by Will Durant
Suqainah, 228
Sura, 348, 366, 369
college of, 351, 367, 368
Surayj, 280
surgery, 245, 305, 612, 1000-1001, 1084
Surkh Alam, 209
surnames, 821
sursum corda, 749
Survey of Persian Art (ed. Pope), 270*
Susa, 136, 148
Suso (mystic), 810
suspension bridge, 621
Suzdalia, 653, 654, 656
Sverre, King of Norway, 762
Sviatopolk, 655
Sviatoslav, 448
Swabia, 92, 444, 511, 661, 960, 1049
Swabians, 510, 661, 665
Sweden, 22, 490, 502, 505, 553, 619, 666, 882
Swedes, 473, 483, 502, 507, 832
Sweyn Forkbeard, 493, 502
swords, Damascene, 275
Swithin, St., 871
Swithin’s day, St., 871*
Switzerland, 384, 615, 663, 687
Sylvester I, St., 50, 525
Sylvester II, see Gerbert of Aurillac
Sylvester III, 540
symbolism, 808, 994, 1051-1052, 1066, 1067
in logic, 980
Symmachus, 23, 30, 31, 32, 34-35, 56, 65, 75, 78, 85, 86, 87, 99
Symmachus the Younger, 99, 101
synagogues, 285, 347, 348, 349, 374, 381, 382-384, 388, 711
Synesius, 27, 61-62
synod, 546, 1074
Synthetic Philosophy (Spencer), 966
Syracuse, 290, 424, 704
Syria, 3, 19, 46, 49, 55, 60, 62, 107, 117, 118, 119, 128, 134, 135, 138, 143, 145, 146, 150, 151, 156*, 157, 158, 161, 162, 168, 187, 188-191, 192, 196, 200, 202, 206, 208, 218, 219, 224, 225, 230, 235, 238, 239, 241, 245, 258, 262, 263, 273, 276, 278, 282, 284, 285, 308, 310, 311, 312, 315, 317, 318, 341, 343, 348, 416, 424, 425, 430, 431, 439, 440, 442, 528, 530, 572, 586, 590, 592, 593, 607, 608, 609, 616, 654, 716, 798, 865, 874, 913, 984, 990
Christian, 249, 596, 713
Monophysite, 525
Moslem, 366, 596
Syrian desert, 146, 274
Syrians, 140, 202, 216, 243, 292, 357, 432, 436, 619
syphilis, 1002
Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad al-, 144, 210, 238
Tabaristan, 238, 243, 268
Tabenne, 58
Tabriz, 231
Tacitus, 23*, 30, 31, 37, 76, 283, 466, 502, 515, 1080
tacking, 615
Tadmor, see Palmyra
Tafi, Andrea, 852
taftah, 278
Tagaste, 64-66
Tagliacozzo, battle oí, 726
Tagus River, 621, 645, 702, 891
Tahafut al-Filasifa (al-Ghazali), 332
Tahir, 200, 202
Taif, 165
tales, 265, 320, 495, 504, 737, 744, 822, 840, 1018, 1022, 1033, 1042, 1045
Talha, 191
Talib, Abu, 162, 165
Taliesin, 495
“tallage,” 377-378
Talmud, 179, 181, 184-186, 347-365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 374, 377, 381, 383, 386, 395, 396, 400-402, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, 415, 417, 418
Tancred, King of Sicily, 705
Tancred of Hauteville, 589, 590, 591
Tangier, 284, 307
tannaim, 350, 351
Tannhäuser, 1039
tapestries, 432, 491, 835, 850-857
Taq-i-Bustan, 149
Taq-i-Kisra, 148-149
Tara, 82, 84
tariff, 634, 641, 718
Tariq, 97, 291
Tarragona (Tarraco), 37
Cathedral, 891
Tarsus, 13, 230, 436, 586
Tashfin, Yusuf ibn, 307
Tasrif, al- (Abulcasis), 305
Tasso, Torquato, 589
Tatars, 216, 443, 993
Tauler, Johannes, 810
Taurus Mts., 146, 590, 652
taverns, 830, 837, 1054
taxation, 282, 283, 289, 292, 297-298, 307, 347, 348, 359, 373, 374-375, 377, 382, 392, 425, 427, 436, 442, 480, 485, 513, 555-556 566, 638, 644, 650, 667, 673, 674, 679, 687, 695, 696, 699, 718, 766, 812-813, 815, 885, 893, 927
Taysir (Avenzoar), 910
Te Deum laudamus, 750
teaching, 276, 350, 383, 465, 466, 757, 785, 802, 807, 846-847, 915, 916, 917, 918, 921-924, 949
Tehran, 231, 246
Telemachus, monk, 31
telescope, 288, 925, 1012
Tell, William, 687*
tempera, 854
Tempier, Etienne, 957-958
Templars, 289, 597, 601-602, 610-611, 629, 680, 695, 697, 713, 815, 821, 1002
Temple, Jerusalem, 41, 185, 347-348, 353, 356, 359, 384, 593, 607
Temple Church, London, 681
Ten Treatises on the Eye (Hunain ibn Ishaq), 246
tenants, 552, 676, 786
Tennyson, Alfred, 81, 1052
Terence, 515
Tertullian, 46, 69, 78, 533
“Testament” (St. Francis), 799
Testry, battle of, 461
tetanus, 1001
Tetragrammaton, 354, 416, 417
Teutonic Knights, 593, 610, 659, 893, 715
Tewkesbury Abbey, 871
textiles, 149-150, 207, 278, 285, 287, 318, 375-376, 436, 440, 613, 623-625, 728, 846, 850, 886, 906
texts, corrupt, 828, 844
Thabit ibn Qurra, 241
Thaïs (Anatole France), 60
Thames River, 483, 487, 493, 617, 676, 681, 924
thanes, 486, 666
Theater of Marcellus, Rome, 149
Thebes, 369, 436, 624
theft, 360, 569, 829-830
theists, 331
themes of Byzantine Empire, 433-434
Themistius, 11, 123, 337
Theobald, 670, 951
Theodahad, 102, 109
Theodemir, 97
Theodora, Byzantine Empress (1042-1050; 1055-1056), 430, 431, 438
Theodora, wife of Justinian I, 105, 106-107, 108, 115, 116, 120, 130, 131, 132, 827
Theodora, wife of Theophilus, 428, 528
Theodora, wife of Theophylact, 538
Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, St., 806
Theodore I Lascaris, 651
Theodore II Lascaris, 652
Theodore of Mopsuestia, 48
Theodore, Abbot of Studion, 527-528
Theodoret, 20*
Theodoric, King of the Franks, 92
Theodoric I, King of the Goths, 42, 97, 98, 99-101, 110-111, 132, 349, 451, 464
Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths, 40
Theodoric II, King of the Visigoths, 95
Theodoric of Chartres, 878, 950
Theodosian Code, 103, 111, 387
Theodosius I the Great, 9, 25-26, 27, 35, 56, 62, 63, 127, 230, 501
Theodosius II, 39, 49, 121, 123, 124, 126, 348
Theodosius III, 425
Theodulf, 466, 467, 468, 470, 536
Theologia Christiana (Abélard), 941
theology, 236, 264, 276, 278, 281, 288, 301, 305, 307, 314, 323, 331-332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 395, 401, 405, 414, 434, 437-438, 442, 470, 476, 497, 525, 527, 528, 530, 736, 777, 820, 821, 867, 913, 919, 920, 923, 924, 935, 940, 941, 953, 955, 958, 964, 966, 978, 979, 981, 982, 986, 989, 1000, 1008-1009, 1015, 1016, 1022, 1067, 1073, 1078, 1080
Catharist, 771-772
Catholic, 353*, 733, 953, 978
Christian, 124, 300, 332, 477, 820, 949, 961, 1068
of Gregory I, 523-524
Shi’ite, 288
Jewish, 353-356, 359, 368, 402, 405, 415
of Justinian, 115-116
orthodox, 294, 338, 959
schools of, 311, 808, 923
treatises on, 429, 521
Theology of Aristotle, 240, 251, 253
Theon, 122
Theophanes, 425, 437, 439, 854
Theophano, wife of Otto II, 512, 857
Theophano, wife of Romanus II, 429-430
Theophilus, 61, 62, 64, 283, 429, 432, 438, 439, 847, 848, 854, 856, 907
Theophrastus, 329, 994, 1005
Theophylact,
538
Therasia, 56
Theresa, Countess of Portugal, 701-702
theriacum, 999
Thesaurus pauperum (Petrus Hispanus), 999
Thessalonica, see Salonika
Thessaly, 39, 319, 434, 453
Theutberga, Queen, 526
Thomas de Cormont. 881
Thomas of Cantimpré, 1015
Thomas of Celano, 751, 821, 897*
Thomas à Kempis, 74
Thomas of Walsingham, 681
Thomas of York, 925
Thomism, 977-978
Thompson, James Westfall, 786*, 759*
Thor, 503, 507
Thorgest, 500
Thorwald, 504
thought, 334, 338, 919, 934, 975, 978, 980, 1015, 1084
Christian, 418, 954
free, 955-958, 1086
Greek, 400, 953, 954
heretical, 809
Islamic, 235-281, 333, 338, 405, 910, 953, 961, 984
Jewish, 405, 1006
medieval, 244, 1084
modern, 983, 1015
mystical, 809
religious, 332
Thousand and One Nights, 198, 199, 217, 262, 263, 264, 320
Thrace, 3, 24-25, 39, 46, 116, 118, 369, 425, 428, 434, 443, 604, 657
Three Chapters (Justinian), 115-116
Thuringia, 92, 444, 510, 511, 535, 663
Tiber River, 54, 290, 456, 645, 708
Tiberias, 230, 347, 414, 597
Tiberius, 423, 641
Tibullus, 466, 1085
Tiepoli family, 628
Tiflis, 191, 324
Tigris River, 19, 136, 143, 152, 201, 206-207, 231, 232, 233, 234, 310, 330, 616
tiles, 272, 274, 275, 287, 303, 317, 624
tillage, 485, 505, 560, 786
Timaeus (Plato), 240, 949, 965
Tinchebrai, battle of, 571, 669
Tipperary, 500
tithes, 556, 564, 668, 683, 763, 765, 832, 845
Titus, 41, 347
“Toledan Tables” (al-Zarqali), 305
Toledo, 95, 97, 293, 296, 299, 304, 306, 343, 372, 383, 397, 398, 400, 407, 415, 460, 528, 623, 638, 892, 909, 911, 919
Cathedral, 891, 893, 897, 909
Council of, 370, 387
tolerance, 218-219, 292, 333, 341, 372-373, 400, 772, 776, 777, 784, 974, 979
tolls, 465, 614, 640, 676, 718
tombs, 861, 876, 885, 1085
Topics (Aristotle), 912
Topographia Christiana (Cosmas Indicopleustes), 134
Topography (Gerald of Wales), 908
Torah, 250, 350, 353, 354, 356, 359, 361, 368, 388, 410, 411, 416
Torcello Cathedral, 851
Torel, William, 861
torture, 378, 391, 423, 427, 569, 680, 725, 765, 781-782, 784, 785, 830, 1083
Tostig, 493, 494-495
tosaphists, 401
Totila, 110
Toulouse, 36, 37, 85, 91, 393, 474, 480, 588, 697, 769, 771, 775, 776, 783, 803, 822, 922, 923, 1036, 1039
Touraine, 688, 690
Tournai, 37, 91, 476, 618, 623, 639, 640, 648
Cathedral, 870
tournaments, 562, 573-574, 576, 752, 780, 834, 839, 1037
Tours, 57, 92-93, 292, 458, 461, 466, 474, 476, 479, 514, 586, 588, 638, 753, 766, 856, 914, 918, 932
Cathedral, 857
Tower of London, 681, 684, 893
towers, 315-316, 859, 865, 868, 870-872, 877, 878, 883, 886, 888, 891, 892, 1085
town halls, 844, 888
tracery, 872, 875, 877
Tractatus de erroribus medicorum (Roger Bacon), 1013
Tractatus de sphaera (John of Holywood), 990
trade, 119, 120, 298, 308, 343, 375, 432, 454, 485, 506, 514, 552, 560, 612-615, 618, 664, 686, 690, 703, 710, 712, 718, 728, 828, 845, 888, 975, 1084
Arabian, 157
Baltic, 619
Byzantine, 436, 616
Christian, 343
English, 634, 669
European, 617, 619
Florentine, 728
German, 618
Islamic, 207-209
Italian, 245, 614, 627
Jews in, 376, 395
Mediterranean, 603, 654, 1086
monastic, 792
Norwegian, 666
river, 617-618
routes, 118, 119, 120, 143, 156, 204, 376, 616
Russian, 447-448
Spanish, 373, 700
trademark, 635-636
Trajan, 14, 19, 33, 1078
Trani, 370, 434
Transcaspian region, 243
transepts, 865, 870, 877, 882, 885
transition style, 874, 876
translations, 240-241, 342, 403, 405, 457, 476, 907, 909-913, 917* 949, 955, 989
Transoxiana, 203, 204, 242, 273, 278, 308, 319, 339, 341, 369
transport, 207, 450, 565, 617, 621
transubstantiation, 735, 740-741, 763, 889, 955
Transylvania, 659
travel, 207, 379, 387, 404, 616-619, 621-622, 839, 994
Travels (Marco Polo), 242
Trdat, 205
treason, 428, 431, 683, 776, 779
treasuries, 318, 813, 850, 893, 996
Treatise on Laws (Glanville), 678
Treatise on the [Earthly] Sphere (Sacrobosco), 990
Treatise on Love and Its Cure (Capellanus), 577
Treatise on Smallpox and Measles (al-Razi), 247
Trebizond, 145, 617, 651, 993
Tree of Jesse, 880
Trent, Council of, 741, 824, 978
Tresor (Brunetto), 1015-1016, 1058
Treviso, 662, 708, 722-723
March of, 712
trial, 89-90, 114, 927, 945
by combat, 464, 568, 691, 718, 829, 839, 844
by duel, 531
by evidence, 691
by jury, 448, 677
by ordeal, 341, 531, 567-568, 718, 721, 779, 844
tribes, 157, 424, 431, 445, 465, 497, 653
Tribonian, 111-112
tribunals, 668, 679
tribunes, 454, 707, 729
Tribur, 549
tribute, 296, 306, 459, 460, 474, 500, 656, 682, 702, 760
Trier, 31, 37, 40, 47, 51, 55, 57, 85, 390, 474, 476, 514, 516, 640, 686
Cathedral, 870
triforium, 867, 872, 873, 877, 884, 885
trigonometry, 241, 242, 328, 911, 991
Trinitarians, order of, 792
Trinity, 8, 57, 61, 68, 99, 100, 107, 112, 354, 417, 442*, 478, 746, 771, 907, 932, 940, 941, 946, 951, 964, 967, 980, 985, 1009, 1066, 1067
Tripoli, 230, 316, 703
mosques of, 286
Tripolis, 592, 596, 598
Tristan, 1048-1049, 1070
Tristan (Chrétien), 1045
Tristram, 575, 1019, 1045
trivium, 99, 915
Trnovo, 657
Troilus and Cressida (Shakespeare), 1045
Trojans, 1019, 1044
“tropes,” 897, 1028
Trosle, synod at, 475
Trotula on the Cure of Diseases of Women, 998
troubadours, 264, 306, 342, 563, 576, 578, 672, 697, 701, 702, 711, 731, 767, 771, 772, 776, 793, 826, 828, 901, 904, 905, 949, 1016, 1020, 1036-1039 1042, 1054, 1056-1059, 1068, 1085, 1086
trouvères, 563, 697, 828, 1020, 1042, 1044, 1045, 1054, 1055, 1058
trovatori, 901, 1042, 1066
Troyes, 40, 41, 401, 615, 618, 623, 643, 941, 1045
fairs of, 395
Truce of God, 513, 572, 614, 755
True Cross, 147, 151, 597, 599, 607, 694, 743, 744
Tsüan Tsung, 198
Tuathal, 82
tuberculosis, 330, 1002
Tughril Beg, 204, 308, 312, 317
Tulun, Ahmad ibn, 210, 284
mosque of ibn, 273, 286, 287, 874
tumors, 330
Tunis, 202, 208, 230, 282, 283, 316, 703, 909, 980
mosques of, 273-274, 286
Tunisia, 109, 273, 284, 290, 314, 606, 608, 617, 692, 694, 703, 705,
980
Turin, 712, 722
Turkestan, 150, 196, 203, 204, 209, 211, 253, 366, 443, 447, 616, 655
Turkey, 367, 652, 874
Turks, 131*, 146, 152, 202, 203, 209, 216, 252, 269, 270, 285, 311, 317, 328, 389, 393, 431, 586, 589, 591, 605-606, 608, 610, 650, 652, 657, 817
Khwarazmian, 607
Seljuq, 204, 276, 585, 586, 590
Turpin, Archbishop, 1030, 1031
Turshiz, mosque of, 274
Tus, 200, 268, 269, 319, 331
Tuscan League, 756
Tuscany, 538, 545, 578, 638, 726, 730, 761, 788*, 813, 847, 892, 959, 1056, 1057
Tusculum, counts of, 540
Twenty Books of Etymologies or Origins (Isidore of Seville), 96
Two Sicilies, 703, 715, 717, 726, 761, 908
Tyconius, 73
tyranny, 464, 648, 724, 817, 819, 858
Tyre, 7, 207, 229, 278, 375, 399, 592, 598, 600, 601, 609, 710
Ubaldini, Cardinal, 956
Ukaz, 157, 158, 159, 161
Ukraine, 24, 444, 447, 654
Ulfilas, 46-47
Ulrich von Lichtenstein, 1041-1042
Ulster, 82, 496, 498, 682
Umayya, 162, 166
Umayyads, 191, 192-196, 217, 218, 219, 225, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240, 276, 280, 292, 297
Umbria, 708, 798, 799
Unam sanctam (Boniface VIII), 814
unemployment, 296, 654
unicorn, 994
United States, 85, 90*, 120, 208*
universe, 337, 353*, 354, 406, 477, 844, 964, 1016
Universal History (Eunapius), 125
Universal History (Orosius), 484
universals, 931-933, 938, 981, 1013
universitas, 920
universities, 124, 415, 642, 697, 755, 765, 803, 818, 822, 841, 882, 903, 908, 912, 916-919, 926, 930, 949, 987, 988, 1013, 1018, 1024, 1084, 1086
Christian, 335, 404
French, 940
German, 920, 1025
Moslem, 121, 287-288, 336
in Spain, 701
Unter den Linden (Wolfram), 1040
upper classes, 234, 440, 706, 778, 805, 832, 836, 1042
Uppsala, 502, 659, 903
Urals, 447, 655
Urban II, Blessed, 183, 389, 546, 586-588, 589. 688, 740, 817
Urban IV, 725-726, 728, 752, 889, 954
urinalysis, 247, 998-999
Ursinus, 50
Usaybia, ibn Abi, 319
usurers, 377, 392, 627-628, 630, 631, 632, 755, 975, 1065, 1072
Utrecht, 534, 686
Valencia, 296, 298, 304, 315, 373, 460, 617, 624, 638, 697, 698, 699, 892, 1000
Valenciennes, 463, 476, 618
Valens, 24-25, 31, 62, 123
Valentinian I, 29, 34, 77, 86, 123
Valentinian II, 25-26, 35, 127
Valentinian III, 37, 38, 39-40, 41, 50, 56
Valerian, 143
Valerius, Bishop of Hippo, 67
Valhalla, 507, 508, 510
Valkyries, 507-508
Valla, Lorenzo, 526*
Valladolid, 919
Cortes of, 375
Vallejo, Juan de, 891
Vallombrosa, order of, 787