, 91, 92
Clovis, 91-92, 93, 94, 349
Cloyne, 500
Cluny, 537, 786, 791, 831, 847, 868-869, 946, 947
library of, 909
monk artists of, 845
Clyde, Firth of, 501
Cnut, 485, 491, 492-493, 503, 924, 986
Code des Rhodiens, 620
codes, barbarian, 434, 567
maritime, 342, 1083
Codex Constitutionum, 111-112
Coimbra, 292, 869
coin clipping, 378, 625
coinage, 299, 695
Arab, 208
gold, 622, 625-626
private, 566
rights, 626
silver, 487
coins, Augustan, 625
clipped, 380
of Frederick II, 718-719
German, 1041
coitus, 1002
coitus interruptus, 824
Colchis, 119
College of Eighteen, Paris, 922
Collège des Hautes Études, Paris, 440
colleges, 236, 239, 285, 293, 304, 319, 366, 500, 514, 828, 922, 923, 924, 925, 978, 1084
collegia, 29, 922
Colmar, 472
Cologne, 12, 88, 92, 369, 390, 391, 462, 474, 476, 516, 545, 606, 615, 619, 624, 635, 640, 642, 769, 830, 870, 903, 914, 922, 960, 962, 977, 980, 1025
Archbishop of, 664, 758
Cathedral, 865, 886-887, 889
Colonna family, 706, 812, 815, 817
Colonna, Jacopo and Pietro, 812-813
Sciarra, 815
colonies, 370, 440, 447, 1086
colonnades, 865, 891
colors, 879-880
heraldic, 562*
and mixtures, 847
oil, 854, 997
Colosseum, Rome, 450
Columba, St., 532, 533, 579
Columban, St., 532-533
Columbkille, 532
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, 558
Columbus, Christopher, 617, 1010, 1082, 1085