property and marriage, 46 children as, 38 slaves as, 135 stolen, 167, 171, 172 women as, 38 women’s ownership of, 37, 38, 41–4, 56, 57, 58, 176
prostitution, 51, 65, 67, 129–30, 160
provinces reorganization of provincial government, 10 rulers, 9, 10 split of Egypt into two independent, 204
Psammeticus I, King, 205
Psammeticus II, King, 206
Ptah, 41, 249, 254, 257
Ptahotep, Scribe, 51, 110
Ptolemy, 13, 56
puberty, 51
Pudukhepa, Queen of the Hittites, 187
Punt, Queen of, 24–5, 229
purification, 51–2, 76, 149, 257
Pyramid Texts, 77
pyramids and power of the monarchy, 10 and subsidiary tombs, 183 building of, 11 female owners of, 195–7 Giza, 10 pyramid-complexes, 195–7, 196 queen’s right to be buried in, 191, 195 Rhodorphis and, 217–18 Sobeknofru and, 220
queens and cosmetics, 152–3 and hairstyle, 157 and household, 82 headdress, 192, 197, 201 ‘heiress-princess’ theory, 197–8 in own pyramids, 195–7 increasing prominence, 197 individual, 193–5, 199–203 official queen-consort, 190–91 political position, 191 regnant, 212–41 right to be buried in a pyramid, 191 role of, 191–2, 197, 201 statues of, 26 title, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 208 tombs, 20, 271–2
racial mix, 23, 46–8
Ramesses (son of Ramesses II), 203
Ramesses II, King, 24, 33, 151, 185, 186–7, 203, 238
Ramesses III, King, 12, 135, 189, 190
Ramesses IV, King, 190
Ramesses Siptah (later Merenptah Siptah), 238–9, 240
Ramesseum, 240
Ramose, 49, 50, 132
rations, 103–4, 137, 138, 142
Re (sun god), 5, 10, 137, 200, 210, 221, 246, 251, 254, 260, 264
reading, 115, 116, 117–18, 120
rebirth and fish, 260 and lotus, 260 as an undying or circumpolar star, 264 awaiting, 24 cycle of birth, death and rebirth, 5, 63 in Afterlife, 156 magic and, 269
Red Land, 2, 5, 220
Reddjedet, the Lady, 73
Rekhmira, vizier, 141
religion and childlessness, 71 as ‘career’ for royal and upper-class women, 122 diversity of, 243–5 festivals, 247–51 political role, 243, 246, 248 spread of Christianity, 253 stability of, 8
religious texts, 28, 117
remarriage, 57
Renenutet (cobra goddess), 256–7, 256
rheumatism, 31
Rhodophis, 217–18
rings, 174–5
Roman Empire, 13, 253
Roman period and inheritance rules, 48 and wet nurse’s position, 78–9 Egypt becomes a province of Rome, 13 Egyptian women’s loss of rights and privileges, 44
Rome and children of divorced wife, 58 and inherited right of citizenship, 47 and Isis cult, 251 and male superiority, 37 and weaving, 130 female infanticide, 69 female social activities, 38–9 food in, 100
royal family, 184 and ‘heiress-princess’ theory, 197–8 and official queen-consort, 190–91 intermarriage, 48, 197–9, 211, 231 jewellery, 170, 174 naming of children in honour of members of, 77 shortage of sons, 221 Sumerian, 183
Royal Pyramid Texts, 266
sailors, 127, 142, 251
Sais, 12, 193, 254
Saite phase, 12–13, 253
Sakkara, 41, 102, 142, 182, 194, 215
sandals, 166
sanitation, lack of, 90, 92
sarcophagi, 195, 262
Satire of the Trades, 88, 93, 121, 130, 149, 157
schools, see education
scribes, 14, 31, 34–5, 55, 114, 115, 116, 124, 188
scrolls The Book of the Dead, 266 leather, 28
sculptors, 14, 19, 184
sculpture and idealized view of womanhood, 18 and men and women leading separate lives, 34 and role of women, 37 family groups, 26, 27 in tombs, 25
Sea Peoples, 12, 190
‘second death’, 76, 265
Second Intermediate Period, 132, 219
Sedeinga, Nubia, 201
Sekenenre Tao I, King, 197
Sekenenre Tao II, King, 199
Sekhmet (goddess of war and sickness), 254
Semitic peoples, immigration of, 11
Senenmut, Steward of Amen, 119, 227–8
senet, 145
Senetenpu, 77
Senseneb, the Lady, 221
Senwosret I, King, 189 pyramid-complex of, 195–7, 196
Senwosret III, King, 95
seraglio, 179, 180
servants, 14, 82, 88, 89, 94, 101, 109, 110–11, 124, 134, 135, 147, 148, 157, 160, 162, 181, 183, 215, 245, 270
Seshat (goddess of writing), 118, 119
Seth (god of evil), 65–6, 173, 199, 250, 252, 254
Sethnakht, King, 240, 241
Seti II, King, 238, 239, 240
‘Seven Hathors’, 254
sexual identity, blurring of, 233–5
sexual intercourse in the Afterlife, 63 and music, 129–30 and prostitution, 51, 65 and slavery, 135–6 in love songs/poems, 36 pornography, 64 pre-pubertal, 51
sexuality and cats, 144 and love poems/songs, 36 and women’s dress, 26
shawls, 53, 164, 166–7
sheep, 89, 104, 106, 107, 164
Sheftu (known as Teti), 43
shrines, 247, 255
‘sidelock of youth’, 154
silver, 6, 55, 56, 171, 172
Sinai, 240 desert, 171
singing, 124, 126, 127–8, 135, 251
sistrum, 129, 192
Sitamen, 201–2
skin colour, 23–4, 122–3, 233
slavery, 14, 37, 43, 44, 47, 54, 79, 134–6
sleeves, 166, 170
‘smashing the red pots’, 270
Smenkhare, Prince, 236–7, 236
snakes, 93, 144, 256–7, 259
Sneferu, King, 169
Sobeknofru, Queen Regnant, 195, 213, 214, 218–20, 219
Sokar festival, 109
Soleb, 201
Song of the Harpist, 142
songs, 110 folk, 126 love, 29, 36, 46, 52, 56, 64, 153, 162 religious, 127–9
Sparta, 38
spells, magic, see under magic
sphinx motif, 201
spinning, 130
spirit(s) and painted image, 23 evil, 32, 80–81, 154, 173, 245, 274 examination taken by, 265 living close to body in its tomb, 264 of ancestors, 255 of dead child, 72, 245 of king, 189, 215 strongly held belief in, 273
statues, 25–7, 27
sterility, female, 33
stewards, female, 125
stoneworking industries, 26
Story of Horus and Seth, 65–6
Story of Sinuhe, 147
Story of the Eloquent Peasant, 34, 57, 103
Story of Two Brothers, 35–6, 61
Strabo, 51–2, 150, 213, 217
Sudan, 11, 12, 136
sugar, 151
Sumerian Royal Cemetery of Ur, 182–3
superstition, 243, 244, 245, 257, 260
supervisors, female, 123, 124
Suppiluliuma, King of the Hittites, 202–3
Sutailja, 238
suttee, 182
Syria, 2
tabards, 169
Tadukhepa, 186, 201
Taimhotep, the Lady, 274–5
Tais, 55
Tanefru, Queen, 219
Takamenet, 47
Takharu, 41–2
Tale of the Doomed Prince, 190
Tale of Truth and Falsehood, 36, 62
tambourine, 129
Tanis, 12, 204
tattooing, 160
Taweret (hippopotamus god), 72, 73, 256, 257, 258, 259
taxation, 140–41, 152–3, 208
Tchat, the Lady, 125–6
teeth, see dental problems
teething, 79
Tefnut (goddess), 235
Tell Daba, 220
temple birth houses, 129
Temple of Hathor, Dendera, 126
temple workers, 10
4, 136
temples, 187, 278 and art, 19 and Houses of Instruction, 115 and musicians, 127–8 and statues, 26 and upper-class priestesses, 122 and weaving, 131 commemorative stones/plaques in, 274 cult, 87 funerary, 240 king’s responsibilities, 210 local, 247 mortuary, 195, 196, 250, 271 of stone, 6 pattern of, 84 restoration of, 229 survival of, 7
Teti, daughter of Scribe Sainhur, 137
Teti, Pharaoh, 263
Tetisheri, Queen, 197, 200
Thebes, 6, 11, 12, 87, 90, 107, 132, 142, 172, 184, 190, 204, 222, 228, 250
theft, 142, 143, 167, 171, 172, 238
Third Intermediate Period, 12, 204
Thoth (ibis-headed god of wisdom), 247, 250, 259
thresholds, 86
Thuoris, King, 240
Thuyu, 198, 201
Tiy, Queen, 198, 200–201, 202
Tiy (royal concubine), 190
toilette sets, 146
tombs and decomposition of body, 267 and forward thinking of prudent and wealthy, 262 and king’s funeral complex, 271–2 and robbers, 7, 171, 172, 267 and the spirit (soul), 264, 267 autobiography on walls of, 30 jewellery in, 171–2 of ancestors, 143, 255 of children, 72 one tomb-type within another, 194 pattern of, 84 queens’, 20, 271–2 rock-cut, 7, 8 royal, 146, 171, 172, 181, 182–3, 203, 215 sealing of, 269 statues carved for, 25–6 stone, 6, 261, 271, 272 subsidiary, 195 survival of, 7 Twosret’s, 240–41 women portrayed in husbands’, 20
town houses, 90–91
toys, 80
trading, 138–43, 139
treason, 188–90
treasurers, female, 125
‘ tripartite style’ (hairstyle), 157
Tura, 262
Turin Canon, 216–17, 219
Turin Erotic Papyrus, 64, 129, 160
turquoise, 171, 173, 240
Tushrata, King, 186, 200, 201
Tutankhamen, King, 7, 11–12, 75, 103, 152, 175, 202
Tuthmosis (son of Amenhotep III), 202
Tuthmosis I, King, 198, 221, 227, 230, 230
Tuthmosis II, King, 24, 198, 221, 222, 230
Tuthmosis III, King, 47, 187, 192, 198, 222–5, 228, 230
Tuthmosis IV, King, 186
tutors, 80, 115
twenty squares (game), 145
wins, 75
Twosret, Queen Regnant, 213, 214, 220, 237–41, 237
Ty, treasurer, 134
Udjat Eye of Horus, 173
umbilical cord, 73, 74, 75
Umm el-Qaab, 250
unification, 9, 193, 246
Upper Egypt, 2, 193, 206, 215, 239–40
Valley of the Kings, 138, 201, 239, 240, 271
Valley of the Queens, 203, 240, 271–2
vegetables, 70, 100, 101, 103, 108, 141, 142
villas, 88, 89, 145, 255
viziers, 41, 42, 125, 172, 195
wages, 134, 139, 166
Wah, Priest, 43
war(fare), 31, 208, 254
washermen, 7, 14, 93–4, 120, 149
weaving, 1, 38, 90, 130–32, 135, 138, 253
Weni (court official), 188–9, 262
Weretkhetes, Queen, 189
Wernero, the Lady, 41, 42
Westcar Papyrus, 61, 73, 75, 168, 169
wet-nursing, 78–9
wigs, 124, 155–7, 156, 169, 204, 233
Wilbour Papyrus, 188
wills, 42, 43, 44, 271
wine, 110, 111–12, 265
Wisdom Texts, 45, 116, 122, 140
witchcraft, 158, 243
wool, 164, 165
work, domestic, see domestic work
work, women’s paid domestic service, 123, 133–4 mourning, 123, 132–3 music, 123, 124, 126–30, 127, 128, 135 professional, 123–5 trading, 137–8, 139, 142 weaving, 123, 130–32, 135
working day, 138
wrinkles, 152
writing, 114, 115, 117, 118–19, 120
Yuya, 198, 200–201
Zeus, 51
Daughters of Isis - Joyce Tyldesley Page 31