by Will Durant
columns, 286, 303, 304, 455, 458, 859, 866, 879
combat, judicial, 568
trial by, 89-90
comedies, 515, 835
comets, 1005, 1019
comfort stations, public, 835
Comités, 7
Commentaries (Gaius), 112
Commentary (Galen), 910
Commentary on Boethius (John of Salisbury), 951
commerce, 315, 342, 359, 369, 370, 373, 376, 386, 432, 436, 447, 451, 454, 456, 487, 497, 552, 565, 612, 614-621, 642, 652, 654, 657, 660, 685, 696, 702, 704, 710, 712, 727, 767, 816, 903, 915, 919, 923, 949, 994, 1084
Atlantic, 617
Byzantine, 436
Christian, 845
Florentine, 729
French, 876
German, 618
Islamic, 207-209
Italian, 654
Jewish, 376
Latin, 651
Rhenish, 389
common pleas, 676
communal movement, 638-641
communes, 459, 637-643, 649, 688, 690, 699, 708, 845, 854, 863, 893, 949
communication, 283, 552, 566
Communion, First, 741
communism 144, 252, 261, 262, 444, 630, 769, 975
Como, 452, 629, 633, 667, 712, 714
compass, 611, 615-616, 1084
floating, 996
Compendium (David Kimchi), 396
Compendium Scientiarum (Grosseteste), 925
Compendium studii philosophiae (Roger Bacon), 1012-1013
Compendium studii theologiae (Roger Bacon), 1014
Compendium theologiae (Aquinas), 966
Compiègne, 476
Cathedral, 932
composers, 897, 898, 899
compurgation, 486
trial by, 89
Computus (Grosseteste), 991
Computus naturalium (Roger Bacon), 1007
Comyn, John, 684
Conall Cernach, 82, 83
conception, 985, 997
conceptualism, 934, 951
Conchobar, 82
Conciliator controversiarum (Peter of Abano), 956
concubinage, 53, 65, 181, 197, 222, 380, 521, 546, 757, 824
clerical, 541-542, 770, 932
concubines, 340, 460, 471, 503, 554, 822, 927, 942
Condorcet, Marie Jean de Caritat, Marquis de, 982
condottieri, 453, 724, 1085
conduct, code of, 939
of Church, 754-756
confederado, 687
confession, 473, 543, 739-742, 779, 781-782
“Confession of Goliath” (Archipoeta), 1025-1026
Confessions (Augustine), 71-72, 808
Confessions (St. Patrick), 84
confirmation, 382, 418, 738
confiscation, 292, 300, 377, 378, 390, 393, 427, 431, 461, 465, 723, 766, 779, 782, 783, 812, 814, 1062
confraternities, 766
congregations, Jewish, 374, 389-390, 896
Conies (Apollonius of Perga), 122, 911
Connaught, 82, 496, 682
Conor, 82, 498
Conquête de Constantinople (Villehardouin), 1020
Conrad I, 511
Conrad II, 513
Conrad III, 595, 661
Conrad IV, 723, 725, 726
Conrad of Canterbury, 871
Conrad of Hochstaden, Archbishop of Cologne, 886
Conrad of Marburg, 784, 810
Conrad of Montferrat, 310, 600
Conrad, Duke of Lorraine, 512
Conradin, 726
Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius), 484
Constance, 513, 662, 687
Council of, 952
Diet of, 714
Constance, wife of Henry VI, 705, 714, 715
Constans I, 3, 8
Constans II, 424, 525
Constantia, 127
Constantina, 423
Constantine I the Great, 3, 4, 7-8, 9, 10, 37, 43, 50, 58, 77, 103, 105, 108, 119, 120, 127, 128, 347, 425, 428, 433, 465, 547, 845, 869, 1078
Constantine II, 3
Constantine IV Pogonatus, 424
Constantine V Copronymus, 426-427, 452, 525
Constantine VI, 427
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 389, 429, 441
Constantine VIII, 430
Constantine IX Monomachus, 430*, 431, 438
Constantine X Ducas, 431
Constantine the African, 457, 910, 988
Constantine Cephalas, 437
Constantine, Roman emperor in Britain, 80
Constantinople (Nova Roma, Byzantium), 3-6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 25, 26, 27, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48, 62, 63-64, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131*, 132, 135, 147, 150, 197, 198, 201, 218, 230, 233, 236, 240, 257, 282, 302, 349, 369, 404, 423-449, 453, 454, 455, 467, 468, 409, 520, 525, 527, 529, 530, 539, 586, 589, 590, 594, 603-606, 610, 611, 612, 615, 616, 619, 629, 633, 642, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 680, 694, 697, 706, 708, 709, 762, 765, 849, 850, 901, 907, 912, 949, 984, 992, 993, 1044
churches in, 129, 544, 744
council at, 115-116
Latin, Kingdom of, 605, 651
libraries of, 984
patriarchs of, 426, 436
University of, 124, 437, 438, 528
also see Byzantium, St. Sophia
Constantius, Emperor, 3, 11, 12, 13., 18, 31, 46, 50, 347.
Constantius, general, 37
constellations, 329, 987, 988
Constitution of Constantine, 6
Constitution of Diocletian, 6
consuls, 456, 620, 638, 707, 713
Consulate of the Sea, 699
Conte del Graal (Chrétien), 1045, 1047
Conti family, 706, 761
contraception, 120, 121, 223, 360, 824
contracts, 555, 680, 864
“Convent of Repentance,” Theodora’s, 107
convents, 467, 757*, 763, 767, 805, 806, 839, 913, 914, 998
conversion, 388, 389, 390, 791, 943
Convivio (Dante), 1062, 1066
cookery, 836, 837, 905
Cooldrevna, 532
Copenhagen, 665
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 305, 329, 913, 991
copper, 847, 848
Copts, 61, 135, 289, 874
copyists, 906-908
Cordova, 37, 96, 97, 237, 241, 274, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303-304, 305, 306, 307, 314, 315, 329, 335, 369, 371, 383, 396, 408, 432, 436, 459, 467, 642, 697, 909
mosques of, 274, 303-304
University of, 293, 304, 372
Corfu, 404, 453
Corinth, 436, 616, 624
Cork, 500
Cormac MacAirt, 82
Cornificius, 950
Cornwall, 376, 622
coronations, 468-470, 566, 568
coroners, 829
Corpus iuris canonici, 755
Corpus iuris civilis (Justinian), 112, 755, 916
Correctorium fratris Thomae (William de la Mare), 977
corruption, 314, 341, 430, 431, 433, 524, 647-648, 711, 763, 768, 773, 828, 829, 952, 1080
Corsi family, 706
Corsica, 27, 110, 116, 289, 474, 616, 617, 713
Cortenuova, battle of, 722
Cortes, 373, 646, 700, 1083
Corwen, battle of, 684
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 134
Cosmas and Damian, Sts., 745
cosmetics, 834, 997
cosmogony, 124, 416, 982, 1067
costume, 832, 833, 905, 1027
cotton, 206, 718
Cotton, John, 899
Coucy, castle of, 892
Coulton, George Gordon, 626*
Council of One Hundred, 730
councils, 293, 467, 679, 791, 900
church, 387, 426, 529, 531, 571, 572, 630, 754, 815, 907, 954
ecclesiastical, 456, 527, 759, 982
national, 459
papal, 759
powers of, 758
count palatine, 658
counterfeiters, 625, 1072
Courbet, Gustave, 229
Course of Religious and Secular Studies (Cassiodorus), 99
courses, 309, 921, 922, 928
courtesans, 728*, 823, 927
courtoisie, 578, 839
Courtrai, 474, 648, 685
battle of, 686
courts, 263, 264, 460, 463, 464, 468, 566, 668, 671, 672, 1083
abbey, 564
Aghlabid, 403
Almohad, 320
baronial, 691, 1054
communal, 374
ecclesiastical, 531, 564, 567, 569, 668, 671, 679, 694, 754, 755, 758, 763, 817-818
English, 679, 905
guild, 634
Hanseatic League, 618
Italian, 1056
Khazar, 447
manorial, 486, 560, 567, 812
mercantile, 620
Moslem, 342, 447
provincial, 472
royal, 567, 691, 718, 719, 1053
seignorial, 645
Courts of love, 577-578
Cousin, Victor, 939
Coutances, 696
Cathedral, 882
Covadonga, battle of, 458
Coventry, 488
Cracow, 658, 660, 664
crafts, 291, 505-506, 558, 622-625, 633, 647, 841, 914
craftsmen, 275, 291, 370, 530, 700, 826, 829, 846, 1013
Byzantine, 436
French, 876, 882
Jewish, 375-376
creation, 70-71, 184, 331, 333, 336-337, 405, 412, 416-418, 477, 732, 867, 889, 941, 954, 957, 958, 969-970, 977, 1052
Crécy, battle of, 575
credit system, 437, 629
Credo, 742, 749
credulity, 732, 737, 984, 1019, 1083
creeds, 278, 343, 818
Christian, 528, 957
Islamic, 176-179
cremation, 741
Cremona, 35, 616, 662, 712, 714, 783, 1001
Crépy-en-Valois, 644
Crescentius, 513, 539
Crespin family, 627
Creswell, K. A. C, 148*
Crete, 196, 289, 429, 431, 529, 616
Crimea, 525, 536, 655
crimes, 290, 295, 360, 362, 379, 380, 427, 430, 463, 464, 650, 671, 679, 718, 725, 829, 830, 844, 894, 1036, 1071
Croats, 446
Crom Cruach, 83
Cromwell, 183
crop rotation, 558, 645
Cross, 325
symbolism of, 528
crossbows, 570
Crotone, 616
crown lands, 667
crown of thorns, 743
cruelty, 224, 285, 445, 470, 492, 825, 829-830, 842
Crusade, Albigensian, 691, 692, 774-776, 904, 1039
Crusade, Children’s, 606
Crusade, Eighth, 608
Crusade, Fifth, 606
Crusade, First, 385, 389-390, 401, 562, 585-594, 595, 611, 616, 650, 740, 787, 901, 1019, 1036
Crusade, Fourth, 377, 602-606, 657, 706, 709, 1020
Crusade, Second, 390, 391, 594-595, 596, 827
Crusade, Seventh, 608
Crusade, Sixth, 607
Crusade, Third, 598-602, 663, 683, 992
Crusades, 149, 204, 208, 223, 239, 285, 310, 333, 338, 342, 343, 368, 376, 392, 393, 431, 551, 565, 572, 575, 585-613, 597, 617, 629, 644, 692, 695, 706, 746, 755, 757*, 764, 765, 783, 792, 821, 827, 829, 835, 845, 876, 882, 893, 954, 955, 1018, 1020, 1036, 1052
failure of, 713, 769, 816
funds for, 611-612, 767
Crusaders, 206, 218, 229, 271, 313, 317, 326, 328, 366, 373, 389-390, 399, 413, 425, 443, 562*, 588, 651, 652, 673, 697, 716, 724, 762, 766, 769, 799, 822, 849, 892, 901, 912, 989, 1003
“Crusader’s Hymn” (Walther), 1041
Ctesiphon, 20, 136, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 424
Cuchulain, 82, 498, 822
culture, 78-79, 285, 290, 442, 529, 686, 910, 911, 913
Bulgarian, 657
Byzantine, 456, 998
Christian, 857, 1086
classic, 235, 450, 1082
German, 618, 1039
of Greek Empire, 431-437
Irish, 497
Islamic, 239*, 244, 341-395, 460, 701
Italian, 904
Jewish, 372, 397
Cumans, 440, 586, 653, 655
“Cup of Khosru,” 150
Cur Deus homo? (Anselm), 933
cures, 404, 986
curfew, 643, 667
Curia, 759, 762-763, 817, 828, 925, 958
curia regis, 566
currency, 120, 208-209, 436, 465, 625-627, 641, 644, 685, 718
curriculum, 288, 915, 920, 1027
cursing, formulas of, 986
custom, 375, 1008, 1015
and law, 566
Cuthbert, St., 752, 872
Cybele, 16, 18, 746
Cyclades, 426, 431
Cymri, 495
Cynewulf, 490-491
Cyprian, St., 69
Cyprus, 196, 289, 429, 431, 592, 599, 610, 616, 663, 792
Cyrene, 27, 61, 283, 289
Cyril, 49
Cyril of Alexandria, St., 48, 49, 122-123, 535, 746
Cyrus, 193, 234
Czechs, 445, 535
Dagobert I, 94, 460, 633
Dahriyya, 331
Dai-d-Duat, 261
dairy farming, 645
products, 837
Dalmatia, 116, 127, 446, 454, 799, 850
Damascus, 147, 155*, 175, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 207, 219, 229, 230-231, 236, 246, 253, 257, 262, 264, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 310, 311, 312, 317-318, 319, 330, 333, 340, 399, 404, 592, 595, 596, 597, 598, 607, 652
Great Mosque at, 228, 274
Damasus I, St., 50, 52, 54, 909
Damghan, 231
Damietta, 399, 607, 608, 799
damnation, 278, 382, 820, 976, 1076
Dan Mikillati, 502
dancing, 280, 381, 830, 838, 900, 928
Dándolo, Enrico, 603, 604, 605, 709, 1085
Danegeld, 485, 667
Danehof, 666
Danelaw, 484, 578
Danes, 450, 465, 473, 483-485, 502, 532, 534, 666, 668, 669, 832
Daniel, Arnaud, 1038
Daniel of Morley, 909
Danielis, 428, 435
Danishwar, 268
Dannebrog, 666
Dante Alighieri, 72, 101, 124, 179, 343, 386, 451, 489, 576, 579, 664, 711, 719, 725, 728-729, 767, 809, 834, 843, 905, 978, 988, 1016, 1027, 1036, 1038, 1039, 1056-1081, 1082, 1085, 1086
Danube River, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 46, 116, 369, 423, 428, 443, 444, 451, 465, 510, 589, 614, 616, 617, 619, 658, 659, 664, 665, 673
Danzig, 618, 664
Daphne (Antiochene park), 19
Daphni, convent of, 440
Daqiqi, 268
Dara, 146, 147
Darius I the Great, 22, 146, 148
Darius II, 142, 147
Dark Ages, 117, 132, 420-519, 642, 747, 777, 785, 846, 849, 852, 903, 991, 998, 1083
Dastagird, 147, 149
Data (Euclid), 911
Daud, ibn, 910, 953
dauphin, 688
Dauphiné, 663, 688
David, King of Judah and Israel, 184, 715, 1078
David I, King of Scotland, 683
David ben Abraham, 414
David of Dinant, 954, 955-956
David ap Gruffydd, 684
David ben Zakkai, 368
Day of Atonement, 359
Day of Indulgence (1043), 513
De aedificiis (Procopius), 125
De anima (Aristotle), 253, 337
De anima (Petrus Hispanus), 999
De animalibus (Albertus Magnus), 1005
De arte venandi cum avibus (Frederick II), 994
De consolatione philosophiae (Boethius), 101
De cultura hortorum (Strabo), 515
De divina praedestinatione (Erigena), 477
De divisione naturae (Erigena), 477
De du
abus civitatibus (Otto of Freising), 1020
De haereticis, 777
De libero arbitrio (Augustine), 68
De medicamentis (Marcellus), 121
De mercibus (Mashallah), 403
De mirabili potestate artis et naturae (Bacon), 1007
De monorchia (Dante), 1062-1063
De multiplieatione specierum (Bacon), 1007
De Música (Boethius), 135
De ratione ponderis (Jordanus Nemorarius), 995
De regimine prineipum (Aquinas), 974
De scientia motus orbis (Mashallah), 403
De sepulturis (Boniface VIII), 989
De speculis comburentibus (Bacon), 1007
De Triangulis (Regiomontanus), 328
De Trinitate (Augustine), 68
De vegetabilibus (Albertus Magnus), 1004-1005
De vulgari eloquentia (Dante), 1066
deacons, 757
Dead Sea, 271
Deadly Sins, 1073
dean, 920, 921
death, 267, 279, 355, 393, 410, 419, 462, 464, 556, 578, 732, 820, 1023, 1026
for heresy, 777, 779, 782
rate, 757*
Deeds of Ardashir, 138
decimal system, 912-913, 990, 1084
declensions, 904
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 156*
decoration, 270, 271, 272-273, 277, 287, 316, 431, 432, 439, 440, 455, 846, 847, 850, 851, 852, 891
interior, 850, 851
decretals, 828, 914, 978
Decretum (Gratian), 754-755, 820
dedication, of cathedrals, 867
book, 908
Defoe, Daniel, 334
degrees, academic, 917, 918, 929
Deirdre, 498-499
deists, 331
Delfidius, 12
Delft, 640, 686
Delhi, 257, 339
democracy, 459, 506, 641, 678, 687, 706, 720, 729, 759, 975
Democritus, 1070
demons, 357, 404, 416, 417, 524, 734, 970, 984, 986, 1005
denarius, 90*
Denmark, 89, 493, 500, 502, 536, 619, 665-666, 992
Deorham, battle of, 81, 483
deposition, 296, 427, 428, 473, 475, 529, 538-539, 540, 549, 675
Derbyshire, 622
Derry, 532
dervishes, 260, 279, 327, 332-333
dancing, 259, 325
Descartes, René, 71, 995, 1082
“Descent of the Soul” (Avicenna), 248
Description of the Moslem Empire (Muhammad al-Muqaddasi), 242
Desiderius, Abbot, 530, 846, 916
Desiderius, King, 452, 462
despotism, 656, 669, 672, 724
Destruction of the Destruction (Averroës), 336
Destruction of Philosophy (al-Ghazali), 336
Deuteronomy, 352*, 382, 383, 410, 776
Devil, see Satan
devils, 734, 794, 795, 985, 986, 988, 1028
Devon, 622
devotion, 351, 406, 536, 572, 807, 844, 894, 899, 943, 944, 1017
Dhimmi, 218
Dhu Nuwas, 156
diagnosis, 404, 998-999
dialectic, 466, 933, 934, 938
Dialéctica (Abélard), 938