by Will Durant
Qusay, 161, 162
Qusayr Amra, 271, 276
Qutaiba, ibn, 238
Qutayba ibn Muslim, 209
Qutuz, 313, 340
Rab (Abba Areca), 348, 356, 364, 376
Rabanus Gauma, 926*
Rabanus Maurus, 514-515, 824
rabbis, 352*, 364, 366, 367, 382, 383, 419
Rabelais, François, 923, 983, 1052, 1086
Rabia al-Adawiyya, 259
Rabina II bar Samuel, 351
Rabula, 134
Radagaisus, 28
Ragusa, 436, 446, 657
raids, barbarian, 654
Danish, 483, 871
Finnish, 659
Magyar, 450, 476, 536, 614, 637
Moslem, 290, 450, 536, 614, 845
Norman, 293, 450, 536, 545
Norse, 476, 473–474, 475, 492, 499-500, 511, 614, 637, 845, 913, 914
Rainald von Dassel, 1025
Ramadan, 163, 212, 214, 215
Ramón Berenguer, 698
ransoms, 379, 393, 460, 571, 673
Rape of Proserpine (Claudian), 33
Raphael, 290, 1066
Raqqa, 200, 207, 231, 242
Rashdall, Hastings, 926*, 927*
Rashi, 352*, 395, 401, 409
Rathari, 451
Rationale divinorum officiorum (Guillame Durand), 748
rationalism, 250, 314, 338, 415, 790, 808, 917, 940, 946, 955, 982
Ratisbon, see Regensburg
Ratramnus, 741
Ravenna, 27, 28, 38, 39, 94, 98, 109, 110, 128, 129, 132-133, 426, 440, 451, 452, 467, 616, 626, 708, 723, 857, 916, 1065
Council of, 740
Ravensburg, 624
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, 589, 590, 773, 774-775, 827, 923, 1037
Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, 775-776
Raymond of Agiles, 591
Raymond, Archbishop of Toledo, 910
Raymond of Peñafort, 402, 783, 966
Raymond du Puy, 593
Raymond Roger, Count of Foix, 773, 774
Rayy, 136, 207, 237, 246, 312, 317, 339
Razi, al-, 203, 223, 246, 247, 249, 408, 910-912
reading, 785, 908, 1055
Reading, 483, 484
Real Presence, 741
realism, 859, 869, 885, 931-934, 950, 951, 1013
reason, 265, 324, 325, 331-332, 338, 343, 368, 405, 407, 411, 412, 477, 523, 724, 807, 808, 917, 938, 939, 940, 945, 946, 950, 956, 957, 974, 978, 980, 981, 982, 1004, 1052, 1067, 1083
rebellion, 292, 339, 340, 347, 472, 481, 511, 512, 514, 644-645, 672, 683, 724
Recared I, 47, 95, 370, 349
records, 908*, 1008
“rectors,” university, 917, 918
Red Sea, 58, 119, 155, 156, 157, 161, 208, 349, 404, 596, 616
reform, 266, 521, 666, 811
monastic, 536, 791, 792
“Reform Manifesto,” 723
Reformation, 547, 708, 784, 809, 810, 820, 1082, 1086
refraction, 995, 996, 1011
Refugees, 167, 169, 170
Regensburg (Ratisbon), 390, 595, 619, 960
Reggio Calabria, 616
Reggio Emilia, 549, 712, 765, 918
Regiomontanus, 328
Reginald of Châtillon, 596, 597
Reginald of Piperno, 966*, 976*
Reginald, subprior of Canterbury, 674
Regnault de Cormont, 881
Regno, 717, 718, 720, 723, 725, 857, 1056, 1066
“regular clergy,” 756
regulations, economic, 378, 436
guild, 635-636
medical, 999
nautical, 434
university, 917, 921, 928
Reichenau, 476, 514, 515, 535
Reims, 12, 37, 91, 92, 474, 475, 476, 479, 481, 536, 615, 623, 639, 771, 864, 876, 914, 940
Cathedral, 132, 579, 697, 846, 853, 856, 859, 860, 861, 865, 873, 875, 876, 880-881, 882-885, 892, 893, 1085
coronations at, 566
Council of, 543
relics, 404, 426, 432, 442, 523, 524, 706, 743-745, 762, 764, 791, 863, 882
reliefs, 274, 848, 853, 857-862, 887, 889
religion, 98, 138, 182-184, 265, 266, 279, 301, 302, 305, 309, 324, 331-332, 336, 338, 341, 349, 350, 360, 361, 372, 396, 398, 402, 406, 411, 425, 433, 442, 456, 461, 463, 467, 504, 506-507, 515, 536, 577, 653, 670, 710, 732, 736, 747, 770, 808, 816, 820, 828, 842-844, 847, 893, 900, 905, 917, 944, 964, 980, 981, 1012, 1015, 1018, 1020, 1052, 1083, 1086
Babylonian, 366
Christian, 341, 958
Hindu, 243
Jewish, 341, 382-385, 405, 446
Mohammedan, 183-184, 321, 331-333, 341
reliquaries, 846, 848, 849
Rembrandt, 419
Remi, St., 57, 91
Remy of Auxerre, 476
Renaissance, 79, 111, 122, 316, 343, 456, 578, 613, 637, 649, 665, 719, 724, 731, 764, 771, 854, 862, 873, 890, 906, 913, 923, 982, 1027, 1082, 1085, 1086
Byzantine, 437-443
Carolingian, 471
Italian, 240, 650, 854, 1085-1086
Macedonian, 432
Ottonian, 512, 514, 913
Persian, 136
of the twelfth century, 949
Renan, Ernest, 87, 786*
“Renegades,” 299
rent, 555, 631, 632, 786
Representation of Adam, 1028
representative institutions, 699, 700
Republic (Plato), 240, 506
reredos, 455, 866
residence halls, 924, 927
responsa, 111-112
responses, antiphonal, 896, 1027
resurrection, 266, 331, 367, 735, 816, 955, 958, 1077
Reuchlin, Johann, 365, 418
Reval, 664, 666
revenues, 297-298, 369, 432, 442, 484, 521, 552, 718, 764-766, 767
Church, 521, 766, 813
college, 924
ecclesiastical, 758, 814, 831
local, 713, 831
royal, 465, 566, 690
revolt, 295, 372, 373, 426, 427, 430, 431, 436, 438, 462, 619, 672, 682, 982, 1061, 1064
Ghibelline, 729
Guelf, 729
Lombard, 664, 761
Magyar, 658
in Palermo, 726
Saxon, 549
of thanes, 666
of workers, 655
revolution, 262, 428, 442, 538, 637, 638, 808, 854, 987, 1065
Abbasid, 292
agricultural, 643-646
architectural, 317, 870
economic, 613-649, 915
Gothic, 875
legal, 678
mathematical, 989-992
medical, 404
musical, 899-900
religious, 314
scientific, 1009
Spanish, 296
rewards, 355, 360, 368, 944, 1067
Reynard the Fox, 1053-1054
Reza Khan, 274*
rhapsodes, Greek, 1054
Rhazes, see Razi, al-
Rhenish League, 619
rhetoric, 288, 305, 466, 915, 918, 944
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 912
Rhine River, 12, 22, 25, 27, 37, 38, 40, 88, 389, 473, 510, 511, 531, 589, 606, 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 642, 645, 665, 685, 686, 690, 695, 809, 1032-1033, 1034, 1035
Rhineland, 91, 391, 589, 646, 685-687
Rhodes, 289, 431, 434, 616, 620
Knights of, 610
Rhodri the Great, 496
Rhone River, 12, 33, 292, 473, 474, 617, 645, 665
rhyme, 263, 264, 750, 1022-1023, 1066
Rhys ab Gruffydd, 684
rhythm, 264, 279, 490, 896, 900, 1022
Rialto, Venice, 710, 453
rich (class), 350, 378, 390, 433, 437, 451, 454, 487, 527, 648, 654, 833
Richalm, monk, 734
Richard I Coeur de Lion, 310, 375, 392, 414, 485, 599-602, 638, 672-673, 674, 682, 683, 695, 808, 828, 892, 1036, 1037
Richard II, Duke of Normandy, 492
Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, 564, 1049
&
nbsp; Richard of St. Victor, 750, 958
Ricimer, 23, 42
Riga, 618, 659, 664
Rigaud, Bishop of Rouen, 806
Rimini, 616, 708, 770
Ring of the Nibelungs (Wagner), 1032
rings, 833, 849, 986
Risalat al-Ghufran (al-Ma‘arri), 1068
ritual, 185, 358, 364, 382, 417, 463, 745, 863, 900, 985, 986, 1022
burlesques of, 841-842
Catholic, 748-754
Christian, 896
Church, 754
dedication, 867
Jewish, 356-359
of knighthood, 572-573
murders, 388, 389, 391, 721, 780
Talmudic, 356-359
Riza, Iman, 217
tomb of, 317
roadhouse signs, 614*
roads, 308, 465, 500, 536, 552, 559, 560, 621, 718, 829, 903
“Robber Synod,” 49
robbery, 265, 410, 542, 575, 829, 842, 928, 1072
Robert I, Duke of Normandy, 480, 481
Robert II the Pious, King of France, 480
Robert II, Duke of Normandy, 668-669
Robert, King of Naples, 1000
Robert of Arbrissol, 791
Robert of Chester, 911, 991
Robert of Clari, 433
Robert de Coucy, 880
“Robert the Dominican,” 780
Robert of England, 995
Robert de Luzarches, 881
Robert of Molesmes, 788
Robert the Strong, 475
Robin Hood, 648, 667*
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 334
Roccasecca, 961, 962
Roch, St., 743
Rochester Cathedral, 871, 883
rock reliefs, Persian, 149
Roderick, 97
Roffredus, 918-919
Roger II, 329, 510, 703-705, 714, 717, 773
Roger, Bishop of London, 628
Roger, Count of Béziers, 291, 775
Roger of Salerno, 999, 1000
Roland, 462, 464, 570, 576, 822, 1030-1031
Rollo (Rolf) of Normandy, 510, 669, 674
Roman d’Alixandre (Lambert, Alexander), 1044
Roman Empire, 4, 19, 23, 25, 26, 28-31, 36, 37, 79, 88, 117, 141, 186, 510, 624, 663, 817, 843, 903, 1077, 1082
Eastern, 609-610, 857
Holy, 662
Western, 28-43, 609
Roman Republic, 513, 538, 707, 817
Roman de la Rose, 697, 767, 1044, 1051-1053
Roman de Troie, 1044
romance, 497, 578, 832, 949, 1085
age of, 1019-1055
philosophical, 334-335
religious, 979
Romance of Layla and Majnun (Nizami), 324
romances, 1018-1022, 1042-1051, 1054
Arabic, 300
Arthurian, 1085
cycle of, 1044-1045
Greek, 1044
medieval, 576
Oriental, 611
Romanesque, 127, 450, 452, 457, 479, 516, 859, 861, 865-866, 868-870, 874, 877, 883, 884, 891, 892, 895, 897
Norman, 494
Rhenish, 516
Romans, 16, 23, 27, 30, 35-36, 39, 41, 80, 81, 89, 95, 98, 99, 118, 134, 136, 140, 202, 225, 303, 328, 386, 430, 456, 468, 495, 537-542, 550-551, 558, 662, 701*, 706, 784, 831, 908, 945, 984, 989, 990, 1002, 1022
Romantic movement, 578, 894
Romanus I Lecapenus, 435
Romanus II Argyrus, 429, 430, 512
Romanus III, 430
Romanus IV Diogenes, 308, 431
Romanus, monk, 135, 895
Romaunt of the Rose (tr. Chaucer)* 1052*
Rome, 3, 16, 23, 26, 27-28, 30, 31-32, 33-36, 38, 39, 40, 41-43, 44, 45, 46, 50-51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 76, 87, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 109-110, 115, 118, 120, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145-147, 149, 156, 201, 202, 204, 216, 284, 290, 297, 340, 379, 381, 389, 396, 404, 426, 432, 440, 450, 452, 453, 456, 458, 465, 467, 468-469, 471, 474, 495, 501, 512, 517, 520, 521, 522, 526, 527, 529, 530, 533, 535, 537-541, 544, 545, 547, 549, 550, 552, 588, 612, 616, 621, 629, 633, 642, 651, 653, 662, 672, 674, 680, 681, 682, 697, 706, 707, 713, 716, 729, 730, 753, 756, 759, 760, 765, 767, 770, 776, 791, 798, 803, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 823, 831, 845, 849, 857, 893, 903, 904, 906, 911, 916, 935, 966, 979, 998, 1000, 1002, 1003, 1023, 1039*, 1064, 1078, 1082, 1085, 1086
churches in, 127, 439, 846, 852, 1002
synod at, 548, 549, 788, 1059
University of, 811, 919
Romulus Augustulus, 42
Roncesvalles, battle of, 462, 1030
roofs, 643, 865-867, 870, 871, 879, 880
rosary, 742
Roscelin, Jean, 697, 808, 931, 932, 940, 949, 953
rose windows, 875, 880, 881
Rosh-ha-Shana, 359
Rostislav, Prince, 535
Rostov, 448, 656
rota system, 653
Rotharis, 633
Rothschild, Meyer Amschel, 380
Rouen, 473, 475, 476, 492, 494, 615, 617, 618, 639, 643, 648, 668, 674, 882, 1037
Cathedral, 857, 859, 882
Round Table, 575, 1045
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 78
Rua, 38
Ruadhan, St., 84
Rubaiyat (Omar Khayyam), 248, 322-323
Rudagi, 267-268
Rüdiger, Bishop of Speyer, 389
Rudolf I, 660, 664, 811, 1074
Rudolf I, King of Burgundy, 686
Rudolf III, King of Burgundy, 686
Rudolf of Swabia, 550
Rufinus, 26, 51, 55, 59, 60
rugs, 272, 278, 287, 318, 319, 851
Rügen, 666
naval battle of, 503
rule, monastic, 536, 756, 785, 787, 788, 798
“Rum,” sultanate of, 311
Rumaykiyya, 297
Rumi, Jalal ud-din al-, 245, 312, 324-325, 339, 340
Runnymede, 676, 677
runes, 509
Rural Code, 434
Rurik, 448
Rus, 447, 448
Rusafa, 232, 233
Ruskin, John, 881
Russia, 3, 24, 39, 43, 62*, 204, 209, 367, 432, 443, 444, 446-448, 473, 502, 510, 535, 536, 544, 615, 616, 617, 619, 653-657, 658, 659, 832, 895, 1082
Russians, 4, 436, 442, 586
Russkaya Pravda, 653
Rustam, 151-152, 269, 270
Rutebeuf, 746
Ruthard, Archbishop of Mainz, 390
Ruthwell, 491
Ryazan, 653, 656
Saad, 151-152
Saadia ben Joseph al-Fayyumi (Saadia Gaon), 367-368, 405, 417
Saale River, 510, 550
Sabaeans, 156, 218, 243
Sabbah, Hasan ibn al-, 309-310
Sabbath, 185, 358, 382, 386, 410
saboraim, 352
Sachsenspiegel, 665
“Sacramentary” (Hadrian I), 748
sacraments, 523, 528, 529, 707, 732, 738-742, 769, 985, 1054
sacrifice, animal, 348, 356
human, 507
sacrilege, 277, 755
Sadducees, 350, 367
Sa‘d ibn Zangi, Atabeg, 326
Sa‘ di (Musharrif ud-Din ibn Muslih ud-Din Abdallah), 197, 312, 325-328, 379
Sadillot, 242
Sadiq, Jafar al-, 261
Saemund the Wise, 508
Saffah, al- (Abu al-Abbas), 196-197
Saffarids, 202
“Saga of Olaf Tryggvesson” (Snorri), 504
sagas, 496, 822, 1030-1036
Sahara Desert, 155, 284
Sahdi, Ibrahim al-, 329
Sahih (al-Bukhari), 211
Said ibn Judi, 306
St. Albans, 377, 871, 1020
St. André (Aube), 627
“St. Anthony’s fire,” 1002
St. David’s, 496
Cathedral, 871
St. Denis, 476, 876, 882
abbey of, 461, 694, 696, 743, 786, 791, 847, 852, 876-877, 938, 940
St. Gall, 384, 466, 476, 533, 564, 786, 1028
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St. Gildas (Morbihan), 942
St. Giles, prior of, 816
St. Gilles (Gard), 774
St. Gotthard Pass, 533, 621
St. John’s Eve, 745
St. Mark’s, Venice, 440, 441, 455, 605, 709, 868
mosaics of, 851-852
St. Omer, 671, 853
St. Peter’s, Rome, 36, 127, 520, 530, 544, 550, 707, 865
abbey of, 839
church of, 100, 290
spire of, 882
St. Peter’s Church, Glastonbury, 486
St. Quentin, 623, 639, 690
St. Riquier, abbey of, 786
St. Sophia, Constantinople, 5, 62, 63-64, 105, 106, 117, 126, 129-131, 148, 155, 205, 231, 432, 438, 439, 455, 605, 856, 896
St. Victor, monastery of, 750, 808, 921, 934
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 87
Sainte Chapelle, Paris, 694, 849, 875, 882
saints, 261, 310, 332, 3-33, 342, 426, 456, 515, 523, 527, 531, 736, 743, 745, 769, 797, 802, 806, 807, 853, 857, 863, 867, 891, 896, 1029, 1054, 1079
saints’ days, 1022
Saisset, Bernard, 814
Sala (Ijssel) River, 88
Saladin, 108, 223, 229, 286, 310-311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 333, 366, 408, 413, 596-598, 600-602, 673, 715, 827, 828, 955, 1020
Salamanca, 903, 979
cathedrals at, 891
University of, 919
Salerno, 290, 291, 403, 404, 452, 456, 457, 616, 703, 923, 1001
school at, 370, 997, 998, 999
Salic Law, 88-90, 696
Salih, al-, 312
Salimbene, Fra, 694, 713, 765, 804, 830, 1019
Salisbury, 640, 667, 951
Cathedral, 883, 885
Sallust, 72, 1018
Salonika (Thessalonica), 25-26, 132, 436, 440, 453, 535, 616, 619, 651, 657, 739
salvation, 260, 355, 941, 976, 1075
Salvation Army preachers, 733*
Salvian, 29, 30, 65
Salvino d’Amarto, 996
Salzburg, 622
Archbishop of, 758
Council of, 1025
Samanids, 203, 206
Samarkand, 49, 194, 206-207, 231, 236-237, 339, 340
Samarra, 201, 275, 276
Great Mosque of, 273
Samo, 660
Samson, Abbot of Bury St. Edmund’s, 786, 926
Samuel, Tsar of Bulgaria, 430, 446
Samuel Halevi (Ismail ibn Naghdela), 296, 371, 396, 397
Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, 413, 910
Samuel ben Meir, 401
San Germano, Treaty of, 717
San Gimignano, 835, 892
Sancho I, King of León, 459
Sancho I, King of Navarre, 293
Sancho III the Great, King of Navarre, 458
sanctity, 442, 468, 786, 791, 810, 844, 945, 946
sanctuary, 567, 753
Sängerkrieg, 1039
sanitation, 681, 835, 1003
Santa Claus, 62*
Santayana, George, 336*
Santiago de Compostela, 295, 638
Cathedral, 458, 869
Santiago, Knights of, 697
Saône River, 473, 475, 481, 617
Sapienza, Rome, 919