by Ron Chernow
10. Beale, Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:481. Diary entry for December 1863 [n.d.].
11. Donald, Lincoln, 265.
12. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 144.
13. Young, Around the World, 379.
14. PUSG, 18:266. Letter from Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, May 22, 1868.
15. Ibid., 264. Letter to Joseph R. Hawley, May 29, 1868.
16. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 445.
17. Sarna, When General Grant Expelled the Jews, 66.
18. Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 83.
19. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 236.
20. The New York Times, July 22, 1868.
21. Sarna, When General Grant Expelled the Jews, 66.
22. Buinicki, “‘Average-Representing Grant’: Whitman’s General.”
23. PUSG, 19:9. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, July 17, 1868.
24. Ibid., 43. Letter to John M. Schofield, September 25, 1868.
25. Ibid., 12–13. “Speech,” August 7, 1868.
26. Ibid., 12. “Speech,” August 15, 1868.
27. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 438. Letter to Henry W. Longfellow, August 4, 1868.
28. Nevins and Thomas, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 4:230. Diary entry for October 31, 1868.
29. McFeely, Grant, 283.
30. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 172.
31. Foner, Reconstruction, 340.
32. Buinicki, “‘Average-Representing Grant’: Whitman’s General.”
33. PUSG, 19:70. Letter to Capt. Daniel Ammen, November 23, 1868.
34. GPL. S2 B4 F52. “Grant and Jews.” Letter from Schuyler Colfax to John Russell Young, August 12, 1867.
35. PUSG, 19:20. Letter from Joseph Medill to Rep. Elihu B. Washburne, June 16, 1868.
36. Ibid., 37. Letter to Isaac N. Morris, September 14, 1868.
37. White, American Ulysses, 467.
38. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 235.
39. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 448.
40. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 36.
41. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 241.
42. PUSG, 26:3. “To Senate,” January 13, 1875.
43. Ibid., 19:42. Letter to Elihu B. Washburne, September 23, 1868.
44. Ibid., 57. Letter to Isaac N. Morris, October 22, 1868.
45. Ibid., 32:118. Letter to J. Russell Jones, October 22, 1868.
46. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 150.
47. PUSG, 18:293. Letter from Lt. Gen. William T. Sherman, June 7, 1868.
48. Randall, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 2:220. Diary entry for October 14, 1868.
49. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 149.
50. PUSG, 19:64–65. “Speech,” November 4, 1868.
51. Ibid., 68–69. Letter to Matías Romero, November 11, 1868.
52. Waugh, U. S. Grant, 123.
53. PUSG, 19:130. “Speech,” February 13, 1869.
54. McFeely, Grant, 290.
55. Ibid., 289–90.
56. PUSG, 28:457–58. Recollection of John A. Kasson, 1885 [n.d.].
57. Williams, Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes, 56–57. Letter from Rutherford B. Hayes to his uncle, December 19, 1868.
58. PUSG, 22:41. James McCosh, “Speech,” June 27, 1871.
59. Ibid., 21:188. Letter from Bvt. Maj. Gen. James H. Wilson to Hiram Barney, December 29, 1868.
60. Ibid., 19:94. “Speech,” December 15, 1868.
61. Ibid. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, December 14, 1868.
62. McFeely, Grant, 285.
63. GPL. S2 B13. “Rawlins Letters.” Letter to Mary E. Rawlins, December 10, 1868. JHWP.
64. PUSG, 16:187. Letter to Edwin M. Stanton, May 8, 1866.
65. Wilson, Rawlins, 352.
66. “‘This Thankless Office.’” American History Illustrated, January 1977.
67. PUSG, 19:103. Letter to Lt. Gen. William T. Sherman, January 5, 1869.
68. Sumner, Republicanism vs. Grantism, 14.
69. GPL. S2 B10. “Presidential Campaigns.” Letter from C. Washburn to William Drew Washburn, February 26, 1870.
70. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:138.
71. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 250.
72. Young, Around the World, 290.
73. The Philadelphia Times, December 17, 1879.
74. Beale, Diary of Gideon Welles, 3:559–60. Diary entry for March 24, 1869.
75. PUSG, 20:231. Letter from John Russell Young to Elihu B. Washburne, January 5, 1869.
76. Ibid., 30:172. “Speech,” March 11, 1881.
77. Beale, Diary of Gideon Welles, 3:500. Diary entry for January 5, 1869.
78. Ibid., 498. Diary entry for January 2, 1869.
79. Singleton, The Story of the White House, 2:123.
80. Gordon-Reed, Andrew Johnson, 142.
81. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 60.
82. PUSG, 19:160. Letter to Mary Grant Cramer, March 31, 1869.
83. Richardson, A Personal History, 58.
84. PUSG, 19:122. Letter from Jesse Grant to Bvt. Brig. Gen. Frederick Dent, February 17, 1869.
85. GPL. S2 B21 F7. “Howe’s Historical Collections of Ohio.” LLP.
86. PUSG, 19:139. “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1869.
87. Ibid., 140.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., 142.
90. Ibid.
91. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 40.
92. Foner, Reconstruction, 448.
93. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 265.
94. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 2:229–30.
95. Ross, The General’s Wife, 204.
96. PUSG, 21:188. Letter from Bvt. Maj. Gen. James H. Wilson to Hiram Barney, March 5, 1869.
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE: SPOILS OF WAR
1. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 122.
2. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:371.
3. Williams, Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes, 59. Letter to S. Birchard, March 7, 1869.
4. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 119–20.
5. Beale, Diary of Gideon Welles, 3:565. Diary entry for March 27, 1869.
6. PUSG, 21:148. Letter from Ebenezer R. Hoar to Jacob D. Cox, February 9, 1871.
7. Fish, “General Grant.”
8. USGH. “Interview with Ely S. Parker.”
9. Sumner, Republicanism vs. Grantism, 16.
10. Summer, The Diary of Cyrus B. Comstock, 378. Diary entry for March 6, 1869.
11. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:281.
12. Smith, Grant, 472.
13. Flood, Grant’s Final Victory, 233.
14. Foner, The Fiery Trial, 13.
15. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 154.
16. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 177.
17. Grant, In the Days of My Father General Grant, 73.
18. Ibid., 97.
19. Ibid.
20. Summer, The Diary of Cyrus B. Comstock, 383. Diary entry for January 20, 1870.
21. GPL. B24 F16. “Interview with Eliza M. Shaw.” HGP.
22. Ross, The General’s Wife, 216.
23. Schafer, Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz, 475. Letter to his wife, March 20, 1869.
24. Smith, Grant, 554.
25. Sarna, When General Grant Expelled the Jews, 85.
26. Harper’s Weekly, January 9, 1869.
27. Foote, The Civil War, 1:166.
28. Donald, Lincoln, 570.
29. Scaturro, President Grant Reconsidered, 45.
30. PUSG, 19:160. Letter to Mary Grant Cramer, March 31, 1869.
31. Beal
e, Diary of Gideon Welles, 3:576. Diary entry for April 12, 1869.
32. PUSG, 19:109. Letter from Orville E. Babcock to George T. Downing, January 1870 [n.d.].
33. Ibid., 108. Letter from George T. Downing et al., May 13, 1869.
34. Ibid., 20:11. Letter from Ebenezer D. Bassett, March 17, 1869.
35. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 36.
36. PUSG, 19:108. Letter from George T. Downing et al., May 13, 1869.
37. Scaturro, President Grant Reconsidered, 102.
38. Douglass, “U. S. Grant and the Colored People.”
39. Sarna, When General Grant Expelled the Jews, 88.
40. Ibid., 101.
41. Ibid., 102.
42. Ibid., 104.
43. Ibid., 111.
44. Ibid., 112.
45. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 859.
46. Cramer, Ulysses S. Grant, 149.
47. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 292.
48. PUSG, 24:272. “Draft Annual Message,” December 1, 1873.
49. Ibid.
50. Grant, In the Days of My Father General Grant, 57.
51. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 174.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., 175.
55. Singleton, The Story of the White House, 131.
56. Greely, Reminiscences of Adventure and Service, 235.
57. Hamilton, Amos T. Akerman, 93.
58. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:135.
59. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 177.
60. Ibid., 174.
61. Fish, “General Grant.”
62. PUSG, 20:73. Letter to John P. Newman, circa December 1869 [n.d.].
63. Ibid. Letter to John P. Newman, December 24, 1869.
64. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 191.
65. Randall, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 2:429. Diary entry for October 28, 1875.
66. Ammen, “Recollections and Letters of Grant. Part 1.”
67. Sherman, Memoirs, 928–29.
68. USGA Newsletter, April 1964.
69. Ibid.
70. GPL. S2 B13 F26. “Walt Whitman.”
71. Philadelphia Public Ledger, July 9, 1872.
72. PUSG, 19:189. “Proclamation,” May 19, 1869.
73. USGH. “Interview with Colonel James E. Pitman.”
74. Ross, The General’s Wife, 229.
75. PUSG, 27:167. Letter to Rutherford B. Hayes, July 4, 1876.
76. USGH. “Interview with William H. Crook.”
77. Ibid.
78. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 178.
79. GPL. S2 B5 F28. Undated reminiscence of Jesse Root Grant Jr.
80. Truman, The President’s House, 160.
81. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 411.
82. McFeely, Grant, 404.
83. “Mrs. U. S. Grant Sinking.” Chicago Sunday Tribune, December 14, 1902.
84. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 294.
85. USGH. “Interview with Eliza Shaw.”
86. GPL. S2 B24 F15. “Interview with Olive Logan.” HGP.
87. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 192.
CHAPTER THIRTY: WE ARE ALL AMERICANS
1. USGA Newsletter, April 1964.
2. Foner, Reconstruction, 311.
3. Smith, Grant, 480.
4. PUSG, 19:163. “To Congress,” April 7, 1869.
5. Morris, Fraud of the Century, 41.
6. Lemann, Redemption, 55.
7. PUSG, 19:222. Letter from Lewis Dent, August 14, 1869
8. Ibid. Letter to Lewis Dent, August 1, 1869.
9. Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, 258.
10. Ibid., 259.
11. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 181.
12. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 27.
13. Ibid., 26.
14. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 181.
15. Morris, Sheridan, 324.
16. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 539.
17. Stiles, Custer’s Trials, 312.
18. Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 119.
19. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 549.
20. New York Herald, June 8, 1871.
21. PUSG, 15:40–41. Telegram to Maj. Gen. John Pope, May 17, 1865.
22. Philadelphia Public Ledger, October 12, 1872.
23. Cozzens, The Earth Is Weeping, 118.
24. PUSG, 18:257–58. Letter to Lt. Gen. William T. Sherman, May 19, 1868.
25. Armstrong, Warrior in Two Camps, 137.
26. PUSG, 20:39. “Speech,” December 6, 1869.
27. Armstrong, Warrior in Two Camps, 147; Cozzens, The Earth Is Weeping, 115.
28. Cincinnati Gazette, November 31, 1870.
29. PUSG, 21:41. “Draft Annual Message,” December 5, 1870.
30. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:260.
31. Cox, “How Judge Hoar Ceased to Be Attorney-General.”
32. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:259.
33. PUSG, 24:62. “Second Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1873.
34. Ibid., 20:74. “Memorandum,” 1869–70 [n.d.].
35. Ibid., 75.
36. Ibid., 74.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. New York Herald, July 24, 1878.
40. Grant, Memoirs, 2:778.
41. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:261.
42. Ibid.
43. Cox, “How Judge Hoar Ceased to Be Attorney-General.”
44. PUSG, 19:209. Letter to Buenaventura Báez, July 13, 1869.
45. GPL. SX BL. “Orville Babcock Papers.” Diary entry for July 24, 1869.
46. Cox, “How Judge Hoar Ceased to Be Attorney-General.”
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:246. Letter from Hamilton Fish to George Bancroft, September 4, 1869.
50. PUSG, 20:169. Hamilton Fish diary entry for July 10, 1870.
51. Smith, Grant, 496.
52. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:244.
53. Smith, Grant, 497.
54. PUSG, 20:26. “Annual Message,” December 6, 1869.
55. Ibid., 19:260. Letter from John A. Rawlins to Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, August 19, 1869.
56. Parker, “General Rawlins.”
57. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:246. Letter from Hamilton Fish to George Bancroft, September 4, 1869.
58. Washington Evening Star, September 7, 1869.
59. Armstrong, Warrior in Two Camps, 145.
60. McFeely, Grant, 330.
61. PUSG, 19:240. Letter to Roscoe Conkling, September 5, 1869.
62. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:247.
63. Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, 305.
64. PUSG, 19:240. Letter to Mary E. Rawlins, September 6, 1869.
65. Ibid., 260. Letter from Senator George E. Spencer to Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, September 9, 1869.
66. Ibid., 220. Letter from Adolph E. Borie to Adam Badeau, October 3, 1869.
67. Ibid., 257. Letter from Lt. Col. James H. Wilson to Orville E. Babcock, October 13, 1869.
68. LoC. SCP. Box 1. Letter from Gen. John E. Smith to Sylvanus Cadwallader, February 4, 1896.
69. GPL. S2 B13 F43. Letter from James H. Wilson to Sylvanus Cadwallader, October 12, 1904.
70. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 137.
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: SIN AGAINST HUMANITY
1. Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain, 157.
2. Nevins and Thomas, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 4:409. Diary entry for January 8, 1872.
3. Klein, The Life and Legend of Jay
Gould, 102.
4. PUSG, 20:234. Letter from Julia Dent Grant to Katherine Felt, April 25, 1869.
5. New York Herald, October 8, 1869.
6. PUSG, 15:220. Letter to Andrew Johnson, June 26, 1865.
7. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 171.
8. Adams, “The New York Gold Conspiracy.”
9. PUSG, 19:244. Letter to George S. Boutwell, September 12, 1869.
10. New York Tribune, September 13, 1869.
11. PUSG, 19:244–45. Letter from Jay Gould to Horace Porter, September 16, 1869; telegram from Horace Porter to Jay Gould, September 19, 1869.
12. Adams, “The New York Gold Conspiracy.”
13. Klein, The Life and Legend of Jay Gould, 106.
14. PUSG, 19:245. Letter from Julia Dent Grant to Virginia Grant Corbin, September 18 or 19, 1869.
15. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 182.
16. Adams, “The New York Gold Conspiracy.”
17. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 175.
18. Ibid., 168–69.
19. McFeely, Grant, 321.
20. Ibid.
21. PUSG, 19:257. Letter from Lt. Col. James H. Wilson to Horace Porter, October 12, 1869.
22. Ibid., 256. Letter from Robert Bonner, October 11, 1869.
23. Ibid., 255. Letter to Robert Bonner, October 13, 1869.
24. Ibid., 256. Telegram from Robert Bonner, October 16, 1869.
25. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 254.
26. Ibid., 248.
27. Taliaferro, All the Great Prizes, 177.
28. PUSG, 22:79. Letter to Hamilton Fish, July 21, 1871; ibid., 20:318, letter to Adam Badeau, October 23, 1870.
29. Simpson, “Henry Adams and the Age of Grant.”
30. GPL. S2 B5 F19. “Letters of Henry Adams.”
31. Waugh, U. S. Grant, 104.
32. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 249.
33. Ibid., 248.
34. Ibid., 247.
35. Ibid.
36. Adams, “The Session.”
37. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 34.
38. Grant, In the Days of My Father General Grant, 105–6.
39. Young, Around the World, 281.
40. PUSG, 28:306. Letter to Hamilton Fish, November 14, 1877.
41. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 153.
42. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 258.
43. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 212.
44. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 481; Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 465.
45. Grant, Memoirs, 2:777.
46. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:160.
47. The Times (London), June 3, 1869.