Daughters of Isis - Joyce Tyldesley

  property and marriage, 46 children as, 38 slaves as, 135 stolen, 167, 171, 172 women as, 38 women’s ownership of, 37, 38, 41–4, 56, 57, 58, 176

  prostitution, 51, 65, 67, 129–30, 160

  provinces reorganization of provincial government, 10 rulers, 9, 10 split of Egypt into two independent, 204

  Psammeticus I, King, 205

  Psammeticus II, King, 206

  Ptah, 41, 249, 254, 257

  Ptahotep, Scribe, 51, 110

  Ptolemy, 13, 56

  puberty, 51

  Pudukhepa, Queen of the Hittites, 187

  Punt, Queen of, 24–5, 229

  purification, 51–2, 76, 149, 257

  Pyramid Texts, 77

  pyramids and power of the monarchy, 10 and subsidiary tombs, 183 building of, 11 female owners of, 195–7 Giza, 10 pyramid-complexes, 195–7, 196 queen’s right to be buried in, 191, 195 Rhodorphis and, 217–18 Sobeknofru and, 220

  queens and cosmetics, 152–3 and hairstyle, 157 and household, 82 headdress, 192, 197, 201 ‘heiress-princess’ theory, 197–8 in own pyramids, 195–7 increasing prominence, 197 individual, 193–5, 199–203 official queen-consort, 190–91 political position, 191 regnant, 212–41 right to be buried in a pyramid, 191 role of, 191–2, 197, 201 statues of, 26 title, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 208 tombs, 20, 271–2

  racial mix, 23, 46–8

  Ramesses (son of Ramesses II), 203

  Ramesses II, King, 24, 33, 151, 185, 186–7, 203, 238

  Ramesses III, King, 12, 135, 189, 190

  Ramesses IV, King, 190

  Ramesses Siptah (later Merenptah Siptah), 238–9, 240

  Ramesseum, 240

  Ramose, 49, 50, 132

  rations, 103–4, 137, 138, 142

  Re (sun god), 5, 10, 137, 200, 210, 221, 246, 251, 254, 260, 264

  reading, 115, 116, 117–18, 120

  rebirth and fish, 260 and lotus, 260 as an undying or circumpolar star, 264 awaiting, 24 cycle of birth, death and rebirth, 5, 63 in Afterlife, 156 magic and, 269

  Red Land, 2, 5, 220

  Reddjedet, the Lady, 73

  Rekhmira, vizier, 141

  religion and childlessness, 71 as ‘career’ for royal and upper-class women, 122 diversity of, 243–5 festivals, 247–51 political role, 243, 246, 248 spread of Christianity, 253 stability of, 8

  religious texts, 28, 117

  remarriage, 57

  Renenutet (cobra goddess), 256–7, 256

  rheumatism, 31

  Rhodophis, 217–18

  rings, 174–5

  Roman Empire, 13, 253

  Roman period and inheritance rules, 48 and wet nurse’s position, 78–9 Egypt becomes a province of Rome, 13 Egyptian women’s loss of rights and privileges, 44

  Rome and children of divorced wife, 58 and inherited right of citizenship, 47 and Isis cult, 251 and male superiority, 37 and weaving, 130 female infanticide, 69 female social activities, 38–9 food in, 100

  royal family, 184 and ‘heiress-princess’ theory, 197–8 and official queen-consort, 190–91 intermarriage, 48, 197–9, 211, 231 jewellery, 170, 174 naming of children in honour of members of, 77 shortage of sons, 221 Sumerian, 183

  Royal Pyramid Texts, 266

  sailors, 127, 142, 251

  Sais, 12, 193, 254

  Saite phase, 12–13, 253

  Sakkara, 41, 102, 142, 182, 194, 215

  sandals, 166

  sanitation, lack of, 90, 92

  sarcophagi, 195, 262

  Satire of the Trades, 88, 93, 121, 130, 149, 157

  schools, see education

  scribes, 14, 31, 34–5, 55, 114, 115, 116, 124, 188

  scrolls The Book of the Dead, 266 leather, 28

  sculptors, 14, 19, 184

  sculpture and idealized view of womanhood, 18 and men and women leading separate lives, 34 and role of women, 37 family groups, 26, 27 in tombs, 25

  Sea Peoples, 12, 190

  ‘second death’, 76, 265

  Second Intermediate Period, 132, 219

  Sedeinga, Nubia, 201

  Sekenenre Tao I, King, 197

  Sekenenre Tao II, King, 199

  Sekhmet (goddess of war and sickness), 254

  Semitic peoples, immigration of, 11

  Senenmut, Steward of Amen, 119, 227–8

  senet, 145

  Senetenpu, 77

  Senseneb, the Lady, 221

  Senwosret I, King, 189 pyramid-complex of, 195–7, 196

  Senwosret III, King, 95

  seraglio, 179, 180

  servants, 14, 82, 88, 89, 94, 101, 109, 110–11, 124, 134, 135, 147, 148, 157, 160, 162, 181, 183, 215, 245, 270

  Seshat (goddess of writing), 118, 119

  Seth (god of evil), 65–6, 173, 199, 250, 252, 254

  Sethnakht, King, 240, 241

  Seti II, King, 238, 239, 240

  ‘Seven Hathors’, 254

  sexual identity, blurring of, 233–5

  sexual intercourse in the Afterlife, 63 and music, 129–30 and prostitution, 51, 65 and slavery, 135–6 in love songs/poems, 36 pornography, 64 pre-pubertal, 51

  sexuality and cats, 144 and love poems/songs, 36 and women’s dress, 26

  shawls, 53, 164, 166–7

  sheep, 89, 104, 106, 107, 164

  Sheftu (known as Teti), 43

  shrines, 247, 255

  ‘sidelock of youth’, 154

  silver, 6, 55, 56, 171, 172

  Sinai, 240 desert, 171

  singing, 124, 126, 127–8, 135, 251

  sistrum, 129, 192

  Sitamen, 201–2

  skin colour, 23–4, 122–3, 233

  slavery, 14, 37, 43, 44, 47, 54, 79, 134–6

  sleeves, 166, 170

  ‘smashing the red pots’, 270

  Smenkhare, Prince, 236–7, 236

  snakes, 93, 144, 256–7, 259

  Sneferu, King, 169

  Sobeknofru, Queen Regnant, 195, 213, 214, 218–20, 219

  Sokar festival, 109

  Soleb, 201

  Song of the Harpist, 142

  songs, 110 folk, 126 love, 29, 36, 46, 52, 56, 64, 153, 162 religious, 127–9

  Sparta, 38

  spells, magic, see under magic

  sphinx motif, 201

  spinning, 130

  spirit(s) and painted image, 23 evil, 32, 80–81, 154, 173, 245, 274 examination taken by, 265 living close to body in its tomb, 264 of ancestors, 255 of dead child, 72, 245 of king, 189, 215 strongly held belief in, 273

  statues, 25–7, 27

  sterility, female, 33

  stewards, female, 125

  stoneworking industries, 26

  Story of Horus and Seth, 65–6

  Story of Sinuhe, 147

  Story of the Eloquent Peasant, 34, 57, 103

  Story of Two Brothers, 35–6, 61

  Strabo, 51–2, 150, 213, 217

  Sudan, 11, 12, 136

  sugar, 151

  Sumerian Royal Cemetery of Ur, 182–3

  superstition, 243, 244, 245, 257, 260

  supervisors, female, 123, 124

  Suppiluliuma, King of the Hittites, 202–3

  Sutailja, 238

  suttee, 182

  Syria, 2

  tabards, 169

  Tadukhepa, 186, 201

  Taimhotep, the Lady, 274–5

  Tais, 55

  Tanefru, Queen, 219

  Takamenet, 47

  Takharu, 41–2

  Tale of the Doomed Prince, 190

  Tale of Truth and Falsehood, 36, 62

  tambourine, 129

  Tanis, 12, 204

  tattooing, 160

  Taweret (hippopotamus god), 72, 73, 256, 257, 258, 259

  taxation, 140–41, 152–3, 208

  Tchat, the Lady, 125–6

  teeth, see dental problems

  teething, 79

  Tefnut (goddess), 235

  Tell Daba, 220

  temple birth houses, 129

  Temple of Hathor, Dendera, 126

  temple workers, 10
4, 136

  temples, 187, 278 and art, 19 and Houses of Instruction, 115 and musicians, 127–8 and statues, 26 and upper-class priestesses, 122 and weaving, 131 commemorative stones/plaques in, 274 cult, 87 funerary, 240 king’s responsibilities, 210 local, 247 mortuary, 195, 196, 250, 271 of stone, 6 pattern of, 84 restoration of, 229 survival of, 7

  Teti, daughter of Scribe Sainhur, 137

  Teti, Pharaoh, 263

  Tetisheri, Queen, 197, 200

  Thebes, 6, 11, 12, 87, 90, 107, 132, 142, 172, 184, 190, 204, 222, 228, 250

  theft, 142, 143, 167, 171, 172, 238

  Third Intermediate Period, 12, 204

  Thoth (ibis-headed god of wisdom), 247, 250, 259

  thresholds, 86

  Thuoris, King, 240

  Thuyu, 198, 201

  Tiy, Queen, 198, 200–201, 202

  Tiy (royal concubine), 190

  toilette sets, 146

  tombs and decomposition of body, 267 and forward thinking of prudent and wealthy, 262 and king’s funeral complex, 271–2 and robbers, 7, 171, 172, 267 and the spirit (soul), 264, 267 autobiography on walls of, 30 jewellery in, 171–2 of ancestors, 143, 255 of children, 72 one tomb-type within another, 194 pattern of, 84 queens’, 20, 271–2 rock-cut, 7, 8 royal, 146, 171, 172, 181, 182–3, 203, 215 sealing of, 269 statues carved for, 25–6 stone, 6, 261, 271, 272 subsidiary, 195 survival of, 7 Twosret’s, 240–41 women portrayed in husbands’, 20

  town houses, 90–91

  toys, 80

  trading, 138–43, 139

  treason, 188–90

  treasurers, female, 125

  ‘ tripartite style’ (hairstyle), 157

  Tura, 262

  Turin Canon, 216–17, 219

  Turin Erotic Papyrus, 64, 129, 160

  turquoise, 171, 173, 240

  Tushrata, King, 186, 200, 201

  Tutankhamen, King, 7, 11–12, 75, 103, 152, 175, 202

  Tuthmosis (son of Amenhotep III), 202

  Tuthmosis I, King, 198, 221, 227, 230, 230

  Tuthmosis II, King, 24, 198, 221, 222, 230

  Tuthmosis III, King, 47, 187, 192, 198, 222–5, 228, 230

  Tuthmosis IV, King, 186

  tutors, 80, 115

  twenty squares (game), 145

  wins, 75

  Twosret, Queen Regnant, 213, 214, 220, 237–41, 237

  Ty, treasurer, 134

  Udjat Eye of Horus, 173

  umbilical cord, 73, 74, 75

  Umm el-Qaab, 250

  unification, 9, 193, 246

  Upper Egypt, 2, 193, 206, 215, 239–40

  Valley of the Kings, 138, 201, 239, 240, 271

  Valley of the Queens, 203, 240, 271–2

  vegetables, 70, 100, 101, 103, 108, 141, 142

  villas, 88, 89, 145, 255

  viziers, 41, 42, 125, 172, 195

  wages, 134, 139, 166

  Wah, Priest, 43

  war(fare), 31, 208, 254

  washermen, 7, 14, 93–4, 120, 149

  weaving, 1, 38, 90, 130–32, 135, 138, 253

  Weni (court official), 188–9, 262

  Weretkhetes, Queen, 189

  Wernero, the Lady, 41, 42

  Westcar Papyrus, 61, 73, 75, 168, 169

  wet-nursing, 78–9

  wigs, 124, 155–7, 156, 169, 204, 233

  Wilbour Papyrus, 188

  wills, 42, 43, 44, 271

  wine, 110, 111–12, 265

  Wisdom Texts, 45, 116, 122, 140

  witchcraft, 158, 243

  wool, 164, 165

  work, domestic, see domestic work

  work, women’s paid domestic service, 123, 133–4 mourning, 123, 132–3 music, 123, 124, 126–30, 127, 128, 135 professional, 123–5 trading, 137–8, 139, 142 weaving, 123, 130–32, 135

  working day, 138

  wrinkles, 152

  writing, 114, 115, 117, 118–19, 120

  Yuya, 198, 200–201

  Zeus, 51