by Will Durant
Central, 446, 513, 616, 618, 656
Christian conquest of, 530-537
Eastern, 349, 450
Latin, 434, 436, 499, 526, 537, 586, 837, 912, 931, 989, 998
modern, 559, 578, 649
Northern, 241, 389, 469, 493, 618, 624, 1039
Renaissance, 1086
Southern, 375
Transalpine, 638
Western, 434, 471, 473, 497, 510, 518, 525, 544, 552, 559, 572, 605, 629, 640, 644, 645, 646, 653, 657, 660, 756, 758, 770, 817, 830, 832, 845, 846, 847, 863, 874, 876, 894, 897, 903, 938, 950, 982, 984, 989, 990, 1053, 1082
Europeans, 305, 596, 611
West, 589, 832-833
Eusebia, 11, 13
Eusebius, 10, 46
Eustace, St., 857
Eustathius, 142
Eustachium, 53, 54, 55
Eutyches, 49, 112
Everlasting Gospel (Joachim of Flora), 809
Eve, 69, 264, 363, 412, 820, 825, 933, 950, 973, 1028
evil, 256, 820, 974
eye, 970, 986
Évreux, 474, 475
Evroul, St., monastery of, 1019
examinations, 929
entrance, 926
for heresy, 781
postmortem, 1001
exarchate, 521, 525, 544
Excalibur, 570
excommunication, 368, 374, 380, 415, 480, 494, 526, 528, 529, 539, 543, 544, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 571, 639, 662, 671, 675, 677, 682, 684, 688, 699, 707, 710, 716, 722, 723, 726, 741, 753, 755, 756, 761, 762, 773, 774, 777, 778, 780, 782, 812, 813, 815, 922, 928, 930, 977, 1029-1030
executions, 339, 378, 413, 782-783, 928
Exeter, 487
Cathedral, 744, 871, 883
exilarch, 348
hereditary, 366
exiles, 347-349, 372, 427, 569, 731
Exodus, 352*, 383, 490, 776, 987
exogamy, 824
exorcism, 417, 986
experimentation, 249, 925, 1004-1005, 1008-1010
exploitation, 299, 313, 464, 472, 481, 521, 578, 654, 704, 1000
explorers, 454, 506, 1085
extreme unction, 741
Exuperius, 37
eye, diseases of, 403
structure of, 995
eyeglasses, 996, 1084
Ezekiel, 416
Ezra family, ibn, 371
Ezzelino da Romano, 723, 725, 783, 1057, 1085
Fabiola, 78, 1002
fables, 265, 857, 1054-1055
Fables (Bidpai), 262, 263, 320, 910
fabliaux, 574, 767, 1054-1055
fabrics, Cairene and Alexandrian, 287
façades, 846, 865, 869, 870, 871, 876, 879, 881, 891
factions, 105, 285, 296, 527, 718, 729, 730, 798
faculties, 917, 922, 926
Fada, Abu al-, 403
Fadl, al-, 199, 236
Faggiuola, Uguccione della, 1064
faïence, 274, 286
fairies, 984, 1029
fairs, 465, 615, 617, 664, 829, 1083-1084
faith, 79, 325, 338, 367-368, 405, 407, 413, 724, 820, 932, 941, 945, 967-968, 980, 982, 1067
Byzantine, 442
Catholic, 777
Christian, 336, 393, 427, 526, 925, 933, 939, 946, 947, 956, 964*, 981, 986, 1048, 1084
crises in, 954-955
Islamic, 210-219
Jewish, 385
Shia, 314
Fakhru’d Din, 607
fakirs, Hindu, 258
falconry, 691, 719, 840
Falkirk, battle of, 683
Fall, 69, 354, 489, 867, 978, 1036, 1068
“False Decretals” (Isidorus Mercator), 525-526
family, 76-77, 360, 380, 433, 495, 819, 913
famine, 116, 285, 343, 423, 435, 445, 558, 642, 693, 785, 802, 894, 1003, 1019
fana, 260
fanaticism, 307, 338, 400, 442, 528, 880
faqihs, 299, 332-333
Far East, 118, 133, 143, 150, 242, 376, 616, 993
Farabi, Muhammad Abu Nasr al-, 202, 249, 253-254, 257, 279, 337, 407, 898, 911, 913, 954, 957, 1014, 1068
Faraj ben Salim, 912
farce, 1027, 1029, 1055
Farghani, Abu’l-, 242
Farid al-Din Attar (Muhammad ibn Ibrahim), 324
Farinata degli Uberti, 1057
farmers, 348, 352, 370, 435, 554, 645, 718, 826
Fars, 136
Fasa, mosque of, 274
fasts, 214-215, 358, 382, 748, 807, 850, 1020
fatalism, 177, 323, 769
Fathers, 219, 363, 477, 746, 754
Fatima, 162, 172, 284
Fatimids, 284-286, 289, 290, 310, 585, 590-591
fealty, mutual, 375, 553, 560
Feast of Saturn (Macrobius), 32
feasts, 75, 359, 830, 841, 1029
Christian, 745, 751, 752, 794, 841, 889, 964, 1028
Jewish, 358, 359
Fecamp, 1054
abbey of, 479
fees, 543, 767-768, 825, 918, 921, 999
Feis, 82
Felix, Bishop of Nantes, 531
fellowships, 924
Fenellosa, Ernest, 150
“Fenian” cycle, 498
Ferdinand and Isabella, 404, 1010
Fergil, St., 497, 992
Fergusson, James, 272, 878
Fernando I, 459
Fernando III, St., 697, 699, 891, 919
Ferrara, 616, 662, 708, 770, 998
fertility, 445, 447, 502, 987, 997
fertilizer, 559
Festival of the Ass, 841
festivals, 271, 291, 358, 382, 830, 831
agricultural, 838, 841, 1027
Jewish, 347, 418
pagan, 745
religious, 751
academic, 928
fetishism, 744-745
feudal baronies, 651
counts, 686
courtesy, 839
dues, 644, 767
lords, 644, 651, 825, 835
origins, 552-553
vassalage, 675
war, private, 691
feudalism, 113, 298, 434, 435, 456, 459, 511, 551, 552-519, 609, 638, 649, 653, 658, 661, 667, 669, 670, 677, 690, 699, 717, 718, 748, 766, 776, 829, 876
French, 405
German, 445, 664
Persian, 140-141
feudality, 564, 664
feuds, 504, 509, 757*, 1032
Fez, 282, 283, 284, 296, 316, 334, 408
Fibonacci, Leonardo, 720, 989, 990, 995
fidelity, 365, 564, 575, 576, 691, 807
fiefs, 552, 567, 658, 686, 698, 762, 763
figures, 848, 869, 879, 880, 881
filioque clause, 528
Filles-Dieu, 693
finance, 308, 359, 371, 375, 377, 387, 400, 452, 472, 480, 625-633, 710, 845, 1084
Church, 765-768
French, 729
Jews in, 376-378
papal, 728
financiers, 370, 388, 392, 626, 627, 630
fines, 90, 374, 381, 568, 826, 830, 918, 928
Finiguerra, Maso, 849
Finland, 208, 619, 659
Finns, 444, 447, 659, 832
Fioretti, 792*, 795-798
Firdausi (Abu’l-Qasim Mansur), 137, 203, 244, 268-269
fire, 643, 872, 906
firearms, 658
Firnas, ibn, 298
First Cause, 253, 254, 968, 969
Firuz, 144
Firuzabad, 148
roses of, 271
fish, 379, 505, 666, 837, 841
FitzGerald, Edward, 267*, 322
FitzGilbert, Richard, 682
Fitzralph, Richard, 926*
“Five Pillars of Islam,” 212
Flagellant craze, 809
Flanders, 476, 479, 480, 615, 617, 620, 623, 624, 627, 633, 640, 642, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 665, 685, 688, 809, 869-870, 886, 915, 935
Flavian of Constantinople, 49
fleet, 471
Arabian, 425
Byzantine, 109, 289, 424
Danish, 484
Italian, 132, 290, 376, 453, 457
mercantile, 119, 728
Norse, 473, 474
Saracen, 290, 457
Vandal, 38
Flemings, 685, 832
flogging, 532, 569, 781, 915, 928
floods, 558, 1019
Flora, 300, 301
Order of, 808
Floralia, 75
Florence (Florentia), 392, 451, 568, 578, 616, 621, 623, 624, 626, 628, 629, 633, 635, 638, 642, 643, 649, 696, 710, 713, 725, 727, 728-731, 756, 778, 779, 783, 811, 812, 835, 838, 851, 854, 855-856, 862, 863, 865, 889-890, 915, 988, 990, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1061-1065, 1072, 1080
Baptistery, 852
Cathedral, 862, 888, 889-890
florin, Florentine, 626
Flotte, Pierre, 695
flowers, 271, 273, 323
stone, 859-860
Fludd, Robert, 418
“flying machines,” 1010
Foggia, 370, 717, 719, 725, 726, 911
folio, 907, 908
folk dances, 838
song, 704, 900
folklore, Jewish, 359, 406
Folquet (Folque), troubadour, 901, 1077
Fondaco de’ Tedeschi, Venice, 619
Fons Vitae (ibn Gabirol), 406, 911
Fonteney, battle of, 473
Fontevrault, order of, 791, 792
food, 557, 560, 787, 813, 836-837
doles of, 831
Jewish, 357-358
Moslem, 342
football, 841
“Forest Cantons,” 687
forests, 465, 514, 559-560
forgery, 526*, 814, 828, 844, 944, 1072
forks, 836
Formosus, 538
formulas, 524, 986
magic, 997-998
fornication, 806, 822, 824, 843, 927
Forth, Firth of, 501
fortification, 271, 471, 570, 892
Fortunatus of Hippo, 671
Fortunatus of Poitiers, 78, 93, 94, 1024
Forty Thieves, 262, 275
Foulques, Abbé, 935
foundlings, 1002
Fountains Abbey, 871, 883
“Four Doctors,” 916
“Four Duties,” 212
France, 57, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 198, 226, 236, 238, 298, 317, 342, 366, 375, 384, 387, 392, 397, 400, 401, 402, 441, 447, 452, 460-461, 464, 466, 473, 474, 480, 484, 495, 500, 502, 518, 528, 533, 534, 537, 543, 545, 553, 554, 555, 556, 558, 561, 564, 565, 566-567, 571, 573, 577, 578, 586, 594, 598, 599, 603, 606, 610, 615, 616, 617, 620, 621, 622, 623, 626, 627, 632, 633, 640, 642, 646, 647, 663, 664, 667, 669, 670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 677, 679, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 688-697, 699, 708, 712, 717, 726, 743-744, 756, 758, 766, 767, 770, 774, 775, 776, 779, 782, 783, 785, 792, 801, 809, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 821, 823, 828, 831, 833, 835, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 847, 849, 850, 851, 858, 861, 868, 870, 879, 881, 882, 883, 886, 892, 893, 894, 899, 901, 903, 904, 905, 906, 908, 913, 919, 923, 932, 935, 949-954, 957, 989, 993, 1002, 1003, 1019, 1020, 1025, 1039, 1042, 1044, 1058, 1086
central, 776
east central, 686
northeastern, 690
northern, 640, 904, 1042
southeastern, 637, 904
southern, 292, 354, 386, 404, 415, 553, 691, 771, 772, 874, 901, 904, 955, 1007, 1036, 1037, 1042
southwestern, 827, 828, 1036
western, 699
France, Anatole, 60, 87, 983, 1086
Francesca da Rimini, 101, 1037, 1065, 1070, 1071, 1080
Franche-Comté, 695
Francia, 462, 466, 688
Francis, St., 17, 649, 753, 768, 792-802, 805, 809, 843, 855, 888, 977, 978, 996, 1077, 1085
Franciscans, 332, 401, 693, 769, 798, 801-802, 804, 805, 809, 922, 955, 959, 960, 971, 977, 980, 981, 988, 1006, 1014
Franco of Cologne, 898
Franconia, 88, 511
Frangipani family, 706
Frankfort, 369, 566, 615, 642, 664
Franks, 22-23, 43, 47, 88-92, 107, 109, 114, 311, 312, 376, 450, 452, 454, 458, 460, 461, 462, 468, 470, 481, 489, 510, 525, 531, 534, 544, 566-567, 587, 590, 591, 596, 651, 652, 654, 665, 763, 832
East, 510
realm of, 536
Franzesi family, 729
fraternities, 289, 332, 621, 1084
Fraternity of the Holy Ghost, 824
fraud, 824, 1013
Frauendienst (Ulrich), 1039, 1041
Fredegar, 460
Fredegunda, 92, 93
Frederick I Barbarossa, 469, 594, 595, 598, 599, 602, 622, 661-662, 665, 707, 714, 718, 761, 848, 909, 916, 987, 1020
Frederick II, 93, 370, 375, 564, 568, 602, 606, 607, 608, 612, 621, 625, 632, 658, 663-664, 678, 690, 698, 704, 705, 706, 714-725, 729, 763, 764, 765, 771, 777, 778, 779, 797, 801, 817, 840, 857, 861, 887, 909, 910, 911, 919, 961, 962, 988, 990, 994, 1000, 1003, 1037, 1038, 1041, 1056, 1063, 1085
Frederick of Aragon, 812
free will, 68-69, 413, 939, 952, 973, 974, 988
freedmen, 112
freedom, 347, 972, 976, 982, 1062, 1078
charters of, 673
communal, 638
intellectual, 443, 724
of peasantry, 644-645
religious, 349, 367
of thought, 818, 921
of worship, 282, 721
Freeman, E. A., 825
freemen, 553-554, 679
English, 676
freethinkers, 265, 955-958
Jewish, 367
Freiberg, 622
Freiburg im Breisgau, 960
French Revolution, 370, 388, 637, 640, 641, 858, 865, 869, 879, 887, 922*, 948
Frescobaldi family, 628, 729
Frescobaldi, Dino, 1057
frescoes, 276, 287, 426, 449, 455, 457, 479, 853-856, 888, 889, 890, 1056
friars, 785-818, 922, 1013, 1052
Friars Minor, 795-802
Friars Preachers, 803, 995
Fribourg, 687
Friday Mosque, Ardistan, 274
Isfahan, 309, 317
Frigga, 507
Frisia, 471, 474, 510, 535, 646
Frisians, 22, 461, 534, 905
Fritzlar, 535
Fritigern, 24
Froissart, Jean, 571, 575, 616, 681, 822
fruits, 298, 357, 613, 837
stone, 859
Fulbert, Abélard’s enemy, 935-937
Fulbert of Chartres, 476, 571, 877, 914, 1023
Fulda, 466, 476, 514, 535, 564, 786
Fulk IV, Count of Anjou, 688
Fulk V, Count of Anjou, 592
Fulk de Neuilly, 602
funds, 458, 763, 814, 876, 878, 914, 916, 919
furniture, 272, 432, 435, 835, 836
furs, 379, 624, 655, 833
Fustat, al-, 283, 284, 413, 414
Futuhat (ibn Arabi), 1068
Gabirol, ibn (Avicebron), 255, 372, 396-400, 405-406, 417, 910, 911, 954, 963, 964, 1006
Gabriel, 163-164, 176, 212, 238
Gaddi family, 1066
Gaels, 80, 495
Gagik I, 205
Gainas, 26
Gaiseric, 30, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 74, 108, 111
Gains, jurist, 112
Galahad, 1045, 1046
Galand, Jean, 782
Galen, 49, 121, 240, 249, 330, 408, 437, 910, 911, 912, 1009, 1017, 1070
Galicia, 458, 459
galilee, 872
Galilei, Galileo, 1082
Gall, St., 743
Galla Placidia, 36-37, 132, 827
Gallerani family, 628
“Gallican” movement, 923
Gallipoli, 599, 605
Gallus, 3, 10, 11, 347
Gallus, Marcus Aelius, 156
Galswintha, 92
Gamaliel, 137
gambling, 157, 433, 830, 838, 1026
game preserves, 840
games, 31, 432, 559, 838, 841, 1025
Gan Eden, 355
Gandersheim, 514, 515
Gandzha (Kirovabad), 324
Gaon
ate, 366-368, 411, 416
“Garden of His Delight, The” (Jehuda Halevi), 398
gardens, 271, 515
Garonne River, 474, 617, 645
Garter, order of the, 578
Gascoigne, Thomas, 926*
Gaul, 3, 7, 13, 22-25, 28-30, 36-37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 55, 56, 57, 80-83, 85-95, 107, 114, 128, 135, 208, 292, 349, 445, 450, 461, 462, 491, 492, 497, 522, 528, 531, 532, 533, 552, 565, 640, 748, 897
Gauls, 28, 41, 481, 617, 903
Gaultier de Coincy, 557, 747
Gaunilo, 933
Gawain, 822, 1045, 1046
Gayamurth, 269
Gaza, 132, 282, 607
Ge Hinnom (Sheol), 355
Gebel al-Tariq, 291
Gebir, see Hayyan, Jabir ibn
Gelasius I, St., 42
Gellius, Aulus, 32
Gemaras, 185, 211, 226, 350-352, 401, 409
gems, 287, 304, 440, 455, 613, 833, 835, 847, 848, 849, 876, 908, 992, 1005
generation, spontaneous, 994
Genesis, 66, 78, 134, 352*, 370*, 405, 412, 416, 417, 489, 490
Julian on, 15-16
genethlialogy, 987-988
Geneva, 463, 615, 687
Genevieve, St., 848
Gengra, Council of, 45
Genoa, 100, 404, 448, 451, 586, 592, 599, 602, 606, 612, 615, 617, 620, 624, 626, 627, 628, 630, 635, 638, 641, 652, 663, 705, 712, 713, 722, 811, 812, 868, 989, 992, 1064, 1080, 1085
Bank of, 713
Genoese, 456, 605, 608, 708, 709, 862, 994
Geoffrey of Anjou, 670*
Geoffrey de Lusignan, 596
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 81, 1019, 1045
Geoffrey de Noyers, 884
Geoffrey, Bishop of Chartres, 940
geography, 242, 244, 329, 612, 992, 993, 994, 1007, 1009, 1010, 1084
geology, 248, 992, 994, 1067
geomancy, 911, 987
geometry, 242, 244, 273, 438, 915, 1011
Egyptian, 989
of refraction, 996
George, Admiral, 704
George, Bishop of Alexandria, 18
George, St., 591, 743, 1021-1022
Georgia, 308, 340, 440
Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), 499, 681, 735-736, 786, 899, 908, 982*, 992
Gerard of Cremona, 241, 247, 403, 911, 912
Gerbert of Aurillac (Sylvester II), 342, 445, 450, 475, 479, 512-513, 540, 586, 909, 988, 989
Gerbold, St., 986
Gerhoh of Reichersburg, 572
Gerona, 400
Germain, St., 531
Germania (Tacitus), 23*
Germans, 12, 13, 23, 25, 30, 38, 41, 43, 80, 89, 90, 202, 321, 444, 453, 454, 471, 492, 509, 510-516, 536, 544, 593, 594, 595, 618, 624, 655, 658, 659, 664, 666, 685, 686, 832, 838, 848, 897, 903
Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, 533
Germany, 12, 81, 208, 236, 320, 328, 384, 387, 391, 393, 400, 417, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 450, 461, 466, 471, 473, 475, 480, 509, 510-516, 525, 531, 532, 534-535, 537, 543, 545, 546-547, 548, 550, 553, 554, 564, 568, 571, 575, 578, 589, 594, 598, 600, 603, 609, 610, 615, 619, 622, 624, 626, 627, 631, 633, 634, 638, 640, 642, 646, 658, 660, 661-665, 686, 688, 690, 695, 714, 715, 716, 717, 722, 724, 756, 760, 763, 765, 766, 768, 770, 774, 784, 801, 809-810, 813, 815, 835, 842, 850, 857, 868, 870, 882, 886, 893, 901, 903, 905, 906, 913, 935, 960, 984, 992, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1033, 1040, 1041, 1045, 1046, 1049