by Will Durant
Peloponnesus (Morea), 27, 118, 434, 651
Pembroke, Richard de Clare, Earl of, 682
Pembroke, William Marshal, Earl of, 677
penalties, 113-114, 374, 567, 620, 662, 820, 825, 829, 830, 844, 1075
ecclesiastical, 755
feudal, 568
for heresy, 782-783
professorial, 917
penance, 415, 543, 735, 738, 739, 764, 821, 824, 974, 985
penitential days, 359
formulas, 824
Penitentials, 739, 821
penny, 626
Pentateuch, 184, 350, 353, 356, 367, 377, 383, 409, 410, 416, 939
Pentecost, 75, 358, 751
Pepin I, 460
Pepin II, 461, 534
Pepin III the Short, 261, 292, 452, 463, 525, 662
Pepin, son of Charlemagne, 471
Pepin, King of Aquitaine, 472, 473
Pepo, 916
Perceval, 1019, 1045, 1046, 1047
Perceval le Gallois (Chrétien), 1045
Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, 948
Pereyaslavl, 653, 656
perfecti, 771
Perfectus, 300, 301
Périgueux, churches at, 868
Peri stephanon (Clemens), 56
perjury, 569, 755, 829, 928
Perotinus, 899
perpetual-motion machine, 996
persecution, 282, 285, 289, 348, 349, 364, 366, 370, 373, 389, 395, 415, 418, 427, 428, 440, 528, 533, 769, 784, 945, 1015
Persepolis, 136, 142, 148, 149
Persia, 3, 13, 17, 19-20, 22, 49, 108, 110, 118, 119, 128, 129, 136-152, 155, 156, 157, 171, 185, 188, 195, 196, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 219, 224, 225, 230, 232, 238, 240, 245, 247, 249, 251-252, 258, 264, 267-270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279, 310, 315, 317, 329, 340, 341, 343, 348, 366, 369, 389, 404, 423, 424, 441, 442, 572, 616, 769
eastern, 200
northeastern, 217
Sasanian, 136-150, 238, 309, 343, 441
western, 136
Persian Gulf, 151, 155, 203, 207, 208, 616, 993
Persians, 4, 20, 22, 89, 116, 136-152, 186*, 190, 192, 195, 202, 208, 216, 225, 243, 251-252, 264, 269, 270, 275, 280, 292, 318, 328, 348, 423, 424, 425, 446, 451, 874, 876
Persis, 142
Persons, three, 940, 969
Perspectiva communis (John Peckham), 995
perspective, 925, 995, 1008
Perugia, 706, 708, 761, 793, 795, 809, 815, 888, 998
Peruzzi family, 628, 889
Pessinus, 18
pestilences, 836, 1003
Petachya of Ratisbon, 404
Peter of Abano, 956, 988
Peter Asen, 657
Peter of Blois, 958
Peter of Castelnau, 774, 803
Peter Damian, St., 542, 735, 768, 787, 907, 1018, 1023, 1068, 1078
Peter I the Great, 1082
Peter the Hermit, 585, 589
Peter of Ireland, 961
Peter Lombard, 953, 965, 966-967, 1009, 1077
Peter Martyr (Piero da Verona), St., 783
Peter of Montreuil, 694
Peter, Prior of Holy Trinity, 736
Peter, St., 53, 84, 523, 526, 739, 1079
Peter of St. Omer, 997
Peter the Venerable, 390, 786, 911, 944, 946-947
Peter’s Pence, 767, 1041
Peterborough Cathedral, 871, 884
Peterhouse, Cambridge, 926
Petit, Jean, 952
Petrarch, 126, 1037, 1039, 1081, 1082, 1085, 1086
Petronilla, Queen, 698
Petronius Arbiter, 41, 1018
Petrus Hispanus, 999-1000, 1005, 1009, 1016
Petrus Peregrinus, 996, 1016
Phaedo (Plato), 912
Phantasticus (Lully), 979
Pharisees, 350, 367
pharmacology, 245-246, 403, 999
Pheidias, 5, 10, 133
Philip I, 541, 589, 668, 688
Philip II Augustus, 393, 548, 564, 599, 602, 606, 611, 672, 673, 674, 675, 677, 685, 688-690, 691, 695, 715, 738, 756, 766, 774, 825, 1085
Philip III, 1075
Philip IV the Fair, 393, 566, 568, 610, 615, 644, 648, 680, 685, 694*, 695-697, 729, 756, 766, 782, 812-816, 821, 823, 1052, 1085
Philip VI, 696, 986
Philip, Count of Flanders, 778, 1045
Philip of Swabia, Holy Roman Emperor, 763
Philo Judaeus, 240, 250, 416
philology, 305, 368, 395, 396, 437, 528, 1006
philosopher’s stone, 245, 996
philosophers, 264, 294, 314, 319, 332, 335, 479, 530, 531-532, 724, 731, 818, 867, 927, 930
Christian, 1077
French, 882
Greek, 244, 258, 283, 1008
Islamic, 300, 337-338, 719, 919
Jewish, 405-407, 954
scholastic, 402, 951, 1009
philosophy, 121-124, 267, 286, 294, 305, 312, 320, 322, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 338, 341, 371, 372, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 406-408, 409, 414, 415, 416, 418, 437, 438, 477, 515, 517, 528, 567, 719-720, 802, 807, 808, 821, 844, 876, 879, 899, 903, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 920, 923, 926, 930, 931, 934, 935, 938, 939, 945, 949-983, 984, 988, 989, 1008, 1012, 1014, 1015, 1027, 1052, 1057, 1058, 1062, 1067, 1083-1086
Arabic, 257, 334, 337-338, 406, 910, 913, 961, 982, 1068
Byzantine, 121-124
Catholic, 341
Greek, 123, 241, 251, 252, 253, 254, 405, 477, 893, 911, 931, 953
Islamic, 240, 249-257, 335, 336, 342, 343, 403, 982, 1006
Jewish, 255, 402, 405-401, 910
Renaissance, 724
scholastic, 697, 756, 803, 877, 913, 921, 933, 939, 949, 953, 960
Thomistic, 967-978
Phlegyas, 1071
phylacteries, 356
Phocas, 147, 423, 424
Photius, 429, 438, 439, 526, 528, 529
Phrygian mode, 895
phylarchs, 157
physicians, 291, 304, 319, 330, 370, 710, 757, 826, 833, 956, 986, 987, 997, 999, 1002
Christian, 612
court, 371
Jewish, 370, 373, 387-388, 403, 404, 612, 1084
Moslem, 245, 246, 247, 612, 720, 1001, 1084
physics, 328, 329, 336, 911, 912, 925, 990, 994, 995, 1009, 1010
Physics (Aristotle), 240, 253, 405, 912, 925, 954, 966
Physiognomia (Michael Scot), 988
Physiologus, 1005
Piacenza, 42, 616, 662, 712, 770, 996
Council of, 431, 549, 586
University of, 919
Pico della Mirandola, 418
Picts, 22, 80, 489, 501
pictures, 426, 807, 864, 880
Pierleoni family, 706, 760
Piero delle Vigne, 717-719, 724, 962, 1056
Pierre de Bruys, 778
Pierre de Dreux (Mauclerc), Duke of Brittany, 880
Pierre de Montereau, 877, 882
Pierrefonds, 892
Piers Plowman, 585
piety, 267, 294, 336, 356, 358, 389, 416, 431, 433, 467, 471, 527, 736, 804, 810, 822, 844, 896, 944, 1022
pigments, 997
pilgrimage, 215-216, 259, 266, 333, 458, 752-753, 783, 806, 877, 878, 884, 992, 1069
pilgrims, 404, 530, 542, 767, 839, 867, 871, 1002
pillage, 290, 339, 379, 391, 444, 445, 474, 475, 500, 639, 906
pillar hermits, 60
Pinturicchio, 889
“pious frauds,” 828, 844
pipe rolls, 980*
piracy, 290, 436, 465, 506, 509
pirates, 450, 454, 471, 474, 496, 510, 614, 618, 619
Pirke Aboth, 363
Pisa, 404, 448, 457, 474, 586, 592, 602, 612, 616, 617, 638, 663, 705, 707, 713, 729, 756, 779, 854, 861, 862, 863, 868, 989, 990, 1064, 1073, 1080
Campo Santo, 862
Cathedral, 457, 855
Pisani family, 628
Pistoia, 854, 862, 1062, 1080
Cathedral, 848
Placidia, 41
plague, 116, 423, 435, 520, 558, 716, 1003, 1019
planets, 305, 337, 353*, 985, 991, 1005, 1077, 1078
planisphere, 244
planting and reaping, 789
plants, 797, 853, 860, 987, 994, 997-998, 1005, 1016
Plato, 9, 16, 65, 66, 70, 73, 122, 123, 138, 240, 250, 251, 335, 381, 406, 477, 506, 784, 820, 912, 931, 933, 941, 949, 950, 959, 965, 971, 1014, 1052, 1070
Plato of Tivoli, 911
playing cards, 838
plays, 701, 752, 840, 841, 1027, 1029
pleurisy, 471
plica polonica, 1003
Pliny, 31, 87, 238, 502, 994, 1005, 1008, 1016, 1017
Pliska, 443
Plotinus, 9, 66, 122, 255
Pneumatics (Philo of Byzantium), 240
Po River, 40, 451, 616, 645, 646, 708, 710, 712, 714
podestas, 662, 708, 729, 730, 797
Poema del Cid, 1031
poetry, 157, 160, 263-270, 286, 288, 290, 292, 297, 312, 334, 342, 371, 372, 395, 429, 467, 515, 531, 576, 579, 650, 684, 701, 736, 747, 752, 818, 901, 915, 964, 1022, 1036, 1056-1062, 1065-1081, 1085
allegorical, 1051
Anglo-Saxon, 489-491
French, 925
Gallic, 85-86
German, 466, 515
Hebrew, 384, 396-400, 1023
Icelandic, 508
Irish, 497-499
Latin, 466, 1022, 1023, 1027
love, 563, 750, 979, 1036, 1057, 1061, 1068, 1085
Moslem, 159-160, 263-270, 300, 306-307, 320, 342, 343
Persian, 267-270, 319-328
Portuguese, 702
pre-Islamic, 259
religious, 325, 384
troubadour, 577, 578
poets, 157, 263-270, 279, 291, 293, 294, 297, 304, 306-307, 309, 312, 319, 340, 371, 372, 395, 396, 495, 497, 576, 579, 666, 673, 701, 731, 827, 903, 1019, 1036, 1056-1058
Christian, 1068
German, 575, 905, 1039
Goliardic, 1025
French, 882
Islamic, 159-160, 319-323, 320
Italian, 1057
love, 907, 1057
Norse, 507-509
Roman, 515
pogroms, 370, 372, 385, 390, 391, 392, 393, 401, 660
Balkan, 657
Poitiers, 85, 91, 94, 292, 577, 643, 851, 951
Poitou, 393, 675, 690
Poland, 375, 391, 535, 537, 619, 658-660, 663, 832, 903, 1003
Poles, 445, 657, 659, 661
police, 820, 930
politics, 371, 433, 438, 528, 775, 786, 1032
ecclesiastical, 828
Italian, 811
papal, 521, 524-527
Shia, 254
Politics (Aristotle), 912, 966, 974
Pollentia, 27, 31, 41
polo, 841
Polo, Andrea, 993
Maffeo, 993
Marco, 242, 309, 318, 404, 710, 993
Niccolò, 993
Polycraticus (John of Salisbury), 951-952
polygamy, 93-94, 137, 172, 179, 181, 183, 222, 348, 362, 380, 503, 505, 530
polyphony, 899-900
polytheism, 83, 260, 261, 341, 354, 456, 932
Pomerania, 510, 659, 660
Pontine Marshes, 98
poor (class), 299, 378, 379, 427, 430, 433, 451, 454, 464, 465, 472, 480, 484, 487, 506, 521, 560, 575, 640, 648, 652, 654, 660, 671, 691, 785, 803, 1002
“Poor Catholics,” 770
Poor Clares, 805, 806
Poor Men of Lyons, 770, 780
Poore, Richard, 806, 885
poorhouses, 379
Pope, Arthur Upham, 270*, 274*
Popes, 50-51, 349, 365, 388-389, 440, 452, 456, 459, 467, 468, 512, 513, 515, 521, 524-527, 528, 533, 537-538, 543, 544, 547, 564, 566, 572, 638, 657, 663, 677, 678, 697, 703, 706-708, 714, 717, 721, 722, 727, 728, 729, 731, 739, 754, 756, 758, 759, 763, 767, 768, 779, 782, 786, 790, 791, 802, 803, 810-812, 815, 831, 845, 862, 930, 968, 988, 1000, 1012, 1041, 1062, 1067, 1068, 1072, 1085
population, growth of, 642
pork, 357, 837
Porphyry, 99, 240, 932, 938
Port Royal, convent of, 805
Portinari, Folco, 729, 1059, 1065
Portiuncula, Assisi, 798, 799, 801
portolani, 994
portraiture, 276, 319
ports, 290, 434, 436, 448, 454, 465, 616, 617, 651, 700, 708
Portugal, 701-702, 762, 869, 919
post, 225-226, 299, 621-622
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 911, 912, 925
potatoes, 837
pottery, 150, 270, 275, 278, 287, 318, 339, 342, 432, 441, 624, 686, 849, 997
“pound sterling,” 619, 626
poverty, 79, 347, 359, 378, 405, 423, 450, 456, 459, 495, 519, 552, 579, 647, 649, 656, 732, 769, 788, 794, 798, 799, 801, 803, 804, 805, 808, 831, 854, 894, 903, 1083
evangelical, 770, 785, 793, 959
Islamic, 343
Jewish, 939
power, 293, 295, 338, 469, 475, 513, 525, 547, 662, 690, 795, 814, 832, 1062
Arab, 282
Bulgarian, 430
French, 876
German, 661
of Greek Empire, 431-437
imperial, 513, 547
Mongol, 993
Norman, 705
Samanid, 247
Pozzuoli, 716
Practica chirurgiae (Roger of Salerno), 1000
Practica oculorum (Benvenutus Grassus), 403
Practica geometriae (Leonardo Fibonaca), 990
Praetextatus, 32-33, 34, 50
Pragmatic Sanction, 694
Prague, 660, 664
Praxiteles, 133, 861
prayer, 212-214, 259, 356, 382, 383, 518, 527, 738, 742-748, 769, 785, 799, 807, 943, 947, 955, 976, 986, 1021, 1022
Prayer Book for Roisterers, 900
preaching, 795, 798, 802, 803
precarium, 553
predestinarianism, 252, 477
predestination, 177, 249, 250, 976, 1078
pregnancy, 360
prelates, 391, 427, 433, 461, 473, 475, 511, 513, 526, 579, 675, 682, 718, 799, 811, 849, 854, 861, 867, 1004, 1008, 1013, 1019
Prema, 72
Premonstratensians, 791, 941
Přemyslid dynasty, 660, 661
presbyteroi, 45
Preslav, 444, 657
“Prester John,” 992
prices, 119, 285, 374, 378, 465, 640, 647, 718, 755, 767, 795, 813, 1084
priests, 310, 437, 448, 466, 467, 472, 474, 489, 496, 497, 520, 525, 531-532, 648, 695, 756, 757, 758, 765, 768, 769, 772, 825, 839, 864, 895, 900, 907, 913, 914, 937, 1027, 1032, 1054
“primates,” 758
primogeniture, 567, 679-680
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 724
printing, 263, 611, 906, 1054
“Priory of the Arts,” 730
Priscian, 124, 908
Priscillian, 47, 778
Priscus, 20, 123
prisoners, 379, 430, 571, 782, 831, 844
Probus, 23, 104, 108
processions, 432, 643, 839, 850, 866, 895, 986
Proclus, 123
Procopius, 37, 41, 98, 101, 106, 107, 109, 115, 117, 120, 125-126, 131, 133, 137, 144, 145
production, 554
large-scale, 1083
nationalized, 718
professions, 359, 371, 553, 696, 908
professors, 288, 818, 917, 918, 923, 957, 958, 988, 1006, 1009
profits, 377, 378, 628, 631
Prognostics (Hippocrates), 912
Prohaeresius, 9
prohibitions, 270, 273, 379, 403, 819, 954
proletariat, 647, 685, 686
promissory notes, 629
pronunciation, 903-904
propanganda, 263, 336, 851, 1063
Propertius, 466, 1085
property, 113, 295, 297, 363, 382, 435, 445, 463, 468, 525, 552, 567, 576, 766, 770, 777, 778, 784, 794, 802, 805, 823, 826, 928, 975
church, 300, 543, 675, 754, 767, 770, 773, 813
prophecies, 412, 987
prophets, 261,
365, 867, 987, 1008
proscription, 470, 780, 954
prose, 263, 491, 563
English, 806
German, 476
Gallic, 86-87
Latin, 466, 515, 810
Persian, 319
rhymed Arabic, 320
Prose Edda (Sturluson), 1032
Proslogion (Anselm), 933
prosody, 437, 497
prostitution, 76, 120-121, 157, 380, 433, 467, 554, 693, 806, 822-823, 927, 974, 1025
Provence, 57, 92, 264, 342, 393, 402, 415, 417, 473, 480, 615, 623, 663, 672, 688, 697, 719, 769, 771, 792, 831, 832, 1056, 1057, 1058
Proverbs, 353*
Provins, 615, 643
Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, 56, 78
Prussia, 37, 514, 610, 618, 1000
Psalms, 161, 184, 325, 356, 397, 479, 748, 915
psalters, 479, 770, 852, 853
Psellus, Michael, 438-439, 949
Pskov, 655
psychology, 336, 966, 981, 999
Ptolemy, Claudius, 99, 122, 135, 240, 242, 244, 288, 329, 860, 879, 911, 912, 991, 1009, 1011
Ptolemy of Lucca, 974*
public works, 311, 313, 641
publicity, 693, 908
publishing, 294, 814, 907-908
Pudsey, Hugh de, 872
Pulcheria, 103
Pullen, Robert, 924
pulpits, 859, 865
Pumbeditha, 348, 366, 367, 368
punctuation, 906, 908
punishments, 355, 360, 368, 374, 486, 506, 632, 735, 778, 781, 819-820, 937, 943, 1067-1068, 1073
Punjab, 203
purdah, 180, 220, 221, 341
purgation, 1067, 1073
(medical), 999
Purgatorio (Dante), 1067, 1073-1076
purgatory, 523, 735, 740, 784, 834, 1067-1069
Purim, 359
Puritans, 820, 884
Pyrenees, 37, 95, 292, 458, 462, 480, 497, 553, 617, 670, 695, 752, 1030
pyromancy, 987
Pythagoras, 135, 820, 985
Qadarites, 217
Qadi, al-Fadil al-Baisani al-, 408
Qaim, al-, 204
Qairwan, 282, 283, 284, 292, 369, 403, 405
mosque of, 274, 286, 287
Qalaun, Sultan, 330
Qanun-fi-l-Tibb (Avicenna), 223, 224, 248-249, 255, 256-257
Qaraites, 367, 373, 407, 418
qasida, 159
Qasim, 193
Qasim Muhammad, Abu’l, 296-297
Qasir, al-, 276
Qasr-ibn-Wardan, 874
Qatai, 284
Qays Majnun, 324
Qifti, ibn al-, 319
Qilij Arslan, 590, 595
Quaternuli (David of Dinant), 955
Quintessence of Experence (al-Razi), 223
Quintilian, 1018
Quinze-vingt, Les, 1002
quacks, 305, 326, 997
quadrants, 241, 242
Quadripartitum (Ptolemy), 240
quadrivium, 99, 915
Quaestiones naturales (Abélard), 1003-1004
quodlibeta, 921
Quraish, 161-162, 165-171, 182, 191, 192, 228