by Will Durant
herring, 837
fisheries, 618
trade, 645
Hertford, Synod of, 487
Hesiod, 10
Hethum I, 652
Hexaemeron (Ambrose), 1008
Hexham, church at, 491
Hezekiah, 1078
Hibbur ha-meshihah (Abraham ben Hiyya), 403, 911
Hierapolis, 145, 146, 147
Higden, Ranulf, 682
highways, 465, 621, 839
Hilarius, 1029
Hilary, Bishop of Aries, St., 50
Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers, St., 57, 135, 747
Hildebert, Archbishop of Mainz, 511
Hildebert of Lavardin, 1018, 1023-1024, 1025, 1027
Hildebrand, see Gregory VII Hildegarde of Bingen, St., 809-810, 998
Hildesheim, 514, 516, 960
Cathedral, 909
Hillel, 226, 351, 362, 419
Hillel II, 347
Himilco, 82
Himyarites, 119, 146, 156
Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, 403, 474, 477, 526, 531, 633, 880
Hinnom, 355*
Hipparchus, 242
Hippo, 38, 67, 74, 289
Hippocrates, 121, 240, 408, 910, 912, 923, 1070
Hippodrome, Constantinople, 5, 6, 14, 105
Hira, 157, 171, 188, 189
Hisham, 195, 263, 292, 303
Hisham II, 294, 306
Hisham III, 296
Hisham, ibn, 237
Histoire de St. Louis (Joinville), 1020-1021
Historia Britonum (Geoffrey), 1019, 1045
Historia calamitatum mearum (Abélard), 937, 942, 944
Historia ecclesiastica (Ordericus Vitalis), 1019
Historia rerum in partibus transmarinus gestarum (William of Tyre), 1020
historians, 125-126, 305, 319, 429, 495, 501, 698, 795, 804, 987, 991, 1015, 1084
Byzantine, 312
French, 697, 1020
Latin, 1019
Moslem, 237-239, 302, 304
history, 73, 249, 315, 329, 333, 343, 352, 368, 372, 438, 478, 497, 807, 808, 894, 1015, 1016, 1022, 1083, 1084
Biblical, 1032
Egyptian, 285
European, 1020
fictional, 1019
Islamic, 1020
monastic, 804
Norse, 1032
Spanish, 698
History of Animals (Aristotle), 912
History of the Church (Socrates), 125
History of the Franks (Gregory), 94
History of the Goths (Cassiodorus), 99
History of India (al-Biruni), 243-244
History of the Jewish Kings in the Second Commonwealth (Abraham ibn David), 407
History of Latin Christianity (Milman) 694*
History of the Lombards (Paul the Deacon), 451
History Against the Pagans (Orosius), 30
History of the Philosophers (al-Qifti), 322
History of the Roman Empire (Zosimus), 125
Hitler, Adolf, 480, 759
Hittin, 597, 598
Hobbes, Thomas, 253, 1082
“hocus-pocus,” 749*
Hohenstaufens, 594, 661, 665, 726, 816
Holinshed, Raphael, 674
Holland, 473, 663, 886
Holy Ghost, 528, 529, 739, 950
Holy Grail, 1019, 1045, 1046, 1047-1048
Holy Land, 54, 343, 602, 606, 612, 792
Holy Lavra, monastery of, Mt. Athos, 530
Holy Roman Empire, 468, 469-470, 479-480, 511, 512, 687, 690, 698, 707, 726, 1062
Holy Sepulcher, 147, 389, 585, 587, 1028
Church of, 228, 440, 716
Holy Week, 385, 393, 752, 896
holydays, 358-359, 402, 559, 751, 841, 863
Holyrood, 683
Homer, 10, 33, 268, 325, 507, 975, 1044, 1070
homes, 271-272, 382, 420, 432, 643, 680-681, 786, 835-839, 847
for the aged, 433
homosexuality, 113, 220, 341, 821
Horns, see Emesa
honor, 360, 563, 575, 578, 701, 829, 1084
Honoratus, St., 57
Honoria, 40, 41
Honorius I, Emperor, 26-28, 29, 31, 33, 35-37, 41, 56, 64, 67, 70, 80, 126
Honorius I, Pope, 383, 524-525
Honorius III, Pope, 479, 715, 716, 764, 775, 799, 803, 846, 956
Honorius, Bishop of Autun, 994, 1055
Horace, 323, 915, 1018, 1070, 1085, 1086
Horairah, Abu, 173
Hormizd II, 143
Hormizd IV, 146
horns, hunting, 840
horoscopes, 988
horse racing, 433, 840
horses, 157, 298, 559
bronze, 455
hospices, 78, 433, 693, 839, 921-922, 927
Hospitalers, 593, 597, 598, 601, 602, 610, 713
hospitality, 379, 495, 518, 818, 839
hospitals, 78, 246, 293, 311, 330, 379, 433, 435, 531, 636, 652, 693, 785, 807, 831, 837, 998, 1001-1002
European, 1084
foundling, 330, 824
leper, 794, 1002
hostages, 723, 724
Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, 921
houris, 179, 185
hours, canonical, 807
of labor, 647, 864
House of Lords, 676*
“House of Wisdom,” Baghdad, 240, 911
Hrothgar, 490
Hroswitha, 515, 1027
Hruodland, see Roland
Hubert de Romans, 768
Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, 926
Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, St., 537
Hugh Capet, 475, 479-480, 540
Hugh, Cardinal, 548
Hugh the Great, 475
Hugh of Lincoln, St., 392
Hugh de Payens, 593
Hugh Primas, 1025
Hugh of St. Victor, 750, 808, 958
Hulagu, 310, 340
humanism, 719, 724, 894, 1086
Humboldt, Alexander von, 1005
Hume, David, 332, 817, 931, 983
Humiliati, 769
humility, 803, 1006-1007, 1060, 1075
humor, 786, 838, 934, 1029, 1055, 1067
Hunain ibn Ishaq, 240, 246, 910, 911
Hundred Years’ War, 90, 565, 882, 894
Huneric, 41
Hungary, 37, 38, 43, 387, 444-445, 513, 535, 537, 603, 607, 612, 622, 658-659, 663, 664, 760, 762, 801, 810, 864, 892, 903
Huns, 4, 24, 25, 26, 36, 38-41, 80, 339, 443, 445, 446, 579, 614, 659, 906, 1035
Kotrigur, 116
White, 144
Hunt, Leigh, 261
hunting, 505, 666, 691, 720, 786, 840, 1005
husbandry, 702, 925, 1005
Husein, son of Ali, 193, 217, 228, 252
Hushiel, Rabbi, 269
Husri, 307
Huss, John, 74, 784, 1082
hydromancy, 987
hygiene, 356, 409, 807, 835, 1001, 1003
“Hymn to a King’s Son,” (Julian), 15
hymns, 264, 384, 476, 749-751, 895, 896, 1026, 1027, 1085, 1086
Hypatia, 61, 62, 122-123, 125, 319
Hypatius, 105-106
Hywel the Good, 496
Iacobus de Mandra, 916, 918
Iacopo d’Alemannia, 888
Iacopo da Lentino, 1056
Iacopo de Vorágine, 1022
Iamblichus, 9
Iblis, 177, 1068
Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, 280
Ibrahim, son of Mohammed, 172
Ibrahim, son of Walid I, 195
Iceland, 81, 447, 497, 502, 504, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 666, 899, 1031-1036
iconography, Byzantine, 134
Iconoclasts, 425-427, 437, 439, 441, 528, 845, 846, 853, 858
Id al-Fitr, 215
Ideal City (al-Farabi), 253
idolatry, 261, 270, 274, 410, 732
Idrisi, 229, 230, 329, 703, 704
Ifriqiya, 283, 285
ignorance, 96, 442, 470, 579, 1015, 1083
Île de France, 480-481, 869, 876, 882
Iliad (Homer), 1
34, 269, 270, 1081
illiteracy, 465, 578, 788, 801, 908
Illuminati, 289
illumination, 133-134, 277, 278, 466, 492, 499, 501, 853
Illyricum, 3, 86, 446
images, 356, 425-428, 467, 524, 527, 528, 531, 769, 846, 858
Imago mundi (Pierre d’Ailly), 1010
imam, 213
Imans, 217, 261, 265, 284
Immaculate Conception, 747, 973*
immigration, 371, 446, 660, 683
immorality, 547, 764, 784, 806, 946
immortality, 324, 331, 332, 355, 407, 413, 415, 478, 954-955, 959, 964*, 971, 981, 1057, 1068
immunities, clerical, 671, 927
imprisonment, 113-114, 393, 431, 473, 568, 676, 722, 777, 781, 782, 783
Imru’lqais, 159
In Praise of Baldness (Synesius), 61
In Praise of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Albertus Magnus), 961
incantations, 416, 417, 742, 985
Incarnation, 735, 933, 964, 980, 1069
incest, 416, 528, 822, 824
income, 465, 765, 767, 813
incontinence, 460, 541, 1075, 1076
incubation, artificial, 994
independence, 293, 472, 637, 699, 701
Index of Forbidden Books, 163
Index of the Sciences (al-Nadim), 238
India, 49, 108, 118, 119, 134, 138, 140, 143, 145, 150, 156, 157, 161, 203, 204, 206, 208, 219, 230, 231*, 238, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 258, 270, 271, 272, 273, 279, 282, 285, 310, 326, 343, 376, 397, 542, 616, 910, 989, 992, 1010, 1054, 1082
north, 156*
northwest, 196
India (al-Biruni), 242
Indian Ocean, 119, 283, 404
individualism, 195, 365, 810, 854
individuation, principle of, 968-969, 977, 981
“Indo-European” peoples, 156*
inductive method, 981
indulgences, 611-612, 621, 739-740, 753, 760, 764, 767, 774, 784, 863, 945
Indus River, 144, 196, 244, 339
Industrial Revolution, 560, 637
industry, 298, 308, 315, 371, 375, 429, 432, 445, 454, 456, 487, 552, 560, 565, 621-625, 642, 649, 652, 685, 686, 696, 710, 712, 731, 767, 816, 845, 915, 949, 975, 976, 1015
Aragonese, 701
Byzantine, 435, 436
English, 669
Flemish, 613
of Florence, 728
Islamic, 207
Italian, 613
of monks, 753
Persian, 140
socialistic, 792
treatise on, 359
Venetian, 710
Ine, King, 634
Ineffabilis amor (Boniface VIII), 813
infanticide, 76-77, 180, 504, 505, 824, 844
infection, 357, 1001, 1003
Inferno (Dante), 1067, 1068, 1076
infinity, 977
inflections, 903-904
Ingeborg, wife of Philip II, 689
Ingelheim, 466, 473, 476
inks, 906
colored, 852
inlay, 287, 848, 849, 908
Innocent I, St., 69-70
Innocent II, 702, 707, 756, 760, 791, 946-947
Innocent III, 74, 377, 388, 469, 541, 546, 551, 567, 568, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 617, 631, 632, 659, 674, 675, 677, 689, 698, 708, 714-715, 716, 758, 759, 761-764, 767, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775, 777, 778, 779, 792, 793, 798, 799, 801, 805, 806, 808, 811, 817, 825, 843, 897*, 920, 955, 1002, 1085
Innocent IV, 388, 607, 608, 612, 632, 652, 658, 723-725, 759, 765, 781, 817, 850, 919, 925, 993
Inns of Court, 924
Inquisition, 388, 402, 410, 416, 676, 680, 692, 721, 755, 764, 765, 769-784, 785, 802, 803, 816, 956, 958, 986, 988, 1000, 1083
insane, 330, 1002
Institutes (Justinian), 699
Institutiones (Tribonian et al.), 112
Institutiones divinarum (Cassiodorus), 99
instruments, 901, 1008, 1010
astronomical, 305, 991
musical, 279-280, 342, 499, 901
surgical, 1001
insurance, 629, 635
disability, 766
intarsia, 849
interdict, 639, 671, 675, 689, 707, 716, 723, 727, 755-756, 762, 763, 774, 812
interest, 436
forbidden, 377, 378, 631
on loans, 627, 628, 630-633, 975
rates, 120, 385, 632
remission of, 377
intestines, burning of, 1003
intolerance, 373, 387, 784, 1083
intoxication, 323, 837
intubation, 1001
Introduction to the Categories of Aristotle (Porphyry), 99
Introduction to the History of Science (Sarton), 239*
invasions, 290, 293, 456, 492, 560, 579, 775, 843, 913
Anglo-Saxon, 533
barbarian, 444, 453, 510, 633, 727, 728, 854, 895, 984
of Britain, 501
Danish, 483, 486, 492
Germanic, 497, 499, 532, 552
Lombard, 451, 453, 520
Mongol, 653, 654, 657, 658, 1003
Moslem, 458
Norman, 472, 552, 626
Pict, 501
inventions, 1010, 1015
investiture, 513-514, 546-548, 564, 661, 760, 551
Iona, 499, 532, 534
Ionic order, 128, 129
Iran, see Persia
Iraq, 136, 152, 157, 188, 191, 192, 207, 210, 226, 227, 232, 317, 348, 366, 397
Ireland, 80, 81, 82-84, 89, 447, 465, 466, 473, 493, 495, 496-501, 502, 510, 534, 670, 675, 681-683, 735, 748, 761, 832, 841, 984, 992
Irene, Empress, 197, 198, 200, 427, 827
Irnerius, 630, 754, 916
iron, 847, 848
irrigation, 202, 206, 646
Isa, Ali ibn, 246
Isaac I Comnenus, 431
Isaac II Angelus, 603, 604
Isaac the Blind, 417
Isaac ibn Ezra, 397, 398
Isaac Israeli, 403, 405, 911, 963, 1006
Isaac Judaeus, 910
Isaac ben Meir, 401
Isaac ben Mordecai, 404
Isaac of Cordova, St., 301
Isaac of Syria, St., 62
Isaiah, 176, 965
Book of, 398
Isabel of Gloucester, 674
Isabel, St., Queen of Portugal, 702
Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 315
Isabella of Angoulême, 674
Isabella, wife of Frederick II, 719
Isabella, wife of Philip II, 687
Isabelle, wife of Edward II, 90
Isbahan ibn Qara, 331
Isauria, 425
Iseult, 1049
Isfahan, 148, 203, 232, 248, 263, 294, 309, 312, 384, 385
Isfahani, al-, 263, 294
Ishaq, Hunain ibn, 240, 246, 910, 911
Ishaq, son of al-Mawsili, 280
Ishaq, Muhammad ibn, 163, 237
Isidore, architect, 130, 131*
Isidore of Seville, 95-96, 738, 907, 1077
Isidorus Mercator, 525
Isis, 75, 746
Islah al-majisti (ibn Aflah), 329
Islam, 122, 137, 151, 153-344, 347, 356, 366, 367, 372, 375, 393, 402, 403, 405, 408, 414, 431, 432, 434, 450, 454, 465, 468, 529, 530, 554, 586, 594, 603, 607, 610, 612, 613, 614, 616, 617, 622, 642, 651, 652, 654, 655, 721, 738, 769, 798, 831, 840, 901, 906, 913, 919, 932, 955, 966, 977, 982, 984, 987, 989, 991, 999, 1023, 1054, 1068
Eastern, 210, 235-281, 317, 319, 320, 338, 368, 405, 442, 989
Spanish, 241, 291-307
Western, 282-307, 334
Ismaili doctrine, 261, 262, 282, 289, 309
Isolde, 1037
Israel, 161, 229, 353, 355, 364, 366, 396, 398-399, 410
Eastern, 411
Israfel, 178
Istakhr, see Persepolis
Italica, 96
Italian-Byzantine school, 855
Italians, 241, 606, 628, 817
Italy, 3, 4, 11, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42-43, 47, 55, 56, 57,
80, 83, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100, 107, 109, 110-111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 128, 130, 132, 145, 147, 208, 209, 236, 264, 342, 349, 369, 376, 383, 384, 387, 393, 397, 403, 404, 423, 426, 443, 444, 445, 450, 451-458, 402, 464, 466, 473, 491, 510, 511-513, 515, 519, 520, 528, 530, 531, 537, 539, 547, 549, 550, 552, 553, 554, 563, 571, 575, 578, 586, 615, 616, 619, 622, 624, 627, 632, 633, 638, 642, 646, 648-649, 651, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 694, 697, 705, 725-727, 762, 766, 769, 771, 774, 779, 782, 783, 788, 791, 792, 798, 799, 808, 809, 812, 831, 840, 841, 847, 851, 854, 856, 862, 870, 876, 882, 887-890, 892, 894, 901, 903, 904-905, 906, 908, 913, 916, 919, 920, 932, 945, 951, 958, 961, 963, 990, 991, 1001, 1003, 1006, 1039, 1042, 1044, 1045, 1056, 1057, 1062, 1063, 1074, 1080, 1081
Byzantine, 845
central, 290, 451, 452, 525, 830, 888
eastern, 451, 553
Greek, 544
Norman, 431, 452-453, 703-705
northern, 514, 520, 550, 553, 554, 638, 724, 783, 801, 809, 888, 956, 1057, 1062
Ostrogothic, 97-102
pre-Renaissance, 703-731
Renaissance, 187, 249, 341, 1085, 1086
southern, 290, 403, 432, 440, 443, 554, 621, 663, 664, 716, 725, 761, 783, 831, 832, 912, 919, 956, 998
Ither, 1048
Itil, 446, 447
Itinerarium mentis in Deum (Bonaventura), 959
Ivan-i-Kharka, 148
Ivo, St., Bishop of Chartres, 806, 914
ivory, 133, 846, 847, 849
Iwein (Chrétien), 1049
Jabrites, 217
Jacob ben Machir Tibbon, 415
Jacob ben Meir, 410
Jacob ibn Ezra, 397
Jacob ibn Tibbon, 910
Jacopone da Todi, 750, 897*
Jacqueries, 869
Jacques de Vitry, 768, 927
Jafar, 199, 207, 233, 278
Mosque of, 273
Jafariya, 201
Jaffa, 592, 600, 601, 607, 608
Jagatai, 339
Jahiz, Othman Amr al-, 245
Jahwar, ibn, 296
Jaime I, see James I
Jalubi, 315
James I, King of Aragon, 373, 402, 404, 698-699, 701, 783
James II, King of Aragon, 979, 1000
James, St., 458
bones of, 752
Jamshid, 269
Janda, Lake, 97
Japan, 140, 149, 263, 272, 910, 993
Japheth, 370*
Jarrow, 483, 488
Jassas, ibn al-, 209
Jauhar, 286
Jean de Meung (Clopinel), 944, 1052-1053, 1055
Jean d’Orbais, 880
Jean le Texier, 878, 879
Jean Petit, 952
Jeanne of Navarre, 647
Jeanne of Toulouse, 776
Jehuda Halevi, see Khazari, al-
Jehuda Hanasi, 211, 351, 352*, 364
Jehuda ibn Daud Chayuj, 396
Jehuda ibn Ezra, 373
Jenghiz Khan, 339-340, 655
Jerome, St., 45, 57-55, 57, 59, 69, 72, 78, 135, 348, 522, 526, 901, 908, 1018
Jerome of Ascoli, 1014
Jerusalem, 45, 59, 132, 147, 151, 156, 166, 169, 183, 185, 190, 194, 216, 218, 228, 229, 230, 270, 273, 285, 289, 319, 338, 341, 348, 350, 355*, 359, 366, 385, 389, 399, 424, 431, 440, 458, 469, 585, 586, 590, 591, 592, 593, 595, 597, 598, 600, 601, 602, 607, 608, 715, 716, 752, 754, 865, 874, 909, 1019, 1044, 1068