by Ron Chernow
48. PUSG, 20:50. “Speech,” December 11, 1869.
49. The Nation, January 20, 1870.
50. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 58.
51. PUSG, 20:91. Letter to Elihu B. Washburne, January 28, 1870.
52. Ibid., 130–31. “To Congress,” March 30, 1870.
53. Ibid., 137. “Speech,” April 1, 1870.
54. Cramer, Ulysses S. Grant, 65–66.
55. Berg, Wilson, 41.
56. Foner, Reconstruction, 417.
57. Ibid., 238.
58. Young, Around the World, 336.
59. PUSG, 20:55. Hamilton Fish diary entry for January 7, 1870.
60. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 198.
61. PUSG, 20:78. Letter from Edwin M. Stanton to Bishop Matthew Simpson, October 26, 1869.
62. Ibid., 80. Letter from Edwin M. Stanton, December 21, 1869; Young, Around the World, 334.
63. Ibid. Letter to Department Heads, December 24, 1869.
64. Young, Around the World, 334.
65. PUSG, 20:56. Letter from Robert C. Grier, March 31, 1869.
66. New York Tribune, February 14, 1870.
67. Friedman and Israel, Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1181.
68. PUSG, 20:92. Letter from Elihu Washburne, January 7, 1870.
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO: THE DARKEST BLOT
1. Scaturro, President Grant Reconsidered, 11.
2. PUSG, 20:20. “Speech,” December 6, 1869.
3. Ibid., 60. Letter to Elihu B. Washburne, December 17, 1869.
4. Sumner, Naboth’s Vineyard, 14.
5. PUSG, 28:307. Letter to Hamilton Fish, November 14, 1877.
6. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:322. Letter from Senator Timothy O. Howe to Hamilton Fish, November 8, 1877.
7. PUSG, 28:307. Letter to Hamilton Fish, November 14, 1877.
8. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 558. Letter from John W. Forney to Orville E. Babcock, June 6, 1870.
9. PUSG, 28:308. Memorandum of George S. Boutwell, November 12, 1877.
10. McFeely, Grant, 341.
11. Smith, Grant, 502.
12. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:312.
13. McFeely, Grant, 356.
14. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 631. Letter to William Washburn, March 9, 1874.
15. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:317.
16. Sumner, Republicanism vs. Grantism, 20.
17. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:317.
18. McFeely, Grant, 342.
19. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:318.
20. Jones, John A. Logan, 42.
21. PUSG, 20:135. Hamilton Fish diary entry for April 4, 1870.
22. Ibid., 154–55. “To the Senate,” May 31, 1870.
23. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:330. Diary entry for June 1, 1870.
24. PUSG, 20:162. Hamilton Fish diary entry for June 4, 1870.
25. NL. OEBP. Box 3, F149. Letter from J. W. Fabens to Orville E. Babcock, June 6, 1870.
26. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:331.
27. McFeely, Grant, 343.
28. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:364. Diary entry for June 13, 1870.
29. Ibid. Diary entry for June 14, 1870.
30. PUSG, 20:180. Rutherford B. Hayes diary entry for June 27, 1870.
31. Perret, Ulysses S. Grant, 399.
32. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 205.
33. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:204.
34. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 206.
35. PUSG, 20:185. Hamilton Fish diary entry for June 25, 1870.
36. Ibid. Hamilton Fish diary entry for July 1, 1870.
37. Ibid. Cable from Hamilton Fish to John Lothrop Motley, July 1, 1870.
38. Ibid., 186. Letter from John Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, July 14, 1870
39. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 207.
40. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 516. Letter to Timothy O. Howe, August 28, 1870.
41. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:380. Letter from Bancroft Davis, August 3, 1870.
42. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 522. Letter to Hamilton Fish, September 14, 1870.
43. Ibid., 515. Letter from John Bigelow, July 23, 1870.
44. New York Herald, February 22, 1878.
45. PUSG, 28:307. Letter to Hamilton Fish, November 14, 1877.
46. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 214.
47. Smith, Grant, 502.
48. PUSG, 20:171. Hamilton Fish diary entry for June 17, 1870.
49. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 210.
50. PUSG, 22:351. Letter from Jacob D. Cox to Willard Warner, January 30, 1872.
51. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:379. Benjamin Moran diary entry for July 15, 1870.
52. McFeely, Grant, 367.
53. Webb, “Benjamin H. Bristow.”
54. Ibid.
55. PUSG, 23:66. “To House of Representatives,” April 19, 1872.
56. Ibid., 20:211. Letter from Gov. William W. Holden, March 10, 1870.
57. Ibid., 210. Letter to Gov. William W. Holden, July 22, 1870.
58. Swinney, “Enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment, 1870–1877.”
59. PUSG, 20:249. Letter from Gov. Robert K. Scott, October 22, 1870.
60. Ibid., 250.
61. Ibid., 21:19. Letter from Gov. William H. Smith, November 18, 1870.
62. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 298.
63. Ibid., 299.
64. PUSG, 21:263. Letter from Mrs. S. E. Lane, April 19, 1871.
65. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 278.
66. Foner, Reconstruction, 442.
67. Ibid., 428.
68. PUSG, 21:151. Letter from Gov. William W. Holden, January 1, 1871.
69. Ibid., 259. Letter from Gov. Robert K. Scott to Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry, January 17, 1871.
70. Ibid., 262. Letter from Reps. Warren D. Wilkes and Samuel Nuckles, March 2, 1871.
71. Philadelphia Public Ledger, March 22, 1871.
72. Kousser and McPherson, Region, Race, and Reconstruction, 407.
73. Stiles, Custer’s Trials, 357.
74. PUSG, 21:218–19. Letter to James. G. Blaine, March 9, 1871.
75. Ibid., 247. Letter from Rep. James A. Garfield to Jacob D. Cox, March 23, 1871.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid., 249. Rep. James B. Beck, “Speech,” March 30, 1871.
78. Ibid., 250. Rep. John B. Hawley, “Speech,” April 1, 1871.
79. Parsons, Ku-Klux, 166.
80. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order, 426.
81. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 63.
82. Kousser and McPherson, Region, Race, and Reconstruction, 406.
83. PUSG, 21:337. General Orders No. 48, issued by Adjutant General Edward D. Townsend, May 15, 1871.
84. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 300.
85. Foner, Reconstruction, 457.
86. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 560.
87. PUSG, 21:336. “Proclamation,” May 3, 1871.
88. Ibid., 336–37.
89. Ibid., 355. Letter from Adjutant General Edward D. Townsend to Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry, May 13, 1871.
90. Ibid., 22:164. Quoted in letter from Senator John Scott, September 1, 1871.
91. Ibid., 167. Letter from Javan Bryant, September 8, 1871.
92. Ibid., 23:65. Letter from Amos T. Akerman, October 16, 1871.
93. Ibid., 22:161. “Proclamation,” October 12, 1871.
94. Webb, “Benjamin H. Bristow.”
95. Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879, 42.
96. Hamilt
on, Amos T. Akerman, 70.
97. Foner, Reconstruction, 458.
98. Hamilton, Amos T. Akerman, 79.
99. Ibid.
100. PUSG, 22:201. Hamilton Fish diary entry for October 31, 1871.
101. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction, 301.
102. PUSG, 21:345. Letter from Senator Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler Ames, October 26, 1871.
103. Hamilton, Amos T. Akerman, 94.
104. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 570. Letter to Gerrit Smith, August 20, 1871.
105. Hamilton, Amos T. Akerman, 85.
106. Parsons, Ku-Klux, 174.
107. PUSG, 22:288. Letter to Amos T. Akerman, December 12, 1871.
108. Ibid., 296. Letter from Amos T. Akerman, December 13, 1871.
109. Ibid., 297. George H. Williams, August 8, 1885, eulogy for Grant.
110. Scaturro, President Grant Reconsidered, 72.
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE: A DANCE OF BLOOD
1. PUSG, 21:39. “Draft Annual Message,” December 5, 1870.
2. Williams, Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes, 122. Letter to S. Birchard, December 11, 1870.
3. The New York Times, December 8, 1870.
4. Sumner, Naboth’s Vineyard, 3.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 5.
7. Ibid., 7.
8. PUSG, 21:81, December 21, 1870; Sumner, Naboth’s Vineyard, 14.
9. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 533. Senator Zachariah Chandler, “Speech,” December 21, 1870.
10. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 161.
11. PUSG, 21:82. Congressional Globe, 41–43, speech by Senator Oliver P. Morton, December 21, 1870.
12. McFeely, Grant, 351.
13. Ibid.
14. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:450.
15. PUSG, 21:135. Letter from Frederick Douglass to Senator Charles Sumner, January 6, 1871.
16. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 547. Letter from Hamilton Fish to Benjamin Morgan, December 30, 1870.
17. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 486.
18. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Summer, 540. Letter from Charles Sumner to Gerrit Smith, January 17, 1871.
19. McFeely, Frederick Douglass, 77.
20. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 67.
21. PUSG, 21:149. Letter from Ebenezer R. Hoar to Jacob D. Cox, February 9, 1871.
22. PUSG, 21:290. Letter from Benjamin F. Wade to Caroline Wade, February 1, 1871.
23. Ibid., 367. Hamilton Fish diary entry for March 19, 1871.
24. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:451 and 461. Letter to Elihu Washburne, February 20, 1871.
25. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 214.
26. New York Herald, September 25, 1877.
27. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 237.
28. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 546. Letter to Edward Eggleston, March 10, 1871.
29. PUSG, 21:369. Senator Charles Sumner, “Speech,” March 27, 1871.
30. Sumner, Republicanism vs. Grantism, 44.
31. McFeely, Frederick Douglass, 277.
32. Douglass, “U. S. Grant and the Colored People.”
33. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 83.
34. Ibid., 70.
35. The New York Times, March 30, 1871.
36. PUSG, 21:294. “To Congress,” April 5, 1871.
37. Ibid., 238. Letter to Alexander G. Cattell, March 21 [23?], 1871.
38. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 167.
39. PUSG, 21:295. “To Congress,” April 5, 1871.
40. Ibid., 370. Letter from Senator Carl Schurz to Jacob D. Cox, April 4, 1871.
41. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 570. Letter from Senator Charles Sumner to Gerrit Smith, August 20, 1871.
42. PUSG, 22:232. Letter to Henry Wilson, November 15, 1871.
43. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 174–75.
44. GPL. S2 B5 F20. “Hamlin Garland.”
45. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 556. Letter to John Sherman, May 1, 1871.
46. LoC. USGP. Series 4, Vol. 6. “Memoirs.”
47. PUSG, 22:248. Letter to George W. Childs, November 28, 1871.
48. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:438.
49. PUSG, 21:55. “Annual Message,” December 5, 1870.
50. Foreman, A World on Fire, 802.
51. McFeely, Grant, 354.
52. Ibid.
53. PUSG, 21:63. Letter from Hamilton Fish to Senator Simon Cameron, May 30, 1871.
54. Ibid., 22:54. Hamilton Fish diary entry for May 29, 1871.
55. Ibid., 107. Letter to Schuyler Colfax, August 4, 1871.
56. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:495. Diary entry for April 22, 1871.
57. PUSG, 22:53–54. Letter from Hamilton Fish, July 10, 1871.
58. New York Herald, June 3, 1871.
59. PUSG, 22:79. Letter to Hamilton Fish, July 21, 1871.
60. Fish, “General Grant.”
61. PUSG, 22:320. Hamilton Fish diary entry for December 5, 1871.
62. Ibid. Hamilton Fish diary entry for December 20, 1871.
63. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:527. Letter from Prime Minister Gladstone to Queen Victoria, January 30, 1872.
64. Foreman, A World on Fire, 803.
65. PUSG, 23:14. Benjamin Moran diary entry for February 28, 1872.
66. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:531.
67. PUSG, 23:14. Letter from Orville E. Babcock to Adam Badeau, March 10, 1872.
68. Ibid., 122. Hamilton Fish diary entry for May 18, 1872.
69. NYHS. TNC. Cartoon of July 6, 1872.
70. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:564. Letter to ElihuWashburne, October 7, 1872.
71. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 230.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR: VINDICATION
1. Fowler, Patriotic Orations, 161.
2. USGH. “Interview with Eliza Shaw.”
3. “Longstreet’s Reminiscences.” The New York Times, July 24, 1885.
4. PUSG, 28:448. Letter to Daniel Ammen, August 13, 1878.
5. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 405.
6. USGH. “Interview with James B. Fry.”
7. Flood, Grant’s Final Victory, 20.
8. Grant, “My Father as I Knew Him.”
9. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 251.
10. PUSG, 20:91. Letter to Elihu B. Washburne, January 28, 1870.
11. Hamilton, Amos T. Akerman, 87.
12. Cox, “How Judge Hoar Ceased to Be Attorney-General.”
13. PUSG, 20: 242–43. Letter from Jacob D. Cox, August 22, 1870.
14. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:466. Diary entry for October 4, 1870.
15. PUSG, 20:292. Letter from Jacob D. Cox, October 3, 1870.
16. Ibid. Letter to Jacob D. Cox, October 5, 1870.
17. Scaturro, President Grant Reconsidered, 58.
18. Palmer, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 605. Letter from Jacob D. Cox, August 3, 1872.
19. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 218.
20. PUSG, 21:40–41. “Draft Annual Message,” December 5, 1870.
21. The New York Times, July 24, 1885.
22. PUSG, 22:359. Letter from Rep. James A. Garfield to Jacob D. Cox, January 16, 1872.
23. Ibid., 23:3. Letter to Joseph Medill, February 1, 1872.
24. Ibid., 62. “Order,” April 16, 1872.
25. Ibid., 293. Letter from Charles W. Eliot, November 26, 1872.
26. Ibid., 28:265. Letter to Edward F. Beale, September 9, 1877.
27. Young, Around the World, 281.
28. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 254.
29. Taliaferro, All the Great Prizes, 202.
30. Cincinnati Gazette, October 5, 1880.
31. Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2:589.
32. “Grant Reminiscences.” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 1, 1885.
33. Watrous, “Grant as His Son Saw Him.”
34. The Southern Illinoisan, January 7, 2007.
35. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 174.
36. Ibid., 134.
37. Ibid., 136.
38. Ibid., 137.
39. Ibid.
40. PUSG, 20:142. Letter from Orville E. Babcock to Thomas Murphy, July 14, 1870.
41. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 138.
42. New York Tribune, November 21, 1870.
43. PUSG, 22:240. Letter to Thomas Murphy, November 20, 1871.
44. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 256.
45. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 174.
46. PUSG, 23:56. Hamilton Fish diary entry for February 13, 1872.
47. Nevins and Thomas, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 411. Diary entry for January 25, 1872.
48. Levine, “Indian Fighters and Indian Reformers.”
49. PUSG, 22:72. Report of the House Committee on Appropriations, February 25, 1871.
50. Ibid., 71. Letter to Ely S. Parker, July 13, 1871.
51. Ibid., 84. Letter from William Welsh to Jacob D. Cox, September 13, 1871.
52. Philadelphia Evening Telegram, August 12, 1875.
53. New York Herald, June 8, 1871.
54. PUSG, 23:270. Letter to George H. Stuart, October 26, 1872.
55. Ibid., 22:72. Letter from Ely S. Parker to Columbus Delano, January 12, 1871.
56. Ibid., 23:40. Letter to Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield, March 6, 1872.
57. Ibid., 22:77–78. Letter from Samuel F. Tappan, May 25, 1871.
58. Ibid., 23:145. “Speech,” May 28, 1872.
59. New York Herald, August 6, 1872.
60. PUSG, 22:230. Letter to Schuyler Colfax, November 14, 1871.
61. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 14.
62. McFeely, Grant, 381.
63. Scaturro, President Grant Reconsidered, 77.
64. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician, 262.
65. Jordan, Roscoe Conkling, 179.
66. McPherson, “Grant or Greeley?”
67. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 500.
68. Foner, Reconstruction, 503.
69. PUSG, 21:8. Letter to John Russell Young, November 15, 1870.
70. Young, Around the World, 291.
71. PUSG, 22:232. Letter to Henry Wilson, November 15, 1871.