The Lost Peace

by Robert Dallek

  316 U.S. involvement: Gallup Poll, 1949–1958, 929–35, 943.

  317 With the onset of the Korean War: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 73–81, quote on 374; Offner, Another Such Victory, 365–67.

  318 MacArthur: Michael Schaller, Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 184–98. See also Manchester, American Caesar, 561–71.

  319 In September: Manchester, American Caesar, 571–81.

  319 Suddenly an invasion of North Korea: Ibid., 583–87; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 453; Stueck, Korean War, 88–96; Chen, Mao’s China, 55–59.

  322 By sending U.S. troops: Manchester, American Caesar, 588–96; McCullough, Truman, 800–08.

  325 Despite MacArthur’s assurances: Kennan, Memoirs, 487.

  325 The Korean War now: Stueck, Korean War, 111–30. On U.S. consideration of using A-bombs, see Marilyn Young, “Bombing Civilians: An American Tradition,” History News Network, April 13, 2009, http://hnn.us/articles/67717.html, which is drawn from Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn Young, eds., Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History (New York: New Press, 2009). On casualties, see Stueck, Korean War, 361; Oberdorfer, Two Koreas, 9–10. For Mao’s comment, see Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 102.

  328 China’s entrance into the fighting: Ibid., 167–68; McCullough, Truman, 831–35.

  328 Yet even with: On Truman’s press conference, see Stueck, Korean War, 131; Gallup Poll, 1949–1958, 929–30, 933, 939, 942, 949–51, 958, 960–61, 963–65, 968, 970. On the change in national mood about nuclear weapons, see Boyer, Bomb’s Early Light, chap. 9.

  330 A bitter divide: Stueck, Korean War, 135, 142.

  330 By March 24: John W. Spanier, The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965), 197–202; Stueck, Korean War, 174–75.

  330 MacArthur’s statement provoked: Spanier, Truman-MacArthur Controversy, 202–07 and chap. 8, especially 247; Truman, Memoirs, 2:436–50; Miller, Plain Speaking, 308, 312–13.

  332 As MacArthur himself: MacArthur’s speech before a joint session of the Philippines Congress is quoted in Platt, Respectfully Quoted, 239.

  Chapter 11: Elusive Peace

  333 Harry Truman paid a heavy political price: Manchester, American Caesar, 647–72, provides a detailed account of the response to MacArthur’s firing. Also see Hamby, Man of the People, 557–58; and Schaller, 242–44; Gallup Poll, 1949–1958, 981–82, 988–89, 993–95, 998–99, 1007, 1019–20, 1029, 1032.

  337 While the White House: On the negotiations, see Stueck, Korean War, chap. 6, especially pp. 222–24 and 227; Chen, Mao’s China, 97–107; Gallup Poll, 1949–1958, 1017, 1027.

  339 During the two months: Stueck, Korean War, 230–35.

  339 Because a complete breakdown: Ibid., 236–38, 247.

  339 In the course of a month: Chen, Mao’s China, 106–07.

  340 During the second week in December: Stueck, Korean War, 244–45, 247–48; Chen, Mao’s China, 107–09.

  341 But when Washington: Stueck, Korean War, 250–52.

  341 Nevertheless, Truman was painfully: Ibid., 258–59; Hamby, Man of the People, 574.

  343 The tensions at the negotiating: Stueck, Korean War, 271–72; Chen, Mao’s China, 109–10; Hamby, Man of the People, 574.

  344 Nevertheless, he was determined: Stueck, Korean War, 287–89, 305–06; Chen, Mao’s China, 110–12; and Young, “Bombing Civilians.”

  345 By the fall of 1952: On the air war, see Young, “Bombing Civilians.” For the Chou–Stalin conversation, see Cold War International History Project, Cold War in Asia, 10–14.

  346 The Republican presidential campaign: For the Eisenhower-Nixon campaign, see Ambrose, Soldier and Candidate, chap. 27, from which are taken the quotes from Nixon and Eisenhower.

  348 Truman, who saw Eisenhower’s pledge: McCullough, Truman, 912.

  349 Because Truman understood: Ambrose, President, 30–32, 34–35, 51–52; Stueck, Korean War, 305–07; Chen, Mao’s China, 111–12.

  351 At the end of March: Stueck, Korean War, 308–11; Chen, Mao’s China, 112.

  352 His speech was: Gallup Poll, 1949–1958, 1140.

  352 At times, however, it seemed: Ambrose, President, 99–107; Stueck, Korean War, 313–47, is a detailed account of the end-of-war negotiations.

  353 Were it not for Eisenhower’s: On China’s receptivity to a truce, see Chen, Mao’s China, 112–16. The general is quoted in Stueck, Korean War, 362.

  353 The war was a demonstration: Ibid., 308–09; Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 941; Zubok, Failed Empire, 86.

  355 The world was fortunate: Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, trans. and ed. Strobe Talbot (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), 100–01, 272–73; Bullock, 357, 951–53, 955–65; Joshua Rubinstein and Vladimir P. Naumov, eds., Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), 1–64, especially 2.

  357 The alleged doctors’: Montefiore, Stalin, 962; Jonathan Brent and Vladimir P. Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953 (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 1–10, 330–36.

  357 Stalin’s last hours: Montefiore, Stalin, 638–50.

  358 De Gaulle’s decision: George McTurnan Kahin and John W. Lewis, The United States in Vietnam (New York: Dell, 1969), 23–40; George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), 3–42; Chen, Mao’s China, 118–38.

  Epilogue

  366 John F. Kennedy’s successful: Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 554–55, 572.

  367 Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger: Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, especially chaps. 10–12.

  369 The model of rational behavior: See Schlesinger, War and the American Presidency, 31–33.

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