by Will Durant
eastern, 661, 788
southern, 1039
western, 534, 553, 1025
Gershom ben Jehuda, 369, 380, 400-401
Gervase of Canterbury, 884
Gesta Danorum (Absalon of Lund), 1019
Gesta Francorum, 591, 1019
Gesta pontificum (William of Malmesbury), 1019
Gesta regum Anglorum (William of Malmesbury), 1019
Gesta Romanorum, 1019
Geza I, 658
Geza, Prince, 445
Ghassan, 157, 171
Ghazali, al-, 255, 256, 257, 279, 331-333, 405, 406, 911, 954, 957, 963, 1068
Ghazni, 203, 204, 231, 243, 247, 249, 268
Ghent, 466, 474, 476, 618, 623, 640, 642, 648, 685, 886, 888
Gherardesca, Ugolino della, 1073, 1080
Gherardo da Borgo, 809
Ghibellines, 811, 815
Gibbon, Edward, 156*, 239
Gibbs, J. Willard, 995
Gibraltar, 291, 292, 307, 414, 617
Gilbert de la Porree, 476, 479, 945, 950-951
Gilbert, St., 792
Gildas, 81, 575
Gilson, Etienne, 964*
Giotto, 657, 793, 802, 811, 846, 852, 855, 888, 890, 1066, 1082
campanile of, 865
Giovanni da Capistrano, St., 387
Giovanni Pisano, 861-862, 889
Giralda, Seville, 315, 329, 342, 891
Giraldus Cambrensis, see Gerald of Wales
girls, 778, 807, 823, 879, 913, 914, 915
Gisela, daughter of Charlemagne, 466
Gisela, wife of Stephen I, 445
Giudecca, Venice, 711
Giuki, 1033
Giunta Pisano, 854
Glaber, Ralph, 542
gladiatorial shows, 844
Glanville, Ranulf de, 678
Glaser, Eduard, 155*
glass, 275, 286, 311, 318, 440, 624, 836, 849-850, 874, 880, 892, 997
burning, 289
Egyptian and Syrian, 287
enameled, 276, 287, 856
mirrors, 613
Saracen, 318*
stained, 134, 317, 611, 850, 851, 852, 853, 856-857, 872, 875, 878, 879, 882, 884, 886, 887, 891, 892
Venetian, 613
glassmakers, 342, 375, 491, 850
glasses, magnifying, 996
Glastonbury, 491, 752
gleemen, 489, 901, 1054
globe, celestial, 329
Glossa ordinaria (Accursius the elder), 917
Glossary of Drugs (Maimonides), 409
“glossators,” 630, 917
Gloria, 749
Gloucester Cathedral, 871, 882, 883
Glycerius, 42
Gobi Desert, 155, 993
God, 47, 62, 73, 75, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 100, 107, 124, 127, 130, 131, 163, 167, 168, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 192, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 221, 222, 223, 225, 235, 239, 245, 249-250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 265, 266, 269, 305, 324, 331, 332, 334, 337, 353-356, 359, 367-368, 382, 390, 399, 400, 406, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 478, 518, 523, 542, 548, 587, 630, 646, 672, 724, 734, 736, 738, 741, 769, 779, 785, 794, 796, 797, 798, 808, 810, 820, 824, 825, 826, 828, 829, 895, 896, 907, 930, 932, 933, 938, 940, 943, 944, 945, 946, 950, 952, 957-958, 959, 960, 964, 967, 968, 969, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 981, 988, 992, 1003, 1006, 1008, 1009, 1017, 1029, 1041, 1048, 1052, 1056, 1057, 1063, 1067-1068, 1069, 1074, 1077, 1078, 1079
grace of, 68-69, 70, 260, 523, 674, 1065, 1075
knowledge of, 70, 258, 412
love of, 324, 940, 941, 946
nature of, 176, 951
will of, 477, 665, 1004, 1063
wisdom of, 250, 940, 946
word of, 186, 211, 353, 407, 523, 706, 790, 945
Godfrey of Bouillon, 389, 589, 590, 591, 592
Godfrey of Lorraine, 543
gods, 354, 507, 984, 1047
Godgifa (Godiva), 488
Godwin, Earl, 493
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 399, 739, 795, 905, 1039, 1053
goiter, 999
gold, 287, 465, 847, 848, 851, 876
Golden Book of Venice, 710
“Golden Bull,” 658
Golden Fleece, order of, 578
Golden Horde, 656
Golden Horn, 4, 424, 650
Golden Legend (Voragine), 747, 1022, 1053
Goldsmith, Oliver, 159
goldsmiths, 376, 440, 491, 846, 848, 849
goliards, 900, 1025, 1027, 1053
Good Friday, 1028
“good sense,” 327*
Gorm, 502
Goslar, 622, 769, 778
Gospel, 51, 184, 186, 211, 212, 243, 367, 490, 499, 521, 532, 739, 803, 852, 965, 977, 982
Fourth, 15, 749, 776
“Lothaire,” 479
“Vienna,” 466
gospels, apocryphal, 828, 853, 857
Gotha, battle of, 444
Gothic, architecture, 127, 689, 697, 859, 861-894, 895, 897, 899, 949
art, 441
Byzantine-Romanesque, 888
decorated, 883, 884, 885
early English, 883, 885
English, 882-885
flamboyant, 893
French, 874, 875-882, 887, 891, 893
German, 886-887
glass, 882
Italian, 887-890
Northern, 892
perpendicular, 883, 893
Spanish, 890-892
Tuscan, 888, 889, 890
Gothic alphabet, 46
“Gothic War,” no, 456, 519
Goths, 4, 22, 23-25, 27, 36, 39, 42, 46, 47, 80, 86, 87, 99, 100, 109, 110, 115, 150, 434, 446, 456, 458, 507, 510, 579, 605
Gotland, 619, 666
Gottfried of Strasbourg, 905, 1048-1049
Gottschalk, 477, 589
government, 294, 296, 309, 311, 312, 450, 467, 468, 565, 726, 729, 759, 812, 818, 828, 903, 917, 952, 1015, 1016, 1063, 1084
Islamic, 225-227, 442
representative, 504, 641, 679, 758, 1083
in Spain, 700
Visigothic, 370
Gozihr, 142
Gozlin, Bishop of Paris, 474
Gradenigo, Pietro, 709
graduates, university, 929, 930
grammar, 288, 336, 371, 438, 466, 530, 912, 915, 1007
chair of, 914
German, 466
Greek, 1009
Hebrew, 368, 395-396, 1009
Grammar (Priscian), 124
grammarians, 305, 319, 395, 497, 525
Granada, 96, 271, 296, 298, 300, 304, 307, 315, 316, 338, 371, 372, 396, 397, 398, 575, 698
granaries, municipal, 641
Grand Book on Music (al-Farabi), 279
Grand Canal, Venice, 619, 711, 868
“Grand Catalan Company,” 651
Grande Encyclopédie (Diderot), 1016
Gratian, 25, 34, 77, 85, 86, 630, 754-755, 820, 916, 1077
gravitation, 328, 867, 997
Gray, John de, Bishop of Norwich, 674
Great Charter, 677
Great Council of 1254, 678, 679
Great Khan, 608, 656, 993
“Great Russians,” 445, 654
Greco, El, 440, 891
Greece, 3, 19, 27, 38, 44, 76, 118, 129, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 145, 147, 204, 208, 228, 241, 245, 249, 423, 426, 428, 434, 441, 442, 446, 453, 529, 530, 651, 831, 847, 857, 861, 893, 895, 901, 913, 989, 990, 1027, 1085, 1086
rediscovery of, 240, 249-250, 443
greed, 379, 531, 534, 819, 820, 842, 844
Greek Anthology, 124, 437
Greek Church, 811
fire, 424-425, 997
Greeks, 23, 27, 41, 82, 119, 134, 136, 137, 144, 147, 157, 189, 190, 192, 242, 243, 244, 258, 279, 280, 282, 290, 321, 328, 415, 424, 425, 432, 443, 444, 446, 507, 528, 544, 587, 593, 595, 604, 605, 619, 709, 763, 765, 831, 903, 931, 984, 996, 1001, 1002, 1006
Greene, Robert, 1014
Greenland, 502, 504, 508, 510
Gregory I the Great, St., 55, 388, 519-524, 526, 533
-534, 554, 633, 733, 735, 737, 748, 764, 820, 821, 831, 895, 896, 907
Gregory II, St., 426, 535
Gregory III, St., 451
Gregory V, 539
Gregory VI, 540, 545
Gregory VII, St. (Hildebrand), 74, 93, 94, 388, 450, 469, 484, 494, 513-514, 526, 542, 545-551 586, 658, 667, 757, 758, 760, 762, 813, 817, 937
Gregory IX, 370, 388, 393, 607, 612, 631, 655, 716, 719-722, 723, 734, 755, 759, 764, 775, 779-780, 783, 784, 817, 914, 923, 954, 1085
Gregory X, Blessed, 389, 765, 768, 811, 963
Gregory, Bishop of Alexandria, 8
Gregory Nazianzen, St., 55, 62-63, 78, 441, 1028
Gregory of Nyassa, St., 62
Gregory of Tours, St., 91, 92, 349, 856, 1002
“Grey Goose,” 506
grilles, 286, 865
grocer, 620
Grosseteste, Robert, 628, 843, 884, 912, 925, 980, 988, 991, 992, 995, 996, 1006, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1016, 1029
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, 493, 496
Gruoch, wife of Macbeth, 501
Guadalquivir River, 302, 315, 645
Gudrun, 1033
Guelfs, 594, 727, 729, 730, 811
Guesclin, Bertrand du, 563
guesthouses, 829, 921-922
Gui, Bernard, 780, 783
Guibert of Nogent, 541, 639, 745
Guibert, Archbishop of Ravenna, 550
Guide to the Duties of the Heart (Bahya), 910
Guide to the Perplexed (Maimonides), 401-412, 414, 910, 961, 964
Guido, Archbishop of Milan, 457
Guido of Arezzo, 897-898
Guido, Duke of Tuscany, 538
Guido da Polenta, 1065
Guido da Siena, 854
Guido of Vigevano, 989
guilds, 140, 262, 376, 436, 618, 629, 633-637, 640, 648, 649, 700, 708, 727, 729, 730, 752, 753, 826, 831, 841, 847, 854, 863, 864, 893, 917, 920, 1025, 1083
craft, 635-637, 648, 727
English, 634, 826
Flemish, 886
Florentine, 890
student, 917
textile, 826
of women, 826
Guillaume, Durand, 748, 899
Guillaume de Lorris, 1051-1053
Guillaume le Maire, 756
guilt, 736, 816, 820, 1013
Guinevere, 1037, 1045
Guinzelli, Guido, 1057, 1075
Guiscard, Bohemond, 453
Guiscard, Robert, 452, 543, 550, 589, 703, 1078
Guiscard, Roger, 453
Gulistan (Sa’adi), 327
Gundobad, 89-90
Gunnar, 505, 1033
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, 504
gunpowder, 425, 570, 611, 997, 1010-1011, 1015, 1084
Gunther, 1034-1035
Gunthram, 92, 349
Gurgan, 144, 231, 247
Gurnemanz, 1048
Gutenberg, Johann, 277
Guthrum, 483
Guy de Dampierre, 685, 686
Guy de Lusignan, 596, 597, 598, 599
Guyot of Provins, 834
Gyda, wife of Harald Haarfager, 502
gynecological treatises, 404
Haakon the Good, 503
Haakon “the Great Earl,” 503
Haarlem, 640, 686
Habbus, King, 371, 397
habeas corpus, 677, 1083
Habib, ibn, 338
Hadi, al-, 197, 220
Hadith, 211-212, 226, 227, 236, 238, 250, 288, 332
Hadram, al-, 304-305
Hadrian I, 452, 470, 748
Hadrian II, 462, 541
Hadrian IV, 662, 681, 707, 760-761, 952
Hadrian V, 1075
Hadrian, Emperor, 114, 861
Wall of, 108, 501
Hadrianople (Adrianople), 24, 428, 436, 569, 605
Hafiz, 322
Hafsa, 172, 181
Hagar, 161, 216
haggada, 352
Hague, The, 686
Haimon of Normandy, 878
Hainault, 648, 685, 686
Haitham (Alhazen), Muhammad ibn, al-, 244, 249, 288-289, 995, 1011, 1012
Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, al-, 193
Hakam II, 293-294, 304
Hakim, al-, 285, 286, 287, 288, 585
halacha, 185, 352, 353
Halévy, Joseph, 155
Halfdan the Black, 502
Hallaj, Husein al-, 258
Hamadan, 232, 247, 248
Hamburg, 618, 624, 642, 665
Hamdan ibn al-Ashrath (Qarmat), 261-262
Hamdanids, 202
Hamdis, ibn, 291
Hamilton, Sir William, 983
Hammad, 263
Hammadids, 314
Hammer, J. von, 322
Hamza, 169
Hanbal, Ahmad ibn, 226-227, 251
handicrafts, 298, 375-376, 514, 552, 696, 706, 710, 785, 1083
hanging, death by, 378, 392, 393, 707, 778
Hanifa ibn Thabit, Abu, 226
Hanifi, al-, 720
Hanifs, 163
Hanseatic League, 376, 506, 616, 618-619, 620, 633, 654-655, 666, 700
Hanukkah, festival of, 359
Hapsburg counts, 687
Harald Bluetooth, 502, 536
Harald Haarfager, 502-503, 504, 509
Harald Hardrada, 494-495
Harald Harefoot, 493
Harald the Stern, 504
Haram al-Sharif, Al-, Jerusalem, 228
harbors, 666, 994
Harding, St. Stephen, 788, 789
harem, 221-222, 223, 299, 433, 471
Hariri, Abu Muhammad al-, 320
harmony, 847, 899, 1085
Harold II, 493-495, 496, 684, 851, 924
Harran, 239, 253
Harrow, 578
Harthacnut, 493
Hartker, illuminator at St. Gall, 852
Hartmann von Aue, 905, 1049
Harun al-Rashid, 150, 196-200, 201, 203, 207, 208, 220, 221, 222, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 246, 250, 264, 278, 280, 297, 313, 333, 343, 370, 428, 440, 469
Harvey, William, 403
Harz Mountains, 622
Hasan, son of Ali, 192, 193
Hashim, 162, 166
Hashimites, 165, 191, 195, 210
Hastings, battle of, 495, 851
Hater of Beards (Julian), 19
Haura, al-, 596
hawking, 786, 928
Hawqal, ibn, 208, 230, 242, 290-291
Hayy ibn Yaqzan (ibn Tufail), 334-335
Hayyan, Jabir ibn (Gebir), 245, 249, 315, 996
Hazm, Abu Muhammad Ali ibn, 305
heaven, 331, 342, 355, 498, 530, 733, 743, 820, 943, 976*, 978, 1046, 1067-1068, 1070, 1076-1081
heavens, motion of, 991, 1011-1012
observation of, 402-403
Hebrides, 502, 532, 683, 754
Hegira, 166, 372
Heimskringla (Snorri Sturluson), 1032
Heine, Heinrich, 365, 396, 905
Heinrich von Meissen, 1042
Helen of Troy, 1022, 1070
Helena, mother of Constantine I, 5
Helena, wife of Julian the Apostate, 11, 13
hell, 322, 331, 333, 342, 355, 478, 523, 732, 733, 736, 820, 825, 843, 907, 928, 933, 974, 986, 988, 991, 992, 1009, 1028, 1038, 1050, 1058, 1065, 1067, 1068, 1069-1073, 1074, 1080, 1081
heliocentric system, 991
Heliodorus, 1044
Hellenism, 19, 21, 219
Hellespont, 425, 594, 599
Héloïse, 827, 903, 914, 934, 935-938, 942-944, 947, 948, 1018
hemophilia, 357
hemorrhages, 800*
Hengist and Horsa, 80
Henoticon (Zeno), 115, 103
Henri de Mondeville, 1001, 1016
Henry I, King of England, 571, 625, 668, 669
laws of, 676
Henry I “the Fowler,” Holy Roman Emperor, 511, 660
Henry I, King of France, 480
Henry II, King of England, 377, 392, 598, 626, 640, 670-674, 678, 679, 681-684, 689, 690, 761, 768, 784, 828, 987, 1042, 1075
<
br /> Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, 445
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, St., 400, 513, 766
Henry III, King of England, 378, 392, 567, 628, 677, 678, 683, 684, 693, 695, 817, 861, 883, 885
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, 513, 540, 543, 571, 658, 660, 778, 1020
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 389, 453, 480, 494, 513-514, 545, 546, 548-550, 586, 589, 658, 661, 662, 663, 667
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, 514, 661, 760
Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, 661
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 663, 673, 705, 714, 761, 778, 1041, 1063-1064
Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, 664
Henry VIII, King of England, 427, 678
Henry, Abbot of Clairvaux, 821
Henry of Aragon, 909
Henry, Bishop of Strasbourg, 784
Henry, Bishop of Uppsala, St., 659
Henry, brother of Otto I, 511
Henry, brother of Otto IV, 715
Henry, Count of Burgundy, 701
Henry of Ghent, 958
Henry of Huntingdon, 681
Henry the Lion, 861
Henry, Archbishop of Mainz, 391
Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, 723
Henry, Count of Schwerin, 666
Henry, son of Frederick II, 715, 716, 722
Henry, son of Henry II (England), 672
Heraclea, 436, 453
Heracleides Ponticus, 991
Heracleitus, 353*, 1070
Heraclius, father of Emperor Heraclius, 423-424
Heraclius, 140, 147, 149, 151, 189, 389, 423-425, 430, 433, 434, 437, 440, 524
heraldry, 342, 562, 669, 835
Herat, 191, 232, 268, 276, 278, 308, 312, 339
mosque of, 274
herbals, 853, 997
heresy, 46-50, 249, 276, 301, 335, 338, 374, 410, 413, 415, 478, 525, 528-530, 543, 564, 567, 722, 725, 734, 755, 769-785, 790, 801-3, 824, 922, 923, 926, 930, 940, 945, 946, 956, 957-958, 967, 974, 977, 1000
Albigensian, 373, 415, 764, 769-776, 923, 954
Arian, 771
Bogomil, 444
Catharist, 773
Florentine, 783
Jewish, 367
Moslem, 257-262, 312
Paterine, 708
Pelagian, 533
Waldensian, 708
Herion, 130
Herman of Salza, 715
Hermandad de Castilla, 699
Herman, Bishop of Bamberg, 548
Hermann, Archbishop of Cologne, 390
Hermann, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1047
Hermann, Bishop of Metz, 547
Hero of Alexandria, 240, 912, 990, 1009
Hero and Leander (Musaeus), 124
Herodotus, 126, 161, 238, 989
“Heroic” cycle, 498
Heroides (Ovid), 1018, 1085