Esamenope, Scribe of the necropolis, 121
estates, 86, 104, 141
evil eye, 245
Faiyum River, 10, 188
family and funeral costs, 271 extended, 83, 84, 89 hierarchy, 37 letters, 27–8 outings, 143–4 Renenutet associated with, 256 statues of, 26–7, 27 Taweret and Bes painted on house walls to protect, 258
famine, 6, 10, 100, 161, 261
farmers/farming, 7, 87, 88, 140, 141, 164
fashions, 146, 153, 154, 155, 161, 162–3, 166, 168, 169
femininity and cats, 144 and clothes, 163, 169 and mirrors, 178 and music, 130 and snakes, 257 portrayed, 23
fertility, 33, 59, 63, 66, 68, 70, 178, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257, 260 dolls/figurines, 63, 64, 161, 257 rites, 71–2, 245
Field of Reeds (or Offerings), 19, 87, 88, 264, 265, 266
fighting women, 21, 22
First Intermediate Period, 10, 96, 181, 216
fish, 100, 101, 107–8, 141, 143, 260
fishermen/fishing, 104, 107, 137, 143, 152, 161
flax, 25, 131–2, 137
flooding, see inundation
food and Afterlife, 101–3 bread as most important, 104–5 cooking, 18, 82, 97–9 daily ration of, 103–4 eating, 95, 110, 111 high-quality, 100 king’s responsibilities, 208 preservation of, 101 take-away, 142
foreigners, 23–4, 46–8, 47
foundlings, 79
fowl, 100, 104
Frazer, J. G., 39
fruit, 101, 103, 108
funerary equipment, 138, 145, 152
funerary rites, 32, 261, 262, 269–73 see also burials; mortuary practices
furniture, 94–6, 270
gardens, 88, 89, 145, 233
garlic, 108, 109
Geb (earth god), 199, 239, 263
geese, 103, 108, 144
ghosts, 273
Gilukhepa, 185, 186, 201
girdles, 173–4
girls and circumcision, 150 and education, 14–15, 118, 119 and family names, 76–7 boys preferred to, 68–9 domestic work, 81, 83, 134 female infanticide and, 69 marriage of, 51, 81–2 pre-pubertal sex and, 51–2
Giza pyramids, 10, 217
goats, 104, 106, 107, 141, 167
goddesses, 251–4
God’s Wife of Amen, 192, 204, 205–6
gods Amenhotep IV’s apparent rejection of, 232 and maat, 209–10 and music, 127–9 and nudity, 162 and royal family, 183, 198–9 appointment of Egyptian kings, 210, 211 brother–sister unions, 199 local, 167, 246, 247, 255 national, 246, 247 sacrifice to, 103–4, 105 seen as behaving in a human fashion, 251 statues of, 25 taking the form of animals, 17 vengeance of, 249
gold, 6, 11–12, 171, 172, 175, 176, 186
Graeco-Roman rule and cult of goddess Bast, 144 and death, 274, 275 and dress materials, 164 and erosion of woman’s right to equal status, 44 and marriage contract, 54–5 marriage of children during, 51 start of, 13
grain, 25, 54, 100, 101, 103, 104, 121, 138, 140, 141 storage, 91
grave goods, 63, 161, 178, 181, 262, 267, 273
Great Death Pit, 183
Great Hymn to the Aten, The, 72
Greece, 11, 33, 37, 38, 47, 69, 130, 136
guardians, 37, 38, 39, 44, 56
Gurnah, 228
gynaecology, 32
hairstyles, 46, 146, 153–8, 158
Hapy (god of the Nile inundation), 5
harem, royal, 179–206 and Papyrus Boulaq 18, 183–4 and political intrigue, 188–90 and subsidiary burials, 181–3 and weaving, 131 defined, 180 exotic beauties in, 46, 185–6 expansion of, 184–5 supervisors of, 124
harem-palaces, 187–8
harpoon-fishing, 107
Harsomtus, 254
harvest, Renenutet as goddess of, 256
Hatchepsut, Queen, 24, 119, 199, 202, 211, 213, 214, 220–30, 220, 224, 226, 230, 236, 237
Hathor (cow-headed sky goddess of love), 128–9, 178, 181, 191, 192, 197, 201, 226, 227, 253–4
Hathor, temple of, Abu Simbel, 203
Hathor-style (hairstyle), 157
‘heiress-princess’ theory, 197–8
Hekamaatreemperkhons, son of Hekhemmut, 77
Hekanakhte, 133, 134
Hekat (goddess), 73, 74, 258
Hekenu and Iti (performing duo), 126
Hekhemmut, 77
Heliopolis, 10
Henhenet, the Lady, 75
henna, 156
Hentmire, 203
Henuttaneb, 201
Henuttawi, 121
Heqanakht (priest), 27–8, 60, 84
Her-Neith, Queen, 193, 194
Herakleopolis Magna, 75
Hermopolis Magna, 247
Herodotus, 1, 2, 8, 66, 93, 99, 100, 104, 110–11, 146, 149, 150, 164, 183, 213, 216, 217–18, 251, 266, 268
Hetepheres, Queen, 21, 174
Hierakonpolis, 193
hieroglyphic(s), 117, 120
High Priests of Amen, 12
Hippocrates, 33, 70
Hittites, 186–7
homosexuality, 65–6, 136
Horemheb, 55
Horemheb, King, 9, 41, 75
Horus, 65–6, 75, 210, 215, 242, 246, 250, 251, 253, 254, 257, 264, 270 throne of, 209, 221
household extended family in, 83, 84, 89 Renenutet identified with, 256 running of as a full-time job, 15, 83
houses and archaeological evidence, 7 animals in, 89, 90, 92 bedrooms, 95–6 building, 138 cleaning, 94–5 height of, 90 ideal, 88 insulation, 6, 87 kitchens, 18, 88, 91, 92, 97–9 lack of sanitation, 90, 92 lack of waste disposal facilities, 90, 92–3 lighting, 96–7 made of mud-brick, 6–7, 86, 87, 89, 94, 148, 261 overcrowding, 84, 89–92, 96 pattern of, 84, 85, 86, 90–92 pests in, 92, 93, 144 roof, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 98–9 town/city, 90–91 village, 89
Houses of Instruction, 115
housework, see domestic work
human sacrifice, 182–3
hunting, 104, 143, 144, 254
Huy (father of Mose), 42
Huy (husband of Iy), 271
Huy (husband of the Lady Nebet), 125
Hyksos, 11, 132, 204
Hymn to King Senwosret III, 95
Ikhernofret (Middle Kingdom official), 250
illness, 30–33
Imenhet, Scribe, 167
Imenjui (slave), 47
incest, 48, 49, 198, 231
infant mortality, 51, 57, 79
infanticide, 69
inheritance, 37, 41–4, 46, 47, 48, 57, 190, 271
Instructions of King Amenemhat I, 188, 189
Intef (priest), 274
Intermediate Periods, 9 First, 10, 96, 181, 216 Second, 132, 219 Third, 12, 204
inundation, 5–6, 8, 86, 100, 108, 210, 247, 250
ipet nesut, 180–81
Ipi (Heqanakht’s mother), 84
Ipuwer, Scribe, 96, 176
Ipuy, tomb of, 142
ironing, 93, 94
irrigation, 5, 6, 88, 136, 148
Ishtar (goddess), 254
Isis, 49, 65–6, 73, 129, 133, 197, 198, 199, 242, 246, 252–3, 252, 263, 270
Isis (daughter of Amenhotep III), 201
Isis (mother of Tuthmosis III), 222
Istnofret, the Lady, 203
Itakayt, Princess, 197
Itj-Tawy, 10
Iutemheb, the Lady, 60, 84
Iy, 271
jewellery, 23, 141, 156, 170–76, 264, 273
Juvenal, 242
Ka, the, 150, 267
Kaha (draughtsman), 167
Kahun, 7, 84, 187
Kahun Medical Papyrus, 30, 33
Karnak, temple of, 11, 199, 248
Kemit, the, 116
Kerma, 211
Kha (an architect), 166
Khasekhemwy, King, 194
Khattasulis, King of the Hittites, 33, 187
Khay (trustee), 41, 42
Kheruef, tomb of, 201
Khety (Mistress of the House), 125, 126
Khety, Scribe, 189
Khnum (a god), 73, 227
Khnumhotep (local governor), 125, 126, 142
Khonsu, 248
Khui, prince, 195
king lists, 9, 213, 214, 220, 229–30
kings and Horus drama, 250–51 and maat, 209–10, 249 and patronage, 10, 14 at the top of the social hierarchy, 13–14 burial complexes, 271–2 fall of, 6, 10 in art, 19, 25, 26 last native Egyptian, 13 owner of all material possessions, 10, 14 palace plots, 188–90, 238 polygamy, 190 pyramid-complexes, 195–7, 197 role of, 208–10, 211, 247–9 semi-divine, 10, 14, 17, 39, 188, 191, 210–11, 247 succession of strong, 10 transformation into a god, 264
kinship terminology, 48–9
Kirgipa, see Gilukhepa
kitchens, 18, 88, 91, 92, 97–9, 108
Kiya, the Lady, 236
kohl, 159
kurieia (male legal guardian), 38, 44
labourers, 91, 126, 131, 136–7, 138, 149
lamps, 96–7
Late New Kingdom, 187
Late Period (26th to 31st Dynasties), 9, 12, 13, 35, 59, 60, 78, 144, 192, 205, 208, 251, 253, 264, 272, 275
laundries, 93–4, 149
lavatories, 148–9
legal contracts, 37, 38, 54–5, 58, 78–9
legal system, 83 and treatment of females, 18, 37, 39–44 king’s responsibilities, 208 writings, 28, 37–8, 41, 44, 47
life expectancy, 31, 57, 71
lighting, 96–7
linen, 131, 132, 164, 165, 264, 268
lip paint, 67, 160
Lisht, 195
literacy, 14, 29, 114, 119–20
literature, 18
local rulers, 9, 10, 12
looms, 1, 38, 130, 131, 132, 165 vertical, 11, 132
lotus, 20, 155, 178, 260
love poetry, 28, 29, 36, 50, 155, 159
love songs, 29, 36, 46, 52, 56, 64, 153, 162
Lower Egypt, 2, 193, 194, 215, 240, 256
lutes, 127, 130
Luxor, temple of, 11, 248
lyres, 127, 129
maat, 209–10, 211, 214, 238, 249, 265
Maat (goddess), 191, 200, 209
Maatnefrure, Queen, 186, 187, 203
Macedonian Empire, 13
magic, 243, 244 and child illness, 79–80 and childbirth, 257, 258 and childlessness, 71 and rebirth, 269 portents, 260 spells, 32, 79–80, 245, 266, 267, 269 sympathetic, 154 texts, 31, 117
magistrates, 41, 122, 141
maids, 82, 111, 134
makeup, 96, 146, 159–60
mammisi (small temples), 73
managers, female, 124
Manetho (historian), 211, 213, 216, 217, 219, 230, 240
manna, 109
market traders, 1, 141–3, 170
marriage absence of ceremony, 52–3 adultery, 60–62 and childlessness, 70–71 and class system, 39 and legal control in Rome, 39 and Mesopotamia, 38 arranged, 46 content with, 45–6, 144–5 contracts, 54–5, 58 diplomatic royal, 185–6, 193–4 idealized image of, 37 Isis as patroness of, 253 lack of age restrictions, 51, 81 matchmaking, 39, 50 mixed, 46–8 of close relatives, 46, 48, 49, 197–9, 211, 231 of goddesses, 251–2 polygamy, 49–50, 185 remarriage, 57 rights and duties, 55–9 scarab, 185, 186 token gift by groom, 54 wedding presents, 54
masculinity, and fathering children, 66–7
matchmaking, 39, 50
maternal mortality, 51, 57, 75, 78
Maya, 9
mayors, 122, 141
Mazghuna, 220
measles, 79
meat, 100, 101, 104, 106–8, 164
Medical Papyri, 30–33, 70, 78, 151, 156, 161
Medinet el-Ghurab, 187–8
Medinet Habu, 250
Meketaten, Princess, 231, 235
Memphis, 8, 10, 11, 41, 87, 109, 217, 254, 270
Menes, King, 8, 9, 193, 218 see also Aha, King
menstruation, 51–2, 69, 76, 149
Mer-Wer, 187–8
Merenptah, 203, 238
Merenptah Siptah (previously Ramesses Siptah), 238–9, 240
Merenre, King, 195
Meresankh, Queen, 20, 21, 184
Meretaten, Princess, 231
Meretseger (snake goddess), 244, 256–7
Merit (wife of Architect Kha), 166
Meritre-Hatchepsut, Princess, 222
Mery-Sekhmet, 40
Meryt-Amen, 203
Meryt-Neith, Queen, 182, 193, 213, 214–15, 216
Merytre, Queen, 192
Meskhenet (goddess), 73, 258–9, 259
Mesopotamia, 2, 37, 38, 54, 182
Middle Egypt, 89
Middle Kingdom, 10, 11, 25–6, 34, 43–4, 94, 112, 115, 125, 127, 150, 157, 160, 174, 180, 183, 186, 192, 195, 204, 219, 259, 264, 266, 274
midwives, 7, 73, 74, 263
milk, 101, 107, 164
Min (god of vegetation and procreation), 70
mirrors, 53, 158, 160, 176–8, 177, 253, 273
Mitanni, 186
Moeris, Lake, 152
moisturizing cream, 152
monkeys, 143, 143, 144
mortuary practices/rites, 8, 267 see also burials; funerary rites
Mose (a bureaucrat), 41–2
mourning, 57, 132–3, 133, 154, 263, 266, 269, 270, 272
mud-brick, see under houses
mummification and circumcision, 150 and funeral costs, 271 and natron, 152, 268 babies, 75 gods, 144 Merenptah Siptah’s deformities, 239 recycling of used household cloth and bandages, 131 techniques, 267–8
music, 25, 110, 123, 124, 126–30, 127, 128, 145, 183, 251, 253
musical instruments, 25, 53, 126, 127, 127, 128, 129–30, 183, 251
Mut (consort of Amen), 248
Mutemheb, the Lady, 49
Mutnodjmet (wife of King Horemheb), 75
Mutnofret (concubine), 221
Myth of Horus, 75
Nagada, 193
names, 68, 76–7
Narmer, King, 193–4
Narmer Palette, 253
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 13
natron, 94, 147, 152, 268
Naukratis, 217, 218
Naunakhte, the Lady, 42–3
Nebet, the Lady, 125
Nebet-Tawy (daughter of Ramesses II), 203
Nebhepetre Mentuhotep funerary temple, Deir el-Bahari, 195
Nebitef, 274
Nebnufer, 44, 136
Nebta, 47
necklaces, 173, 174, 175
necropolis, 269, 274 Abydos, 273 Theban, 190, 200, 238, 244
necropolis workers, 91, 138, 172
Neferabu, 249
Neferhotep, 133
Neferneruaten-Nefertiti, see Nefertiti
Nefertari, Queen, 187, 203
Nefertiti, Queen, 17, 95, 199, 202, 208, 213, 231–7, 231, 234
Nefertum, 254
Neferu, Queen, 197
Neferure, Princess, 222, 228
Neith (goddess), 193, 254
Neith-Hotep, Queen, 193–4
Nektanebo II, King, 13
Nemaathep, Queen, 194
Nenufer, 44, 136
Nephthys, 73, 133, 199, 252, 253, 263, 270
Neshi family, 41
Netherworld, 260, 264
New Kingdom, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 34, 54, 58, 94, 96, 101, 105, 115, 116, 125, 127, 129, 134, 140, 141, 153, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 169, 169, 172, 175, 184, 185, 188, 192, 197, 198–9, 204, 247, 251, 254, 255, 264, 265, 268, 271
Niacin, God’s Wife of Amen, 205
Niankhkhnum, 142
Nile Delta, 2, 11, 12, 206, 240
Nile River agriculture communities along, 9 and building practices, 6, 86 and clay toys, 80 and Nitocris’ drowning of traitors, 218 and Opet festival, 248 and sewerage/waste disposal, 148 and shanties, 126 and the placenta, 74 and washing, 148 as a mirror, 176 as major transport route, 5 behaviour of, 1 family boating expeditions, 143 fertile soil lining banks of, 2, 39, 100 first cataract of, 2 inundation, see inundation
Nitocris, God’s Wife of Amen, 205–6
Nitocris, Queen Regent, 195, 213, 214, 216–18, 216
Nubia/Nubians, 2, 12, 13
, 140, 157, 229, 233
Nubnofret (mother of Mose), 42
nudity, 161–2
nurses/nursing, 82, 184, 256, 263
Nut (sky goddess), 199, 248
Old Kingdom (3rd to 6th Dynasties), 8, 9–10, 13, 25, 30, 34, 55, 102, 105, 110, 112, 115, 116, 124–7, 150, 156–7, 158, 168–9, 168, 180, 183, 186, 192, 194, 195, 208, 216, 218, 253, 264, 266, 267–8, 272, 273
onions, 108, 109, 142, 242
‘Opening of the Mouth’ ceremony, 269–70
Opet festival, 248, 250
oracles, 167
Osiris (ruler of the Afterlife; husband of Isis), 49, 133, 198, 199, 242, 250–53, 260, 264, 269, 270
ostraca, 28
ovens, 97–8
overseers, 7, 189
Paheri, tomb of, 87, 111
painting, 18 and role of women, 37 constantly repeated themes, 20 men and women leading separate lives in, 34 strictly utilitarian view of, 19–20 stylization of figures, 23–5
palaces and archaeological evidence, 7 and Houses of Instruction, 115 and jewellery workshops, 170 kings’, 170 made of mud-brick, 6 plots, 188–90, 238 royal, 86, 115, 125, 184 scale of, 86 women professionals and, 125
papyri, 28
Papyrus Boulaq 18, 183–4
Papyrus Insinger, 19
Pa-Ramesses, 87
patronage, royal, 10
peasants, 7, 8, 14, 25, 33–4, 46, 68, 71, 87, 115, 120, 136, 141, 273
pectoral, 174
Pediamennebnesttawy, 77
Pentawert (son of Tiy, royal concubine), 190
Pepi I, King, 188–9, 194–5
Pepi II, King, 194–5, 216, 217
Peqer, 250
per khenret, 185
Persian rule, 13, 206
pets, 89, 144
pharaohs, 14 and the pyramids, 10, 11 as god-kings, 10 at the top of the social hierarchy, 13–14 local chieftains proclaim themselves, 12 weight problems, 24 see also kings
Philae Island, Upper Egypt, 253
pigs, 106, 107, 140
Pliny, 70, 151
Plutarch, 164
poetry, 28, 29, 36, 50, 153, 155, 159
polygamy, 49–50, 179, 180, 185, 190, 211
polytheism, 246, 248
pork, 107
potters/pottery, 7, 14, 138, 273
prayer, 244, 263, 274
pregnancy and domestic cult, 257 and gods, 244 diagnosed, 69–70 fertility tests, 33 frequent, 31, 66–7 maternal mortality during, 51, 57 preventing stretch-marks, 152 sexing unborn child, 70 Taweret as protector, 258
prescriptions, 31–2, 33, 62
priestesses, 122, 124, 181, 192, 254
priesthood, 114, 204, 205, 233, 249, 256
priests and funerary ritual, 269, 270 and male gods, 124 and sheep, 164 and Sokar festival, 109 and upper classes, 14 circumcision by, 150 food for, 104 High Priests of Amen, 204–5 lack of interest in welfare of people, 249 lay-, 167 mortuary, 133, 181
Daughters of Isis - Joyce Tyldesley Page 30