by Eric Rutkow
“exceed[ing] anything I have tasted”: Jefferson to Timothy Matlack, October 19, 1807. Quoted in Edwin Betts, annotator. Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766–1824: With Relevant Extracts from His Other Writings. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944, 352.
“[T]he interesting thing”: Roosevelt. Speech at Clarksburg, West Virginia, October 29, 1944. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. II, 603.
“The fact that this baby”: Roosevelt. “Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Address to the New York State Forestry Association, 17th Annual Meeting, Albany, N.Y., Feb. 27, 1929.” Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 69. The forest at Nauheim made such a strong impression on Roosevelt that he also chose it as a site for his honeymoon. See Franklin D. Roosevelt and Hyde Park, 8.
“One need not be”: Roosevelt. “A Debt We Owe.” June 1930. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 72.
“Man has too long”: George P. Marsh. Man and Nature. New York: Charles Scribner, 1864, 35.
“I can lime it”: Roosevelt to Hendrik Willem van Loon, February 2, 1937. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. II, 11.
he listed his profession: “The Election.” Time XLIV (November 13, 1944): 19. “There, at the polls, where he gave his occupation to Inspector Mildred M. Todd as ‘tree-grower,’ he enthusiastically accepted a piece of candy from Miss Todd, [and] entered the booth munching.”
“FDR used to come over”: Quoted in John F. Sears. “Grassroots Democracy: FDR and the Land.” In Henry L. Henderson and David B. Woolner, eds. FDR and the Environment. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, 12.
“Between 4,000,000”: “New York Increases Its Lead in State Forestry.” Journal of Forestry XXX (1932): 2.
“The present governor, so”: Ibid., 1–2.
“employment can be given”: Roosevelt. Acceptance Speech, Democratic National Convention, Chicago, July 2, 1932. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 112.
“Shall we, as foresters”: “Reforestation as a Means of Emergency Employment: Is It Really Practical or Altogether Wise.” Enclosure in a letter from Charles L. Pack to James O. Hazard, July 11, 1932. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 116.
“all forestry activities which”: James O. Hazard to Charles L. Pack, July 19, 1932. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 117.
“[A]s I see it there”: Pinchot to Roosevelt, January 20, 1933. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 131–32.
“I estimate that”: Roosevelt message to Congress, March 21, 1933. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 143–44.
“It must be doubted”: “Making Employment.” New York Times, March 22, 1933, 16.
“The regimentation of labor”: Quoted in “Quick Job Action Sought.” New York Times, March 22, 1933, 1.
“the one in which my husband”: Eleanor Roosevelt. This I Remember. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949, 135.
“Hardly a day passed”: Erle Kauffman. “‘Roosevelt’—Forest Camp No. 1.” American Forests 39 (1933): 252.
“in the ninety days”: Jonathan Mitchell. “Roosevelt’s Tree Army: II.” New Republic, June 12, 1935, 129.
“if stretched in”: “C.C.C. Work Accomplishments for the First Year.” American Forests 40 (1934): 322.
“This kind of work”: Roosevelt to Robert Fechner, October 6, 1934. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 329.
“Some of you who”: Roosevelt. Speech at Lake Placid, New York, September 14, 1935. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 431.
“the largest Democratic”: “House Votes Down a Permanent CCC.” New York Times, May 12, 1937, 6.
“The defeat of the President’s”: “House Extends but Won’t Vote Permanent CCC.” Chicago Tribune, May 12, 1937, 1.
“There could hardly be”: John A. Salmond. The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933–1942: A New Deal Case Study. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967, 157.
“The Civilian Conservation Corps has”: James J. McEntee. “The CCC and National Defense.” American Forests 46 (1940): 309.
It was far and away: Rexford G. Tugwell. The Democratic Roosevelt: A Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt. New York: Doubleday, 1957, 331.
“one of the most ridiculous”: Quoted in Nixon, vol. I, 494.
“the shade and beauty”: J. Sterling Morton. “Arbor Day.” Outing 7 (1885): 319.
“In unprotected orchards”: State Board of Forestry. A Handbook for Eucalyptus Planters. Sacramento, CA: W. W. Shannon, 1908, 34.
“The use of forests”: Theodore Roosevelt. “The Forest in the Life of a Nation.” Proceedings of the American Forest Congress. Washington, D.C.: H. M. Suter Publishing Company, 1905, 8.
“would take a large”: “Forest Planting Possibilities in the Prairie Region.” Enclosure from Robert Y. Stuart to Henry A. Wallace, August 15, 1933. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 203.
“for the planting of forest”: Executive Order 6793, July 11, 1934. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. I, 319.
“the most unique”: “A Tree Belt for the Prairie States.” American Forests 40 (1934): 343.
“on the favorable sites”: Ovid Butler. “The Prairie Shelter Belt.” American Forests 40 (1934): 398.
“They pointed out that”: Arthur H. Carhart. “Shelterbelts: A ‘Failure’ that Didn’t Happen.” Harper’s CCXXI (October 1960): 75.
“To many politicos”: Wilmon H. Droze. “The New Deal’s Shelterbelt Project 1934–1942.” In Harold M. Hollingsworth and William F. Holmes, eds. Essays on the New Deal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969, 25.
Roosevelt did his part: Quoted in Wilmon Droze. Trees, Prairies, and People: A History of Tree Planting in the Plains States. Denton: Texas Woman’s University, 1977, 51.
“On a fifty-year basis”: “Wallace Praises Prairie Tree Planting.” American Forests 45 (1939): 377.
“Over 32,000 acres”: Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, to Roosevelt, March 13, 1937. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. II, 30.
“[S]ome years ago”: Roosevelt. Toast to King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, September 30, 1943. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. II, 581.
“Men will thank God”: “Franklin D. Roosevelt.” New York Times, April 13, 1945, 16.
“a little more material”: Roosevelt to Morris L. Cooke, April 9, 1945. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. II, 644.
“the biggest technical job”: This is a quotation from Raphael Zon, the Forest Service researcher generally seen as the central player in the technical and research aspects of the Shelterbelt. See Norman J. Schmalz. “Forest Researcher Raphael Zon.” Journal of Forest History 24 (1980): 35.
“the most ridiculed project”: Carhart, 75.
Locals described themselves: “U-Boat Wastes 25 Shells Just as President Makes Speech.” Washington Post, February 24, 1942, 1.
“You are dead right”: Roosevelt to Senator Elbert D. Thomas, March 16, 1942. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. II, 547.
“[W]e must guard against”: Roosevelt to Harold D. Smith, Bureau of the Budget, June 17, 1942. Reprinted in Nixon, vol. II, 557.
“If you could see us”: James Stevens. “The Forests’ Role in Victory.” American Forests 49 (1943): 208.
“Careless Matches Aid”: “Wartime Forest Fire Prevention Campaign Launched.” American Forests 48 (1942): 353.
“Our Carelessness”: See “Remember—Only You . . .” Forty Years of Preventing Forest Fires. Forest Service Pamphlet, 1984.
“Uncontrolled fire, even”: “A Proclamation,” August 5, 1942. Reprinted in American Forests 48 (1942): 435.
“Jap Incendiary Sets”: Los Angeles Times, September 15, 1942, 1.
“Fires started by carelessness”: “Help to Prevent Fires That Aid Japs!” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1942.
“It is man”: Walt Disney’s Bambi, 1942.
“Please, Mister”: See “Remember—Only You . . .”
“nose short”: Ibid.
“Japanese propaganda broadcasts”: John McPhee. “Balloons of War.” New Yorker, January 29, 1996, 59.
“[t]he peculiar vulnerability”: “Alien Exclusion Ruling Upheld in Court Decision.” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1945.
In 1947, Sm
okey: See “Remember—Only You . . .”
“‘Smokey’ Makes Half”: Daily Boston Globe, October 16, 1955.
9: Postwar Prosperity
“not only a source”: “Landscape-Gardening: Llewellyn Park.” Crayon IV (August 1857): 248.
“[N]o great town can”: Frederick Law Olmsted. “To the Riverside Improvement Company,” September 1, 1868. In S. B. Sutton, ed. Civilizing American Cities: A Selection of Frederick Law Olmsted’s Writings on City Landscapes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971, 295.
“It’s almost as if”: Witold Rybczynski. “How to Build a Suburb.” Wilson Quarterly 19 (1995): 125.
“Big Ice Box”: Quoted in “The Great Housing Shortage.” Life 19 (December 17, 1945): 27.
“A decent standard of housing”: Harry S. Truman. Special Message to Congress Presenting a 21-Point Program for the Reconversion Period, September 6, 1945. See John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, eds. The American Presidency Project (online). www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Santa Barbara, CA.
“Two of the three”: William J. Levitt. “A House Is Not Enough: The Story of America’s First Community Builder.” In Sidney Furst and Milton Sherman, eds. Business Decisions That Changed Our Lives. New York: Random House, 1964, 64.
“I wanted to make”: “Up from the Potato Fields.” Time 56 (July 3, 1950): 70.
“[I]t proved to us”: “A House Is Not Enough,” 63.
“It was a king-sized”: Ibid., 64.
According to historian James Deetz: James Deetz. In Small Things Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early American Life. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1977, 103–4.
“I have thought to myself”: Quoted in Edwin Betts, annotator. Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766–1824: With Relevant Extracts from His Other Writings. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944, 339.
A 1950 ad: Advertisement. American Home, May 1950, back cover (emphasis mine).
“Ask your architect”: Advertisement. American Home, April 1950, 153.
“Yes, these days”: Advertisement. American Home, March 1950, 76.
“three-way laminated”: Phyllis Kelly and Richard Hamilton, eds. Housing Mass Produced: 1952 Housing Conference. Cambridge, MA: Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation, 1952, 20.
“A steel frame makes”: Quoted in Eric Larrabee. “The Six Thousand Houses That Levitt Built.” Harper’s (September 1948): 87.
“Freight cars loaded”: “A House Is Not Enough,” 67.
Interior walls were faced: See “A Complete House for $6,990.” Architectural Forum 86 (1947): 70–72.
“calculated the shape”: Ibid., 64.
“But here’s what happened”: W. D. Wetherell. The Man Who Loved Levittown. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985, 5.
“a horizon broken”: “Six Thousand Houses That Levitt Built,” 81.
“a modern Johnny Appleseed”: “A House Is Not Enough,” 68.
“In developing the landscaping”: Abraham Levitt. “Fruit Is Fine for Little Gardens.” American Home (January 1950): 72.
“the man chiefly responsible”: Quoted in David Kushner. Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil Rights in America’s Legendary Suburb. New York: Walker & Company, 2009, 153.
“Nobody keeps up”: Ralph G. Martin. “Life in the New Suburbia.” New York Times, January 15, 1950, 40.
“No fabricated fences”: Levitt & Sons. Your “Homeowner’s Guide.” N.p., n.d., 18–19.
“[T]he leader of the U.S.”: Quoted in “Up from the Potato Fields,” 67
“methods of mass”: Ibid., 68.
“It was difficult to say”: “A House Is Not Enough,” 69.
“the target of taboos”: John R. Kimberly. “Better to Use, Cheap Enough to Throw Away: The Disposable Paper Product.” In Business Decisions That Changed Our Lives, 153, 155.
“Consider for the moment”: Ibid., 154.
They appeared at the film’s: Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yquhUMgmRgY (last accessed December 2, 2011).
“No man who owns”: “Six Thousand Houses That Levitt Built,” 84.
“Would it not be better”: Quoted in Rick Perlstein, ed. Richard Nixon: Speeches, Writings, Documents. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008, 95.
“[I]f there was any”: John Keats. The Crack in the Picture Window. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957, xvii.
“We can solve”: Quoted in Craig Thompson. “Growing Pains of a Brand-New City.” Saturday Evening Post 227 (August 7, 1954): 72.
“What has Levitt”: Wetherell, 19.
“By 1985 reasonable”: Jackson and Twohig, 284.
“Trees may be grown”: Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, 31.
“that practically all”: Forest Service. A National Plan for American Forestry. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933, v.
“[t]he Clemons Tree Farm”: Quoted in Richard Lewis. “Tree Farms.” In Richard C. Davis, ed. Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History, Vol. II. New York: Macmillan, 1983, 654.
“privately owned forest-land”: American Forest Products Industries. Tree Farms: Planning a Program. Washington, 1947, 2. Quoted in Paul F. Sharp. “The Tree Farm Movement: Its Origins and Development.” Agricultural History 23 (1949): 41.
“I cannot let”: “Public Regulation of Forest Lands Debated.” American Lumberman (October 16, 1943): 34.
“Unfortunately, mediocre”: Forest Service. Report of the Chief of the Forest Service. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943, 13.
“the most desirable”: Bernhard Fernow. Annual Report for the Division of Forestry for 1886. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1887, 166.
“See I’m a tree farmer”: Four Andy Griffith PSAs, Box 53, American Tree Farm System Records, Library and Archives, Forest History Society, Durham, NC.
“the most important Federal”: Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, 116.
It listed only three: 16 U.S.C. §475 (1897).
Pinchot himself: Gifford Pinchot. The Use of the National Forests. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1907, 24 (emphasis mine).
“[W]hen I was not cutting”: Henry Ford with Samuel Crowther. My Life and Work. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1922, 29.
“I will build”: Ibid., 73.
The subsequent production: Ibid., 145.
“enjoy with his family”: Ibid., 73.
“The single matter of”: Henry Ford with Samuel Crowther. Moving Forward. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1930, 113.
“All of us had”: Harvey S. Firestone with Samuel Crowther. Men and Rubber: The Story of Business. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1926, 194.
“wanted a man along”: Ibid., 196.
“developed a grudge”: Ford, My Life and Work, 237.
“John Muir would have”: Quoted in Firestone, 199.
“[T]he coming of the war”: Ibid., 201.
“The camping equipment was”: R. J. H. DeLoach. “In Camp with Four Great Americans.” Georgia Review XIII (1959): 44.
“a luxuriously equipped”: John Burroughs. Under the Maples. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, 109.
“swing it vigorously”: Firestone, 209.
“the best that we ever had”: Ibid., 201.
“We gave the victory”: Ibid., 227.
“the publicity which”: Ibid., 188.
“It is only by”: Henry S. Graves. “A Crisis in National Recreation.” American Forestry XXVI (1920): 391.
“one of the most important and necessary”: National Conference on Recreation. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1925, 13.
“The growth of forest recreation”: CCC Forestry. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937, 279.
“Our forests today are not”: USDA Forest Service. Report of the Chief of the Forest Service, 1946. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1946, 1.
“motor vacationists spend”: Howard Baker, testimony on H.R. 1972, Hearings before the Committee on Agriculture, “Disposition of M
oneys from the National Forests,” 83rd Congress, 1st Session (March 11, 12, 1953), 129. Quoted in Paul W. Hirt. A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests Since World War Two. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994, 153.
“[H]ow can we possibly”: 106 Cong. Rec. 11722 (1960).
“[I]t is the policy”: 74 Stat. 215 (1960).
“because of the legal”: Michael McCloskey. “Note and Comment: Natural Resources—National Forests—the Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960.” Oregon Law Review 41 (1961): 50.
“the Jeremiah of wilderness thinking”: Harvey Broome. “Origins of the Wilderness Society.” Living Wilderness 5 (July 1940): 13.
“the Commanding General”: Robert Marshall to Aldo Leopold, February 21, 1930. Quoted in Paul S. Sutter. Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002, 5.
“What great satisfaction”: Aldo Leopold. “A Tramp in November.” In Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott, eds. The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991, 35.
“Part of the lost areas”: Aldo Leopold. “Origin and Ideals of Wilderness Areas.” Living Wilderness V (July 1940): 7.
“By ‘wilderness’ I mean”: Aldo Leopold. “The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy.” In Flader and Callicott, 79.
“but a hidious”: Bradford, 95.
“[I]n Wildness is”: Henry David Thoreau. “Walking.” In The Writings of Henry David Thoreau, Vol. IX: Excursions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1893, 275.
“[t]he clearest way into the Universe”: Linnie Marsh Wolfe, ed. John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979, 313.
“Very evidently we have”: “Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy,” 79 (emphasis mine).
“[Does] the principle”: Ibid., 78.
“First, such wilderness”: Ibid., 79.
It was, according to Leopold: Ibid., 81.
“the remaining wild areas”: Aldo Leopold. “The Last Stand of the Wilderness.” American Forests and Forest Life 31 (1925): 602.
“wilderness canoe trips”: Ibid., 603.
“To carry out this program”: Robert Marshall. “The Problem of the Wilderness.” Scientific Monthly 30 (February 1930): 148.