Daughters of Isis - Joyce Tyldesley

  Esamenope, Scribe of the necropolis, 121

  estates, 86, 104, 141

  evil eye, 245

  Faiyum River, 10, 188

  family and funeral costs, 271 extended, 83, 84, 89 hierarchy, 37 letters, 27–8 outings, 143–4 Renenutet associated with, 256 statues of, 26–7, 27 Taweret and Bes painted on house walls to protect, 258

  famine, 6, 10, 100, 161, 261

  farmers/farming, 7, 87, 88, 140, 141, 164

  fashions, 146, 153, 154, 155, 161, 162–3, 166, 168, 169

  femininity and cats, 144 and clothes, 163, 169 and mirrors, 178 and music, 130 and snakes, 257 portrayed, 23

  fertility, 33, 59, 63, 66, 68, 70, 178, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257, 260 dolls/figurines, 63, 64, 161, 257 rites, 71–2, 245

  Field of Reeds (or Offerings), 19, 87, 88, 264, 265, 266

  fighting women, 21, 22

  First Intermediate Period, 10, 96, 181, 216

  fish, 100, 101, 107–8, 141, 143, 260

  fishermen/fishing, 104, 107, 137, 143, 152, 161

  flax, 25, 131–2, 137

  flooding, see inundation

  food and Afterlife, 101–3 bread as most important, 104–5 cooking, 18, 82, 97–9 daily ration of, 103–4 eating, 95, 110, 111 high-quality, 100 king’s responsibilities, 208 preservation of, 101 take-away, 142

  foreigners, 23–4, 46–8, 47

  foundlings, 79

  fowl, 100, 104

  Frazer, J. G., 39

  fruit, 101, 103, 108

  funerary equipment, 138, 145, 152

  funerary rites, 32, 261, 262, 269–73 see also burials; mortuary practices

  furniture, 94–6, 270

  gardens, 88, 89, 145, 233

  garlic, 108, 109

  Geb (earth god), 199, 239, 263

  geese, 103, 108, 144

  ghosts, 273

  Gilukhepa, 185, 186, 201

  girdles, 173–4

  girls and circumcision, 150 and education, 14–15, 118, 119 and family names, 76–7 boys preferred to, 68–9 domestic work, 81, 83, 134 female infanticide and, 69 marriage of, 51, 81–2 pre-pubertal sex and, 51–2

  Giza pyramids, 10, 217

  goats, 104, 106, 107, 141, 167

  goddesses, 251–4

  God’s Wife of Amen, 192, 204, 205–6

  gods Amenhotep IV’s apparent rejection of, 232 and maat, 209–10 and music, 127–9 and nudity, 162 and royal family, 183, 198–9 appointment of Egyptian kings, 210, 211 brother–sister unions, 199 local, 167, 246, 247, 255 national, 246, 247 sacrifice to, 103–4, 105 seen as behaving in a human fashion, 251 statues of, 25 taking the form of animals, 17 vengeance of, 249

  gold, 6, 11–12, 171, 172, 175, 176, 186

  Graeco-Roman rule and cult of goddess Bast, 144 and death, 274, 275 and dress materials, 164 and erosion of woman’s right to equal status, 44 and marriage contract, 54–5 marriage of children during, 51 start of, 13

  grain, 25, 54, 100, 101, 103, 104, 121, 138, 140, 141 storage, 91

  grave goods, 63, 161, 178, 181, 262, 267, 273

  Great Death Pit, 183

  Great Hymn to the Aten, The, 72

  Greece, 11, 33, 37, 38, 47, 69, 130, 136

  guardians, 37, 38, 39, 44, 56

  Gurnah, 228

  gynaecology, 32

  hairstyles, 46, 146, 153–8, 158

  Hapy (god of the Nile inundation), 5

  harem, royal, 179–206 and Papyrus Boulaq 18, 183–4 and political intrigue, 188–90 and subsidiary burials, 181–3 and weaving, 131 defined, 180 exotic beauties in, 46, 185–6 expansion of, 184–5 supervisors of, 124

  harem-palaces, 187–8

  harpoon-fishing, 107

  Harsomtus, 254

  harvest, Renenutet as goddess of, 256

  Hatchepsut, Queen, 24, 119, 199, 202, 211, 213, 214, 220–30, 220, 224, 226, 230, 236, 237

  Hathor (cow-headed sky goddess of love), 128–9, 178, 181, 191, 192, 197, 201, 226, 227, 253–4

  Hathor, temple of, Abu Simbel, 203

  Hathor-style (hairstyle), 157

  ‘heiress-princess’ theory, 197–8

  Hekamaatreemperkhons, son of Hekhemmut, 77

  Hekanakhte, 133, 134

  Hekat (goddess), 73, 74, 258

  Hekenu and Iti (performing duo), 126

  Hekhemmut, 77

  Heliopolis, 10

  Henhenet, the Lady, 75

  henna, 156

  Hentmire, 203

  Henuttaneb, 201

  Henuttawi, 121

  Heqanakht (priest), 27–8, 60, 84

  Her-Neith, Queen, 193, 194

  Herakleopolis Magna, 75

  Hermopolis Magna, 247

  Herodotus, 1, 2, 8, 66, 93, 99, 100, 104, 110–11, 146, 149, 150, 164, 183, 213, 216, 217–18, 251, 266, 268

  Hetepheres, Queen, 21, 174

  Hierakonpolis, 193

  hieroglyphic(s), 117, 120

  High Priests of Amen, 12

  Hippocrates, 33, 70

  Hittites, 186–7

  homosexuality, 65–6, 136

  Horemheb, 55

  Horemheb, King, 9, 41, 75

  Horus, 65–6, 75, 210, 215, 242, 246, 250, 251, 253, 254, 257, 264, 270 throne of, 209, 221

  household extended family in, 83, 84, 89 Renenutet identified with, 256 running of as a full-time job, 15, 83

  houses and archaeological evidence, 7 animals in, 89, 90, 92 bedrooms, 95–6 building, 138 cleaning, 94–5 height of, 90 ideal, 88 insulation, 6, 87 kitchens, 18, 88, 91, 92, 97–9 lack of sanitation, 90, 92 lack of waste disposal facilities, 90, 92–3 lighting, 96–7 made of mud-brick, 6–7, 86, 87, 89, 94, 148, 261 overcrowding, 84, 89–92, 96 pattern of, 84, 85, 86, 90–92 pests in, 92, 93, 144 roof, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 98–9 town/city, 90–91 village, 89

  Houses of Instruction, 115

  housework, see domestic work

  human sacrifice, 182–3

  hunting, 104, 143, 144, 254

  Huy (father of Mose), 42

  Huy (husband of Iy), 271

  Huy (husband of the Lady Nebet), 125

  Hyksos, 11, 132, 204

  Hymn to King Senwosret III, 95

  Ikhernofret (Middle Kingdom official), 250

  illness, 30–33

  Imenhet, Scribe, 167

  Imenjui (slave), 47

  incest, 48, 49, 198, 231

  infant mortality, 51, 57, 79

  infanticide, 69

  inheritance, 37, 41–4, 46, 47, 48, 57, 190, 271

  Instructions of King Amenemhat I, 188, 189

  Intef (priest), 274

  Intermediate Periods, 9 First, 10, 96, 181, 216 Second, 132, 219 Third, 12, 204

  inundation, 5–6, 8, 86, 100, 108, 210, 247, 250

  ipet nesut, 180–81

  Ipi (Heqanakht’s mother), 84

  Ipuwer, Scribe, 96, 176

  Ipuy, tomb of, 142

  ironing, 93, 94

  irrigation, 5, 6, 88, 136, 148

  Ishtar (goddess), 254

  Isis, 49, 65–6, 73, 129, 133, 197, 198, 199, 242, 246, 252–3, 252, 263, 270

  Isis (daughter of Amenhotep III), 201

  Isis (mother of Tuthmosis III), 222

  Istnofret, the Lady, 203

  Itakayt, Princess, 197

  Itj-Tawy, 10

  Iutemheb, the Lady, 60, 84

  Iy, 271

  jewellery, 23, 141, 156, 170–76, 264, 273

  Juvenal, 242

  Ka, the, 150, 267

  Kaha (draughtsman), 167

  Kahun, 7, 84, 187

  Kahun Medical Papyrus, 30, 33

  Karnak, temple of, 11, 199, 248

  Kemit, the, 116

  Kerma, 211

  Kha (an architect), 166

  Khasekhemwy, King, 194

  Khattasulis, King of the Hittites, 33, 187

  Khay (trustee), 41, 42

  Kheruef, tomb of, 201

  Khety (Mistress of the House), 125, 126

  Khety, Scribe, 189

  Khnum (a god), 73, 227

 
Khnumhotep (local governor), 125, 126, 142

  Khonsu, 248

  Khui, prince, 195

  king lists, 9, 213, 214, 220, 229–30

  kings and Horus drama, 250–51 and maat, 209–10, 249 and patronage, 10, 14 at the top of the social hierarchy, 13–14 burial complexes, 271–2 fall of, 6, 10 in art, 19, 25, 26 last native Egyptian, 13 owner of all material possessions, 10, 14 palace plots, 188–90, 238 polygamy, 190 pyramid-complexes, 195–7, 197 role of, 208–10, 211, 247–9 semi-divine, 10, 14, 17, 39, 188, 191, 210–11, 247 succession of strong, 10 transformation into a god, 264

  kinship terminology, 48–9

  Kirgipa, see Gilukhepa

  kitchens, 18, 88, 91, 92, 97–9, 108

  Kiya, the Lady, 236

  kohl, 159

  kurieia (male legal guardian), 38, 44

  labourers, 91, 126, 131, 136–7, 138, 149

  lamps, 96–7

  Late New Kingdom, 187

  Late Period (26th to 31st Dynasties), 9, 12, 13, 35, 59, 60, 78, 144, 192, 205, 208, 251, 253, 264, 272, 275

  laundries, 93–4, 149

  lavatories, 148–9

  legal contracts, 37, 38, 54–5, 58, 78–9

  legal system, 83 and treatment of females, 18, 37, 39–44 king’s responsibilities, 208 writings, 28, 37–8, 41, 44, 47

  life expectancy, 31, 57, 71

  lighting, 96–7

  linen, 131, 132, 164, 165, 264, 268

  lip paint, 67, 160

  Lisht, 195

  literacy, 14, 29, 114, 119–20

  literature, 18

  local rulers, 9, 10, 12

  looms, 1, 38, 130, 131, 132, 165 vertical, 11, 132

  lotus, 20, 155, 178, 260

  love poetry, 28, 29, 36, 50, 155, 159

  love songs, 29, 36, 46, 52, 56, 64, 153, 162

  Lower Egypt, 2, 193, 194, 215, 240, 256

  lutes, 127, 130

  Luxor, temple of, 11, 248

  lyres, 127, 129

  maat, 209–10, 211, 214, 238, 249, 265

  Maat (goddess), 191, 200, 209

  Maatnefrure, Queen, 186, 187, 203

  Macedonian Empire, 13

  magic, 243, 244 and child illness, 79–80 and childbirth, 257, 258 and childlessness, 71 and rebirth, 269 portents, 260 spells, 32, 79–80, 245, 266, 267, 269 sympathetic, 154 texts, 31, 117

  magistrates, 41, 122, 141

  maids, 82, 111, 134

  makeup, 96, 146, 159–60

  mammisi (small temples), 73

  managers, female, 124

  Manetho (historian), 211, 213, 216, 217, 219, 230, 240

  manna, 109

  market traders, 1, 141–3, 170

  marriage absence of ceremony, 52–3 adultery, 60–62 and childlessness, 70–71 and class system, 39 and legal control in Rome, 39 and Mesopotamia, 38 arranged, 46 content with, 45–6, 144–5 contracts, 54–5, 58 diplomatic royal, 185–6, 193–4 idealized image of, 37 Isis as patroness of, 253 lack of age restrictions, 51, 81 matchmaking, 39, 50 mixed, 46–8 of close relatives, 46, 48, 49, 197–9, 211, 231 of goddesses, 251–2 polygamy, 49–50, 185 remarriage, 57 rights and duties, 55–9 scarab, 185, 186 token gift by groom, 54 wedding presents, 54

  masculinity, and fathering children, 66–7

  matchmaking, 39, 50

  maternal mortality, 51, 57, 75, 78

  Maya, 9

  mayors, 122, 141

  Mazghuna, 220

  measles, 79

  meat, 100, 101, 104, 106–8, 164

  Medical Papyri, 30–33, 70, 78, 151, 156, 161

  Medinet el-Ghurab, 187–8

  Medinet Habu, 250

  Meketaten, Princess, 231, 235

  Memphis, 8, 10, 11, 41, 87, 109, 217, 254, 270

  Menes, King, 8, 9, 193, 218 see also Aha, King

  menstruation, 51–2, 69, 76, 149

  Mer-Wer, 187–8

  Merenptah, 203, 238

  Merenptah Siptah (previously Ramesses Siptah), 238–9, 240

  Merenre, King, 195

  Meresankh, Queen, 20, 21, 184

  Meretaten, Princess, 231

  Meretseger (snake goddess), 244, 256–7

  Merit (wife of Architect Kha), 166

  Meritre-Hatchepsut, Princess, 222

  Mery-Sekhmet, 40

  Meryt-Amen, 203

  Meryt-Neith, Queen, 182, 193, 213, 214–15, 216

  Merytre, Queen, 192

  Meskhenet (goddess), 73, 258–9, 259

  Mesopotamia, 2, 37, 38, 54, 182

  Middle Egypt, 89

  Middle Kingdom, 10, 11, 25–6, 34, 43–4, 94, 112, 115, 125, 127, 150, 157, 160, 174, 180, 183, 186, 192, 195, 204, 219, 259, 264, 266, 274

  midwives, 7, 73, 74, 263

  milk, 101, 107, 164

  Min (god of vegetation and procreation), 70

  mirrors, 53, 158, 160, 176–8, 177, 253, 273

  Mitanni, 186

  Moeris, Lake, 152

  moisturizing cream, 152

  monkeys, 143, 143, 144

  mortuary practices/rites, 8, 267 see also burials; funerary rites

  Mose (a bureaucrat), 41–2

  mourning, 57, 132–3, 133, 154, 263, 266, 269, 270, 272

  mud-brick, see under houses

  mummification and circumcision, 150 and funeral costs, 271 and natron, 152, 268 babies, 75 gods, 144 Merenptah Siptah’s deformities, 239 recycling of used household cloth and bandages, 131 techniques, 267–8

  music, 25, 110, 123, 124, 126–30, 127, 128, 145, 183, 251, 253

  musical instruments, 25, 53, 126, 127, 127, 128, 129–30, 183, 251

  Mut (consort of Amen), 248

  Mutemheb, the Lady, 49

  Mutnodjmet (wife of King Horemheb), 75

  Mutnofret (concubine), 221

  Myth of Horus, 75

  Nagada, 193

  names, 68, 76–7

  Narmer, King, 193–4

  Narmer Palette, 253

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 13

  natron, 94, 147, 152, 268

  Naukratis, 217, 218

  Naunakhte, the Lady, 42–3

  Nebet, the Lady, 125

  Nebet-Tawy (daughter of Ramesses II), 203

  Nebhepetre Mentuhotep funerary temple, Deir el-Bahari, 195

  Nebitef, 274

  Nebnufer, 44, 136

  Nebta, 47

  necklaces, 173, 174, 175

  necropolis, 269, 274 Abydos, 273 Theban, 190, 200, 238, 244

  necropolis workers, 91, 138, 172

  Neferabu, 249

  Neferhotep, 133

  Neferneruaten-Nefertiti, see Nefertiti

  Nefertari, Queen, 187, 203

  Nefertiti, Queen, 17, 95, 199, 202, 208, 213, 231–7, 231, 234

  Nefertum, 254

  Neferu, Queen, 197

  Neferure, Princess, 222, 228

  Neith (goddess), 193, 254

  Neith-Hotep, Queen, 193–4

  Nektanebo II, King, 13

  Nemaathep, Queen, 194

  Nenufer, 44, 136

  Nephthys, 73, 133, 199, 252, 253, 263, 270

  Neshi family, 41

  Netherworld, 260, 264

  New Kingdom, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 34, 54, 58, 94, 96, 101, 105, 115, 116, 125, 127, 129, 134, 140, 141, 153, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 169, 169, 172, 175, 184, 185, 188, 192, 197, 198–9, 204, 247, 251, 254, 255, 264, 265, 268, 271

  Niacin, God’s Wife of Amen, 205

  Niankhkhnum, 142

  Nile Delta, 2, 11, 12, 206, 240

  Nile River agriculture communities along, 9 and building practices, 6, 86 and clay toys, 80 and Nitocris’ drowning of traitors, 218 and Opet festival, 248 and sewerage/waste disposal, 148 and shanties, 126 and the placenta, 74 and washing, 148 as a mirror, 176 as major transport route, 5 behaviour of, 1 family boating expeditions, 143 fertile soil lining banks of, 2, 39, 100 first cataract of, 2 inundation, see inundation

  Nitocris, God’s Wife of Amen, 205–6

  Nitocris, Queen Regent, 195, 213, 214, 216–18, 216

  Nubia/Nubians, 2, 12, 13
, 140, 157, 229, 233

  Nubnofret (mother of Mose), 42

  nudity, 161–2

  nurses/nursing, 82, 184, 256, 263

  Nut (sky goddess), 199, 248

  Old Kingdom (3rd to 6th Dynasties), 8, 9–10, 13, 25, 30, 34, 55, 102, 105, 110, 112, 115, 116, 124–7, 150, 156–7, 158, 168–9, 168, 180, 183, 186, 192, 194, 195, 208, 216, 218, 253, 264, 266, 267–8, 272, 273

  onions, 108, 109, 142, 242

  ‘Opening of the Mouth’ ceremony, 269–70

  Opet festival, 248, 250

  oracles, 167

  Osiris (ruler of the Afterlife; husband of Isis), 49, 133, 198, 199, 242, 250–53, 260, 264, 269, 270

  ostraca, 28

  ovens, 97–8

  overseers, 7, 189

  Paheri, tomb of, 87, 111

  painting, 18 and role of women, 37 constantly repeated themes, 20 men and women leading separate lives in, 34 strictly utilitarian view of, 19–20 stylization of figures, 23–5

  palaces and archaeological evidence, 7 and Houses of Instruction, 115 and jewellery workshops, 170 kings’, 170 made of mud-brick, 6 plots, 188–90, 238 royal, 86, 115, 125, 184 scale of, 86 women professionals and, 125

  papyri, 28

  Papyrus Boulaq 18, 183–4

  Papyrus Insinger, 19

  Pa-Ramesses, 87

  patronage, royal, 10

  peasants, 7, 8, 14, 25, 33–4, 46, 68, 71, 87, 115, 120, 136, 141, 273

  pectoral, 174

  Pediamennebnesttawy, 77

  Pentawert (son of Tiy, royal concubine), 190

  Pepi I, King, 188–9, 194–5

  Pepi II, King, 194–5, 216, 217

  Peqer, 250

  per khenret, 185

  Persian rule, 13, 206

  pets, 89, 144

  pharaohs, 14 and the pyramids, 10, 11 as god-kings, 10 at the top of the social hierarchy, 13–14 local chieftains proclaim themselves, 12 weight problems, 24 see also kings

  Philae Island, Upper Egypt, 253

  pigs, 106, 107, 140

  Pliny, 70, 151

  Plutarch, 164

  poetry, 28, 29, 36, 50, 153, 155, 159

  polygamy, 49–50, 179, 180, 185, 190, 211

  polytheism, 246, 248

  pork, 107

  potters/pottery, 7, 14, 138, 273

  prayer, 244, 263, 274

  pregnancy and domestic cult, 257 and gods, 244 diagnosed, 69–70 fertility tests, 33 frequent, 31, 66–7 maternal mortality during, 51, 57 preventing stretch-marks, 152 sexing unborn child, 70 Taweret as protector, 258

  prescriptions, 31–2, 33, 62

  priestesses, 122, 124, 181, 192, 254

  priesthood, 114, 204, 205, 233, 249, 256

  priests and funerary ritual, 269, 270 and male gods, 124 and sheep, 164 and Sokar festival, 109 and upper classes, 14 circumcision by, 150 food for, 104 High Priests of Amen, 204–5 lack of interest in welfare of people, 249 lay-, 167 mortuary, 133, 181